Explain how a photodiode and a laser diode are biased and can
produce photocurrent and stimulated light emission
respectively.

Answers

Answer 1

A photodiode is biased in reverse bias configuration to generate photocurrent by utilizing the photoelectric effect. On the other hand, a laser diode is biased in forward bias configuration and combined with an optical cavity to produce stimulated light emission, resulting in a laser beam.

A photodiode and a laser diode are both semiconductor devices that can be biased to produce specific effects: a photodiode generates photocurrent in response to incident light, while a laser diode produces stimulated light emission.

Photodiode Biasing and Photocurrent Generation:

A photodiode is biased in the reverse bias configuration, meaning that the anode is connected to the negative terminal of the power supply, and the cathode is connected to the positive terminal. This biasing arrangement creates a depletion region within the photodiode.

When light photons with sufficient energy (wavelength) strike the depletion region of the photodiode, they generate electron-hole pairs. The electric field from the reverse bias then separates the electron-hole pairs, causing the electrons to flow towards the anode and the holes towards the cathode. This flow of charge constitutes the photocurrent, which is directly proportional to the incident light intensity.

Laser Diode Biasing and Stimulated Light Emission:

A laser diode is biased in the forward bias configuration, where the positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the anode and the negative terminal to the cathode. This biasing arrangement allows the current to flow through the diode junction.

Inside the laser diode, there is an active region consisting of a p-n junction. When a forward current is applied, it injects electrons into the conduction band and promotes holes into the valence band. These injected carriers can recombine, releasing energy in the form of photons. This process is called spontaneous emission.

However, to achieve stimulated emission and generate a coherent and intense beam of light, the active region of the laser diode is further coupled with an optical cavity. This cavity provides feedback to the emitted photons, allowing them to undergo stimulated emission and form a coherent beam of light.

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Related Questions

One of the requirements for tennis balls to be used in official competition is that, when dropped onto a rigid surface from a height of 120 in., the height of the first bounce of the ball must be in the range 55 in. <= h <= 60 in. Determine the range of the coefficients of restitution of the tennis balls satisfying this requirement. Any ideas on this?

Answers

Answer:

At temperature is and relative humidity is 86% therefore,  the humidity ratio is 0.0223 and the specific volume is 14.289

At temperature is and Relative humidity is 40% therefore, the humidity ratio is  0.0066 and the specific volume is 13.535.

To calculate the mass of air can be calculated as follows:

Now , we going to calculate the volume,

The time which is required to fill the cistern can be calculated as follows:

Now, putting the value in above formula we get,

Therefore, the hours required to fill the cistern is 4.65 hours.

Explanation:

the _____ cable is a better-constructed version of the phone twisted-pair cable.

Answers

The cable that is better-constructed than the phone twisted-pair cable is called the Category 5 or CAT5 cable.

The CAT5 cable is an improvement of the phone twisted-pair cable because it has four pairs of wires instead of just one. This configuration provides better bandwidth and signal quality, making it suitable for high-speed internet connections. The cable is also insulated and shielded to reduce noise and interference caused by outside sources such as electrical devices and radio transmissions. The CAT5 cable can transmit data at speeds of up to 10/100 Mbps and is commonly used in local area networks (LANs) and internet connections. It is still used today but has been replaced by newer and faster cables such as the CAT6 and CAT7.

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3. In Question 2, taking actual 2009 sales of $48,000 as the forecast for 2010, what sales would you forecast for 2011, 2012 and 2013 using exponential smoothing and a weigh α based on actual values of (a) 0.4; (b) 0.8?

Answers

Using α = 0.4, the forecasted sales for 2011, 2012, and 2013 would all be $48,000, which is the same as the actual sales in 2009.

Using α = 0.8, the forecasted sales for 2011, 2012, and 2013 would also be $48,000.

In both cases, the forecasts for 2011, 2012, and 2013 remain the same as the actual sales in 2009 due to the zero difference between the actual and forecasted sales values.

To forecast sales for 2011, 2012, and 2013 using exponential smoothing, we need to apply the formula:

Forecast for the next period = Previous period's forecast + α * (Actual value - Previous period's forecast)

Given that the actual 2009 sales are $48,000 and are considered the forecast for 2010, we can calculate the forecasts for subsequent years using different values of α.

(a) For α = 0.4:

- Forecast for 2011 = $48,000 + 0.4 * ($48,000 - $48,000) = $48,000

- Forecast for 2012 = $48,000 + 0.4 * ($48,000 - $48,000) = $48,000

- Forecast for 2013 = $48,000 + 0.4 * ($48,000 - $48,000) = $48,000

Using α = 0.4, the forecasted sales for 2011, 2012, and 2013 would all be $48,000, which is the same as the actual sales in 2009.

(b) For α = 0.8:

- Forecast for 2011 = $48,000 + 0.8 * ($48,000 - $48,000) = $48,000

- Forecast for 2012 = $48,000 + 0.8 * ($48,000 - $48,000) = $48,000

- Forecast for 2013 = $48,000 + 0.8 * ($48,000 - $48,000) = $48,000

Using α = 0.8, the forecasted sales for 2011, 2012, and 2013 would also be $48,000.

In both cases, the forecasts for 2011, 2012, and 2013 remain the same as the actual sales in 2009 due to the zero difference between the actual and forecasted sales values.

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The unit weight of soil is 17.3 KN/m3. The moisture content of this soil is 17% when the degree of saturation is 60%.

Answers

Answer:

degree of saturation at optimummoisture content is 78.1 %.

Explanation:

The maximum dry unit weight of the soilYa is 16.8kN/mThe optimum moisture content of the soilwis 17 %.The specific gravity of soil G is 2.73.Calculation:Determine the degree of saturation (S)using the relation.Yd = Gs Yw/ 1+Gsw/sHere, Yw is the unit weight of water.Substitute 16.8 kN/m' for a, 2.73 for G,9.81 kN/m' for u, and 17 % for w.16.8= 2.73x9.811/2.73x1 .4641 26.78S-1.594S =-0.4641-0.594S= -0.4641S= 0.4641S = 0.781x 100S = 78.1 %16.80.594Therefore, the degree of saturation atoptimum moisture content is 78.1 %.

what happens to the recievng end voltage as the load on a transmission line is increased if the load has a lagging power facotr

Answers

Answer:

The receiving end Voltage ( VR )  will reduce significantly

Explanation:

Determine what happens to the receiving end voltage

Given that ; Load on transmission line is increased and Load has a lagging power factor

Increase in load = Increase in reactive/real power drawn from the transmission line and this will cause an increase in the current drawn as well.

Vs = VR + j XL I

Vs = sending end voltage

VR = receiving end voltage

jXL I = voltage drop across reactance

The rotating and shifting of Vs to a new power angle ( lagging power factor )  without a change in magnitude will cause the value of the VR receiving end voltage to drop significantly

A total of 10 rectangular aluminum fins (k = 203 W/m·K) are placed on the outside flat surface of an electronic device. Each fin is 100 mm wide, 20 mm high and 4 mm thick. The fins are located parallel to each other at a center-to-center distance of 8 mm. The temperature at the outside surface of the electronic device is 72°C. The air is at 20°C, and the heat transfer coefficient is 80 W/m^2·K. Determine:


a. the rate of heat loss from the electronic device to the surrounding air

b. the fin effectiveness.

Answers

Answer:

a. the rate of heat loss from the electronic device to the surrounding air

A total of 10 rectangular aluminum fins (k = 203 W/m·K) are placed on the outside flat surface of an electronic device. Each fin is 100 mm wide, 20 mm high and

4 mm thick. The fins are located parallel to each other at a center-to-center distance of 8 mm. The temperature at the outside surface of the electronic device is 72°C. The air is at 20°C, and the heat transfer coefficient is 80 W/m2·K. Determine (a) the rate of heat loss from the electronic device to the surrounding air and (b) the fin effectiveness.

Explanation:

Sorry if wrong, Hope I helped

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A 48-inch long cantilever is made

of plastic (polycarbonate) and reinforced by inserting and

perfectly bonding a square rod, made by aluminum alloy

6061-T6. along the entire length. Its cross section is

shown. A moment M. =-50 kip-in is applied at the free

Compute and plot the bending stress profile

along the cross-section y-axis. Show values at A,B,C and D

Answers

To plot the bending stress profile, create a simple graph with y as the horizontal axis and sigma as the vertical axis. The values at A, B, C, and D can be indicated on the graph.

What is the bending stress profile along the cross-section y-axis?

To compute the bending stress profile, we need to determine the maximum moment of inertia and the distance of the extreme fibers from the neutral axis.

Assuming that the cross-section is symmetric and uniform, we can determine the moment of inertia as follows:

I = 2[(1/2)(1)^3(0.125) + (1/2)(1)^3(0.125)] + (1)(1)(0.5)^3

I = 0.21875 in^4

The distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibers is half of the height of the cross-section, which is 0.5 inches.

Using the bending stress formula:

sigma = M*y/I

where M is the applied moment, y is the distance from the neutral axis, and I is the moment of inertia.

Computing the bending stress at each point of interest:

At point A (y = 0.5 inches), sigma = (-50 kip-in)(0.5 in)/(0.21875 in^4) = -228.57 psi

At point B (y = 0.25 inches), sigma = (-50 kip-in)(0.25 in)/(0.21875 in^4) = -457.14 psi

At point C (y = 0 inches), sigma = (-50 kip-in)(0 in)/(0.21875 in^4) = 0 psi

At point D (y = -0.25 inches), sigma = (-50 kip-in)(-0.25 in)/(0.21875 in^4) = 457.14 psi

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A centrifugal pump levers water
to a boiter at the rate of 0.05mls
pressure rises across the
is 7 bar, the suction pipe 100m
I'm diameter, and delivering pipe
the
ритр
is 15mm diameter, the outlet
being 0.5m above the intet.
Calculate the efficiency of
the pump
the
kipe, it
power delivered to
the driving shaft is 45 kWatt

Answers

Answer:

Industrial users can select from numerous pump technologies for water supply and the handling of other liquid media. A particular favorite is the centrifugal pump. How do centrifugal pumps work? What different delivery principles are there? For which applications are centrifugal pumps especially well-suited?

Here we provide you an overview of the different types of centrifugal pumps. In addition, the operating principles are explained, and typical applications are listed also.

Explanation:

What needs to be done before joining a fitting and pipe using socket fusion?

Answers

Before joining a fitting and pipe using socket fusion, it is important to ensure that both the fitting and pipe are clean and free from any debris or contaminants. Additionally, the correct size fitting and pipe must be used to ensure a proper fit.

Socket fusion is a method of joining plastic pipes and fittings together by heating the material and then pressing the heated ends together to form a strong bond. Before the socket fusion process begins, it is important to prepare both the fitting and pipe by ensuring they are clean and free from any debris or contaminants.

This can be achieved by using a specialized cleaning tool or wiping the surfaces with a clean cloth. Additionally, it is crucial to use the correct size fitting and pipe to ensure a proper fit and prevent any leaks or issues in the future. Proper preparation of the materials is crucial to ensuring a successful socket fusion joint.

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Describe why the motion of a follower acted on by a cam is periodic motion.

Answers

When you go and use a periodic motion there a reason

Can be used to eliminate rubbing friction of wheel touching frame. 1.Traction 2.Thrust washer

Answers

Answer:

thrust washer

can be used to eliminate rubbing friction of wheel touching frame

Which three items below should a driver be able to identify under the hood of a car?

Answers

Answer:

Engine oil level.

Brake fluid.

Power steering fluid.

a single crystal of bcc metal is oriented so that the 001 direction is parallel to the applied stress the critical resolved chear stress required for slip is 83.26 mpa calculate the magnitude of the applied sdtress required to cause slip to begin in the 111

Answers

The magnitude of the applied stress required to cause slip to begin in the 111 direction of the single crystal of bcc metal is 95.39 mpa.

What is magnitude?

Magnitude is a measure of the size of an object, event or phenomenon. It is a numerical value usually used to describe the size of earthquakes, stars, planets, and other physical phenomena.

The critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) required for slip to begin in the 111 direction of a body-centered cubic (bcc) metal is given by:

CRSS = (2*σ) / √3

where σ is the magnitude of the applied stress.

Rearranging the equation, we can calculate the magnitude of the applied stress required to cause slip to begin in the 111 direction:

σ = (CRSS * √3) / 2

Substituting the given values, we get:

σ = (83.26 mpa * √3) / 2

σ = 95.39 mpa

Therefore, the magnitude of the applied stress required to cause slip to begin in the 111 direction of the single crystal of bcc metal is 95.39 mpa.

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The local interlock system on a hybrid vehicle detects when ________ have been removed from high-voltage circuits.

Answers

The local interlock system on a hybrid vehicle detects when covers have been removed from high-voltage circuits.

What is a hybrid vehicle?

A hybrid vehicle can be defined as a mechanical system that is designed and developed to use multiple sources of power such as fuel and batteries, so as to enable it move from one point to another.

By design, the local interlock system on a hybrid vehicle is designed and developed to detect when covers have been removed from high-voltage circuits.

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On a 'wear indicator type ball Joint, what does it mean when the grease fitting boss is flush with the base?

OA. The ball Joint requires lubrication

OB. The ball joint should be replaced

OC. The steering knuckle has loosened from the ball Joint

OD. Nothing, this is how they are when new

Answers

For a wear indicator type ball joint, when the grease fitting boss is flush with the base: B. The ball joint should be replaced.

What is a wear indicator?

A wear indicator can be defined as a type of technology that is designed to alert and warn a car owner or driver that the car's brake pad is needs a replacement.

Generally, a wear indicator is designed and fitted with a small boss. Thus, this small boss would continuously recede into its housing as wear occurs. However, when it recedes into the cover plate or flush with the base, it simply means that the ball joint should be replaced.

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If a circuit produces a phase shift of 45 degrees between the voltage and current curves and the apparent power is 100 VA, what is the TRUE power in the circuit?


50 W


70.7 VA


70.7 W


100 A

Answers

The true power is obtained as 70.7 VA.

What is the true power?

We define the power a the rate of doing work, we know that the power in a circuit is the product of the current and the voltage. In this case, we want to find the true power thus we have to involve the use of the phase shift in degrees.

Thus;

True power = PcosΦ

P =  100 VA

Φ = 45 degrees

True power =  100 VA * cos 45 degrees

True power = 70.7 VA

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Crude oil at 20 c fills the space between two concentric cylinders 250 mm high and with diameters of 150 mm and 156 mm. Find the torque is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 12 r min, the outer cylinder rernaining stationary

Answers

the torque is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 12 r min, the outer cylinder remaining stationary is 11.0807 N-m.

we have left out some other important details, such as the time required to reach that rpm, whether the beginning state is at rest, and the axis around which the cylinder is revolving. However, we'll suppose that it will be 60 seconds (time is necessary to convert rpm to angular acceleration)

rotation around the center axis

Angular acceleration = torque + MOI

Currently, angular acceleration equals 2 rpm/(t 60).

In order to avoid getting an extremely high figure, we estimated that the diameter of the cylinder was 600 mm rather than 600 meters: angular acceleration= 1.047 rad/s² MOI for cylinder across center dia= 1/4MR²+ 1/12ML²

MOI= 10.5833 kg-m

Now, the product of these two is torque.

11.0807 N-m of torque

Various MOI equations can be used to compute for different axes of rotation.

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The complete question is:

Crude oil at 20 c fills the space between two concentric cylinders 250 mm high and with diameters of 150 mm and 156 mm. Find the torque is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 12 r min, the outer cylinder remaining stationary.

please hurry i’ll give you 15 points

please hurry ill give you 15 points

Answers

Answer:

measures, dissolves, liquid, carbon dioxide, evaporates, water vapor, mold, decompose

what is the steady-state frictional torque acting on the output shaft of the motor? show your calculations.

Answers

To determine the steady-state frictional torque acting on the output shaft of the motor, we need to use the formula:

T_friction = T_load x (N_motor / N_load - 1)

where T_load is the torque required by the load, N_motor is the speed of the motor in revolutions per minute (RPM), and N_load is the speed of the load in RPM.

To calculate the steady-state frictional torque,

we need to know the values of T_load, N_motor, and N_load.

Let's assume that T_load is 5 Nm, N_motor is 2000 RPM, and N_load is 1800 RPM.

Using the formula above, we can calculate the frictional torque:

T_friction = 5 Nm x (2000 RPM / 1800 RPM - 1) = 0.556 Nm

Therefore, the steady-state frictional torque acting on the output shaft of the motor is 0.556 Nm.

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If you are unsure about holding a piece of wood to be drilled, then you should always use a
to secure the place while a.drilling,
B.Clamp
C.farger drill bit
D.Smallor drill bit
E.Awl

Answers

C I took construction class

Water enters a vertical jet with low velocity and a pressure of 350 kPa. What is the maximum height that the water can rise above the jet

Answers

The maximum height that the water can rise above the jet is: 35 meters.

Maximum height that the water can rise above the jet

Given:

P = 350 kPa = 350000 Pa

We would use pressure(p)  formula to determine the maximum height that the water can rises above the jet by solving for h (height).

Using this formula

Pressure(P) = P₀ + ρgh

Where;

P₀ represent Pressure at the fluid's surface

ρ represent Density of the fluid = 1000 kg/m³

g represent acceleration due to gravity = 10 m/s².

h represent height

Solving for h (height)

350000 = 0 + (1000 × 10 ×h)

350000 = 10000h

Divide both side by  10000h

h = 350000/10000

h = 35 meters

Therefore the maximum height that the water can rise above the jet is: 35 meters.

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briefly explain why boeing did not submit a formal review of the maneuvering characteristic augmentation system (mcas) to faa regulators so that the regulators could determine how the software worked to insure safety.

Answers

Boeing did not submit a formal review of the MCAS to FAA regulators primarily due to an oversight in communication and the desire to expedite the certification process.

Boeing did not submit a formal review of the Maneuvering Characteristic Augmentation System (MCAS) to FAA regulators because they classified it as a minor modification to the existing 737 design, and therefore did not require a separate safety review. The company assumed that regulators were already familiar with the system, leading to a lack of in-depth assessment of its safety implications. However, the MCAS system played a crucial role in the two deadly crashes of the Boeing 737 MAX, and it was later discovered that the system was flawed and could override the pilots' controls, leading to a loss of control of the aircraft. The lack of proper safety oversight and review by the FAA and Boeing ultimately led to tragic consequences. Additionally, Boeing aimed to maintain a competitive edge in the market, resulting in a faster development and approval timeline.

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Why is it important to keep portable welders properly tuned

Answers

It is important to keep welders properly tuned because it "Reduces air pollution" (Option A).

What are the types of welding?

Welding machinery, welding guns, and welders are among the most important items for a welding expert to have. Welding machines provide heat that melts steel pieces, allowing them to be bonded.

Gas Steel Arc Welding (GMAW/MIG), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW/TIG), Shielded Steel Arc Welding (SMAW), andFlux Cored Arc Welding are the four primary methods of welding.

Most welders also use an angle grinder to smooth out joints, wire brushes to clean or abrade steel surfaces before welding etc.

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Full Question:

Why is it important to keep portable welders properly tuned?

a-Reduce air pollution

b-So they run quieter

c-To produce smoother welding current

d-All of the above

What is the correct order of steps in the scientific method

Answers

Answer:

1) Make a hypothesis, about what u think will happen if you do something

2) conduct the experiment

3) analyze and see what happens

4) do it several more times and  compare ur answers

5) make a conclusion from ur answers

6) celebrate bc u done

which type of reversible hydrocolloid material is the most viscous

Answers

Among the types of reversible hydrocolloid materials used in dentistry, the most viscous one is typically the agar hydrocolloid.

Agar hydrocolloid is a reversible hydrocolloid material that exhibits a high viscosity when heated and gels upon cooling. It is commonly used in the technique called "agar impression" or "agar-agar impression."

Agar hydrocolloid has a higher viscosity compared to other reversible hydrocolloid materials such as alginate. Its higher viscosity allows for better control and accuracy in capturing fine details of dental impressions. However, it also requires specific equipment and temperature control during the impression-taking process.

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You are given a set S of n six-sided dice with a number from 1 to 100 written on each of the six faces of every die. No two dice have the same weight and they may or may not have the same set of numbers written on their faces. The same number may appear on multiple faces of the same die. Your task is to make the tallest stack of dice chosen from S such that (i) a heavier die is never placed on top of a lighter one, and (ii) the number written on the bottom face of a die (except for the bottommost die) match the number written on the top face of the die below it. Give a dynamic programming algorithm for solving this problem and analyze its running time.

Answers

To solve the problem of creating the tallest stack of dice satisfying the given conditions, we can use a dynamic programming algorithm.

Let's define an array `dp` of length n, where `dp[i]` represents the maximum height of the stack that can be formed using the first i dice from set S. We initialize `dp` with all zeros.

Now, for each die at index i, we iterate through all the previous dice at indices j = 0 to i-1. If the top face of the j-th die matches the bottom face of the i-th die, we update `dp[i]` by taking the maximum value between `dp[i]` and `dp[j] + height[i]`, where `height[i]` represents the height of the i-th die.

Finally, we find the maximum value in the `dp` array, which represents the height of the tallest stack that satisfies the given conditions.

The dynamic programming algorithm has a time complexity of O(n^2) because we iterate through each die and compare it with all the previous dice. Since n represents the number of dice in set S, this running time is efficient for a reasonably sized input.

Overall, the dynamic programming algorithm efficiently solves the problem of finding the tallest stack of dice while considering their weights and number matching constraints.

Note: The specific implementation details, such as accessing the weights and heights of the dice, depend on the programming language being used.To solve the problem of creating the tallest stack of dice satisfying the given conditions, we can use a dynamic programming algorithm.

Let's define an array `dp` of length n, where `dp[i]` represents the maximum height of the stack that can be formed using the first i dice from set S. We initialize `dp` with all zeros.

Now, for each die at index i, we iterate through all the previous dice at indices j = 0 to i-1. If the top face of the j-th die matches the bottom face of the i-th die, we update `dp[i]` by taking the maximum value between `dp[i]` and `dp[j] + height[i]`, where `height[i]` represents the height of the i-th die.

Finally, we find the maximum value in the `dp` array, which represents the height of the tallest stack that satisfies the given conditions.

The dynamic programming algorithm has a time complexity of O(n^2) because we iterate through each die and compare it with all the previous dice. Since n represents the number of dice in set S, this running time is efficient for a reasonably sized input.

Overall, the dynamic programming algorithm efficiently solves the problem of finding the tallest stack of dice while considering their weights and number matching constraints.

Note: The specific implementation details, such as accessing the weights and heights of the dice, depend on the programming language being used.

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A dosage of 35mg/L of alum is applied in treating a water supply of 20. 0 million gallons per day. How many kg of alum are applied per day?

Answers

1 gallon is equal to approximately 3.785 liters. So, to convert 20.0 million gallons to liters, we multiply it by 3.785:
20.0 million gallons * 3.785 liters/gallon = 75.7 million liters

the amount of alum used The dosage of alum is given as 35 mg/L. To find the amount of alum used per day, we multiply the dosage by the volume of water treated: 35 mg/L * 75.7 million liters = 2.65 billion milligrams

milligrams to kilograms 1 kilogram is equal to 1,000,000 milligrams. So, to convert milligrams to kilograms, we divide by 1,000,000: 2.65 billion milligrams / 1,000,000 = 2,650 kilograms Therefore, approximately 2,650 kilograms of alum are applied per day to treat the water supply.

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When comparing two objects with the same properties, == or === will return false. How would you compare if two objects are the same?

Answers

To compare if two objects are the same, you should use the Object.is() method. The Object.is() method compares two values for strict equality, which means it checks if they are the same value without any type coercion.

For example, consider the following code:

const obj1 = { a: 1 };

const obj2 = { a: 1 };

console.log(obj1 == obj2); // false

console.log(obj1 === obj2); // false

console.log(Object.is(obj1, obj2)); // false

const obj3 = obj1;

console.log(obj1 == obj3); // true

console.log(obj1 === obj3); // true

console.log(Object.is(obj1, obj3)); // true

In this example, obj1 and obj2 are two separate objects with the same properties, so using == or === to compare them will return false. However, obj3 is assigned to obj1, so they reference the same object in memory, and using ==, ===, or Object.is() to compare them will return true.

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Compute the volume percent of graphite, VGr, in a 3.2 wt% C cast iron, assuming that all the carbon exists as the graphite phase. Assume densities of 7.9 and 2.3 g/cm3 for ferrite and graphite, respectively.

Answers

Answer:

The volume percentage of graphite is 10.197 per cent.

Explanation:

The volume percent of graphite is the ratio of the volume occupied by the graphite phase to the volume occupied by the graphite and ferrite phases. The weight percent in the cast iron is 3.2 wt% (graphite) and 96.8 wt% (ferrite). The volume percentage of graphite is:

\(\%V_{gr} = \frac{V_{gr}}{V_{gr}+V_{fe}} \times 100\,\%\)

Where:

\(V_{gr}\) - Volume occupied by the graphite phase, measured in cubic centimeters.

\(V_{fe}\) - Volume occupied by the graphite phase, measured in cubic centimeters.

The expression is expanded by using the definition of density and subsequently simplified:

\(\%V_{gr} = \frac{\frac{m_{gr}}{\rho_{gr}} }{\frac{m_{gr}}{\rho_{gr}}+\frac{m_{fe}}{\rho_{fe}}}\times 100\,\%\)

Where:

\(m_{fe}\), \(m_{gr}\) - Masses of the ferrite and graphite phases, measured in grams.

\(\rho_{fe}, \rho_{gr}\) - Densities of the ferrite and graphite phases, measured in grams per cubic centimeter.

\(\%V_{gr} = \frac{1}{1+\frac{\frac{m_{fe}}{\rho_{fe}} }{\frac{m_{gr}}{\rho_{gr}} } }\times 100\,\%\)

\(\%V_{gr} = \frac{1}{1 + \left(\frac{\rho_{gr}}{\rho_{fe}} \right)\cdot\left(\frac{m_{fe}}{m_{gr}} \right)} \times 100\,\%\)

If \(\rho_{gr} = 2.3\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}}\), \(\rho_{fe} = 7.9\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}}\), \(m_{gr} = 3.2\,g\) and \(m_{fe} = 96.8\,g\), the volume percentage of graphite is:

\(\%V_{gr} = \frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{2.3\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}} }{7.9\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}} } \right)\cdot \left(\frac{96.8\,g}{3.2\,g} \right)} \times 100\,\%\)

\(\%V_{gr} = 10.197\,\%V\)

The volume percentage of graphite is 10.197 per cent.

Following are the solution to the given points:

\(\to C_{Gr} = 100\\\\ \to C_{\alpha}= 0\)From \(Fe-F_{\frac{e}{3}} c\) diagram.  

\(\to W_{\alpha} =\frac{C_{Gr}-C_{o}}{C_{Gr}-C_{\alpha}}\)

           \(= \frac{100-3.6}{100-0} \\\\= \frac{100-3.6}{100} \\\\= \frac{96.4}{100} \\\\=0.964\)

Calculating the weight fraction of graphite:  

\(\to W_{Gr}=\frac{C_0 - c_d}{C_{Gr} -c_d}\)

            \(= \frac{3.6-0}{100-0} \\\\ = \frac{3.6}{100} \\\\= 0.036\)

Calculating the volume percent of graphite:

\(\to V_{Gr}=\frac{\frac{W_{Gr}}{P_{Gr}}}{\frac{w_{\alpha}}{P_{\alpha}}+ \frac{W_{Gr}}{P_{Gr}}}\)

           \(=\frac{\frac{0.036}{2.3}}{\frac{0.964}{7.9}+\frac{0.036}{2.3}}\\\\=0.11368 \times 100\%\\\\=11.368\%\)

Therefore, the final answer is "0.964, 0.036, and 11.368%"

Learn more Graphite:

brainly.com/question/4770832

Compute the volume percent of graphite, VGr, in a 3.2 wt% C cast iron, assuming that all the carbon exists

Primary mental skills needed for riding a motorcycle

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You have to know the basic mechanics to help you correctly use the motorcycle, and you also have to have the right mindset - knowing you can ride it, and having determination. All of these factors are the primary mental skills you need for riding a motorcycle.

Answer:

B. Information processing and decision-making

Explanation:

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