why do so many eukaryotic pathogens cause highly refractory and long-term chronic infections that are difficult to treat in contrast with prokaryotic pathogens?
Answers
Eukaryotic pathogens cause highly refractory and long-term chronic infections that are difficult to treat in contrast with prokaryotic pathogens because humans (the hosts) are also eukaryotic.
Due to the fact that humans (the hosts) and eukaryotic pathogens both share many of the same enzymes and structural components, eukaryotic infections can be more challenging to treat than prokaryotic ones. It can be challenging to identify drug targets that are specific to the disease, and many therapeutic approaches are toxic to the host and have negative side effects.
Developing antimicrobial medications that precisely target fungi, protozoans, and helminths is more difficult because they are eukaryotic creatures, like human cells. Similar to viruses, human viruses reproduce within human cells, making them difficult to target.
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Related Questions
Are data that do not support a hypothesis useful?
A. No, because the data must be inaccurate
B. No, because the data show that the experiment failed
C. Yes, because the data prove that the experiment was designed
poorly
D. Yes, because the data provide useful information that can lead to
more testing
Answers
Answer:
D
really dude, just read these types of questions the one that's really different is usually right
Targe
1.
The independent variable is
and the dependent variable is
in an experiment.
changed, observed
d 07/01
ce
kept the same, observed
d 07/01
observed, changed
07/01
hypothesized, changed
ursday
Answers
Dependent variable: the effect that depends on the independent variable.
For example, an experiment measures how light (independent variable) affects plant growth (dependent variable). Every other component of plant growth is kept the same to isolate the effect the independent variable has on the dependent variable.
So, the independent variable is CHANGED while the dependent variable is OBSERVED
answer all 3 please
Answers
Answer: 1. Earthquake
2. Lava
3. Divergent Boundary
Explanation:
_____ is the idea that each cerebral hemisphere processes certain types of information and excels at certain activities.
Answers
Hemispheric lateralization is the idea that each cerebral hemisphere processes certain types of information and excels at certain activities. The term "hemispheric lateralization" describes how the left and right cerebral hemispheres, which are joined by the corpus callosum, work differently.
The left hemisphere is in charge of the right half of the body and is mostly in charge of verbal operations like syntax and vocabulary as well as literal meaning.
The left side of the body is controlled by the right hemisphere, which is primarily in charge of visual tasks including identifying connections, combining and synthesising data, and coming up with intuitive ideas.
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Some plants, like salvia leucophylla, secrets toxic chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants nearby. the distribution pattern of this plant would be considered?
Answers
The distribution pattern of a plant like Salvia leucophylla, with its allelopathic properties, would be influenced by the interactions between the toxic chemicals it secretes and the sensitivity or resistance of neighboring plant species to those chemicals, as well as other ecological factors that shape plant distribution in the specific habitat.
The distribution pattern of a plant that secretes toxic chemicals inhibiting the growth of other plants nearby, such as Salvia leucophylla, would typically be classified as allelopathic. Allelopathy refers to the phenomenon where certain plants release chemicals called allelochemicals into their environment, influencing the growth and development of neighboring plants.
In the case of Salvia leucophylla, the toxic chemicals it secretes act as allelochemicals that have inhibitory effects on the growth of nearby plants. These chemicals can be released into the soil or through volatile compounds in the air, affecting the germination, growth, or survival of other plant species in close proximity.
The distribution pattern of allelopathic plants can vary depending on factors such as environmental conditions, plant density, and the range of influence of the allelochemicals. Some allelopathic plants may exhibit a clumped distribution pattern, where individuals are grouped together in patches, resulting in areas with inhibited plant growth surrounded by areas less affected. Others may exhibit a more scattered or random distribution pattern, depending on the dispersal mechanisms of the plant species.
Overall, the distribution pattern of a plant like Salvia leucophylla, with its allelopathic properties, would be influenced by the interactions between the toxic chemicals it secretes and the sensitivity or resistance of neighboring plant species to those chemicals, as well as other ecological factors that shape plant distribution in the specific habitat.
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A sci scientist is measuring how quickly different liquids flow down a ramp she notices that water flows more easily than dish soap which property of water is the scientist observing? A. Viscosity
B. Compression C. Surface tension D.crystalline structure
Answers
Answer:
They are actually observing "viscosity" of liquid
Explanation:
Food is composed of atoms and elements as is all matter. Certain atoms come together in a unique way and form bonds that allow living things to use them for energy. Sugars are a major type of food/energy. They (along with most important compounds found in living organisms) are composed primarily of carbon. Producers such as trees convert carbon atoms into sugar. In trees, where does this carbon source come from?
Answers
Answer:organisms
Explanation:
How many membranes cover the Golgi apparatus?
Answers
Answer:
The Golgi apparatus (GA), also called Golgi body or Golgi complex and found universally in both plant and animal cells, is typically comprised of a series of five to eight cup-shaped, membrane-covered sacs called cisternae that look something like a stack of deflated balloons.
Explanation:
The Golgi apparatus is a series of membranes shaped like pancakes. The single membrane is similar to the cell membrane in that it has two layers. The membrane surrounds an area of fluid where the complex molecules (proteins, sugars, enzymes) are stored and changed.
Answer:
3 to 8 membranes called cisternae
The wave base refers to which part of the wave?
A) the lowest part
B) the highest part
C) the part underwater
D) the part between waves
Answers
Answer:
The answer is C - The part underwater
Answer:
C- the part underwater
Explanation:
Which of the following occurs first when folding a disordered polypeptide chain into a stable protein formation?A. formation of a low energy stateB. association of ordered subunitsC. aggregation of hydrophobic regions in the proteinD. tertiary structure formationE. formation of a low entropy state
Answers
When folding a disordered polypeptide chain into a stable protein formation, the first step is typically the aggregation of hydrophobic regions in the protein.
Option C, "aggregation of hydrophobic regions in the protein," occurs early in the protein folding process.
Hydrophobic amino acid residues tend to be buried within the protein's interior, away from the aqueous environment.
This hydrophobic collapse is driven by the desire to minimize the exposure of hydrophobic residues to water, which is energetically unfavorable.
By aggregating these hydrophobic regions together, the protein can minimize its surface area and optimize its interactions with water molecules.
The other options listed are subsequent steps in the protein folding process:
A. Formation of a low energy state: This occurs as the protein progresses in folding, reaching a stable conformation with a lower overall energy compared to the unfolded state.
B. Association of ordered subunits: This refers to the assembly of multiple protein subunits to form a functional multimeric protein.
This step is not applicable to all proteins, as many proteins fold independently without associating with other subunits.
D. Tertiary structure formation: This step involves the formation of the three-dimensional structure of the protein, including the specific arrangement of secondary structural elements (alpha helices, beta sheets) and the overall folding of the polypeptide chain.
E. Formation of a low entropy state: During protein folding, the system moves from a more disordered (higher entropy) state to a more ordered (lower entropy) state.
This occurs as the polypeptide chain adopts a specific, well-defined conformation in the folded protein.
Therefore, the correct answer is C. aggregation of hydrophobic regions in the protein.
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The scientific method is the process that scientists use to find out new information. It involves a question, a hypothesis, a prediction, collecting data, and analyzing that data to make a conclusion. How would you use the scientific method to answer this question: Do mice live longer when they are fed high-sugar diets? (15 points)
Answers
Answer:
Science deals with emperical to finding solutions to problem
Explanation:
This research should be subject to case study. You will select two groups of mice. One group with high feed of sugar diet and second group with a minimum diet of sugar. You will study the two groups in order to know which one lives longer
would not describe a single base pair change in the coding region of a gene on chromosome 13 that leaves the amino acid sequence intact
Answers
A single base pair change in the coding region of a gene on chromosome 13 that leaves the amino acid sequence intact would be described as a synonymous or silent mutation.
In this type of mutation, the change in the DNA sequence does not result in an alteration of the corresponding amino acid sequence in the protein. This is due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, where multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. As a result, the mutation does not lead to any significant changes in the structure or function of the protein.
Synonymous mutations are often considered neutral or silent because they do not result in observable phenotypic changes. However, they can still have subtle effects on gene expression, RNA stability, or protein folding. Nonetheless, the overall amino acid sequence remains unaltered, and the protein's function is typically unaffected.
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•The image of the pedigree below shows an autosomal recessive trait that is passed through a family. Discuss with your partner how you could identify the genotype of individual Il-2.
Answers
To determine which genotype Il-2 has, we would need to observe whether they express the trait or not. If Il-2 does not express the trait, they must be either homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa). If Il-2 does express the trait, they must be homozygous recessive (aa).
What are autosomal recessive traits?Autosomal recessive traits are inherited in a pattern where an affected individual has two copies of the recessive allele (aa), while unaffected individuals can either be homozygous dominant (AA) or heterozygous (Aa).
Looking at the pedigree, we can see that individual I-1 is affected, and both of his parents (II-1 and II-2) are unaffected, which suggests that the trait is recessive. We can also see that II-3 and II-4 are carriers of the trait, as they are unaffected but have an affected child (III-1).
Individual Il-2 is the child of III-2 and III-3, both of whom are unaffected carriers of the trait. Since they are carriers, they both have one copy of the recessive allele (a) and one copy of the dominant allele (A).
To determine the genotype of Il-2, we need to consider the possible allele combinations that could result from the parents' gametes. Each parent can produce two types of gametes, one with the dominant allele (A) and one with the recessive allele (a).
Possible gametes from III-2 (Aa) are: A and a
Possible gametes from III-3 (Aa) are: A and a
So, the possible genotypes of Il-2 are AA (homozygous dominant), Aa (heterozygous), or aa (homozygous recessive).
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On Earth, water can exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Why?
Α.
Earth is at an ideal temperature due to its distance from the Sun.
B.
Earth rotates counterclockwise as viewed from above the North Pole.
C.
Earth is shaped like a sphere and revolves around the Sun.
O
D.
The Moon takes about 27 days to revolve around Earth.
Answers
Which organelles are found only in plant cells and not in animal cells?
Answers
Answer:
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, which are not found within animal cells. The cell wall is a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell.
the 3rd consumer level in the food chain is never normally eaten explain what usually becomes of them.
Answers
Answer:
Plants and algae make their own food and are called producers. Level 2: Herbivores eat plants and are called primary consumers. Level 3: Carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers. Level 4: Carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers.
Explanation:
.....
Which of the following is an example of an adaptation?
A. Ducks swim near the shore by a picnic area, where food is always available.
B. A dog walks without pulling on its leash.
C. Wolves work together to catch prey.
D. Birds living near a highway learn not to fly away every time a car passes.
(Zoom the picture for better quality)
Answers
Answer:
wolves work together to catch prey
Which property of proteins BEST allows them to perform an enormously diverse range of functions? WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST!!!
a. the wide variety of elements they include
b. their large, chemical-energy reserve
c. their large, stored-electric potential
d. the complexity of their folded structure
Answers
Answer:
D. the complexity of their folded structure
Explanation:
The property of proteins best allows them to perform an enormously diverse range of functions is the complexity of their folded structure. Thus, option D is correct.
What are the properties of proteins?Proteins are usually made up of chains of amino acids. They are also colorless and are spherical in shape and tasteless as well. The property of proteins that allows them to perform an enormously diverse range of functions is the complexity of their folded structure.
It is the 3-dimensional atom arrangement with respect to the amino acid chain molecule. It is considered as the polymers created from the amino acids sequence. The single amino acid monomer should be known as the residue that represent the repeating polymer unit. The structure of the protein should describe the functions where there is various amino acids and the capability to fold.
Therefore, The property of proteins best allows them to perform an enormously diverse range of functions is the complexity of their folded structure. Thus, option D is correct.
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The concentration of glucose in the blood at P, and in the fluid at Q, is 0.1 per cent. The concentration of glucose in the fluid at R is 0.0 per cent.
Use information from the diagram, and your own biological knowledge, to explain the change in glucose concentration from point P through to point R.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:The change in glucose concentration from point P to point R can be explained by the process of diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
At point P, the concentration of glucose in the blood is 0.1 percent. This means that there is a higher concentration of glucose in the blood compared to the surrounding fluid. Due to the concentration gradient, glucose molecules will tend to move from the blood to the surrounding fluid through diffusion. As a result, glucose molecules will diffuse from point P towards point R.
As the glucose molecules move from point P towards point R, they will continue to spread out and mix with the surrounding fluid. At point Q, which is between P and R, the concentration of glucose in the fluid will increase due to the diffusion of glucose from the blood. However, the concentration at point Q will still be lower than the initial concentration at point P.
As the glucose molecules continue to diffuse towards point R, the concentration gradient decreases. Eventually, at point R, the concentration of glucose in the fluid is 0.0 percent. This means that all the glucose molecules have diffused from the blood and mixed with the fluid, resulting in an equal concentration of glucose in the blood and the fluid at point R.
In summary, the change in glucose concentration from point P to point R is due to the process of diffusion, where glucose molecules move from an area of higher concentration (point P) to an area of lower concentration (point R) until equilibrium is reached.
At point P, the concentration of glucose in the blood is 0.1 per cent, which is the same as the concentration in the fluid at Q. This suggests that at point P, glucose is freely filtered from the blood into the glomerular filtrate without being selectively reabsorbed. Therefore, the concentration of glucose remains constant from point P to point Q.
However, at point R, the concentration of glucose in the fluid is 0.0 per cent. This indicates that glucose has been selectively reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood. In the renal tubules, specialized transporters actively reabsorb glucose molecules from the filtrate and transport them back into the bloodstream. This process ensures that glucose, which is an important energy source for the body, is retained rather than being excreted in the urine.
The change in glucose concentration from point P to point R is due to the selective reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys. As the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, glucose is actively transported back into the bloodstream, leading to a decrease in its concentration from point P to point R. This mechanism helps maintain a stable blood glucose level and prevents the loss of valuable energy resources.
Cuando pasa una molécula de una zona de menor concentración de sustancias a una zona de mayor concentración, el transporte implicado es
Answers
Answer:
Transporte activo.
Explicación:
El transporte activo ocurre cuando una molécula se mueve de un área de menor concentración de sustancias a un área de mayor concentración. Los transportes activos utilizaron energía en forma de ATP para mover moléculas en contra del gradiente de concentración. Es lo opuesto al transporte pasivo en el que no se requiere energía para mover moléculas de una región a otra. La principal razón de que ocurra el transporte activo es que mueve moléculas en contra del flujo de difusión. En difusión, la molécula se mueve de un área de mayor concentración a un área de menor concentración.
some viral diseases are dangerous only when a person is infected for the first time; subsequent infections produce only mild symptoms or go entirely unnoticed. this pattern can be explained by the action of . some viral diseases are dangerous only when a person is infected for the first time; subsequent infections produce only mild symptoms or go entirely unnoticed. this pattern can be explained by the action of . memory cells that trigger a secondary immune response specific antibodies that remain concentrated in the bloodstream for life after the first infection event t cells that trigger a primary immune response memory cells that trigger a primary immune response
Answers
This pattern can be explained by the action of Option 1: Memory cells that trigger a secondary immune response.
When a person is infected with a virus for the first time, their immune system must mount a primary response to fight off the infection. This response takes time to develop, and the person may experience more severe symptoms as their body tries to eliminate the virus. However, after the infection is resolved, the immune system retains memory cells specific to that virus. If the person is infected with the same virus again, these memory cells can quickly recognize and respond to the virus, triggering a secondary immune response. This secondary response is much faster and more efficient than the primary response, allowing the person to fight off the infection before it can cause serious harm. Therefore, subsequent infections of the same virus often produce only mild symptoms or go unnoticed.
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What are potential problems in the cell cycle if the different cyclin molecules do not interact correctly?
Answers
Answer:
Interactions between cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Disruptions to the cell cycle may result in cancer and/or programmed cell death (apoptosis).
what is the importance of fermentation to cellular metabolism?
a. It reduces NADH to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen
b. It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ during electron transport. c. It generates glucose for the cell in the absence of oxygen. d. It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen.
Answers
Answer:
The correct answer is option d): It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation is an important part of cellular metabolism, as it allows cells to generate ATP in the absence of oxygen. During fermentation, NADH is oxidized to NAD+ in the absence of oxygen, which helps to generate ATP. Fermentation is an important part of cellular metabolism, as it helps to maintain energy production in the absence of oxygen.
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Compare and contrast carbohydrates and proteins.
Describe the function of each macromolecule.
Explain one way they are the same and one way they are different.
Answers
Answer:
1.Carbohydrates are used for energy (glucose). Fats are used for energy after they are broken into fatty acids. Protein can also be used for energy, but the first job is to help with making hormones, muscle, and other proteins. Broken down into glucose, used to supply energy to cells.2.Nucleic acids: Stores and transfers info. Carbohydrates; Store energy, provide fuel, and build structure in body, main source of energy, structure of plant cell wall. Lipid: Insulator and stores fat and energy. Protein: Provide structural support,transport, enzymes, movement, defense.Explanation:
kayo na bahala dun sa isa :(
Carbohydrates and proteins are two types of macromolecules that play critical roles in living organisms.
How carbohydrates are made?Carbohydrates are organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are primarily used as a source of energy for the body, but they also serve other functions such as structural support, cell signaling, and cell recognition. Some examples of carbohydrates include sugars, starches, and fibers.
Proteins, on the other hand, are organic molecules made up of amino acids. They have a wide range of functions, including structural support, enzyme catalysis, transport, storage, communication, and defense.
One way that carbohydrates and proteins are similar is that they are both macromolecules that are essential to life. They are both made up of smaller building blocks - monomers - that are linked together through chemical bonds to form more complex structures.
One way that carbohydrates and proteins are different is that their functions are distinct. While carbohydrates are primarily used as a source of energy, proteins have a wide range of functions that are critical to the structure and function of the body.
In summary, carbohydrates and proteins are both important macromolecules with distinct functions. Carbohydrates are primarily used as a source of energy, while proteins have a wide range of functions critical to the structure and function of the body. While they share similarities as macromolecules, their functions are distinct and serve different purposes in the body.
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List the functions of adipose tissue.
Answers
Answer:
Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.
Explanation:
Discuss the importance of international agreements in the
management of biomedical waste.
Answers
International agreements play a vital role in managing biomedical waste by establishing common standards and promoting collaboration between countries. They ensure effective waste management, protect public health, and preserve the environment on a global scale.
International agreements play a crucial role in the management of biomedical waste due to the global nature of the issue and the potential risks it poses to public health and the environment. These agreements serve as frameworks for countries to establish common standards and guidelines for the proper handling, treatment, and disposal of biomedical waste.
Firstly, international agreements facilitate information exchange and knowledge sharing among countries, enabling them to learn from each other's experiences and best practices. This helps in the development and implementation of effective waste management strategies, ensuring the protection of human health and the environment on a global scale.
Secondly, these agreements promote cooperation and collaboration between countries, fostering a coordinated approach in addressing the challenges associated with biomedical waste. They encourage the sharing of resources, technology, and expertise, which is particularly important for developing countries with limited resources and infrastructure for waste management.
Furthermore, international agreements enhance accountability and compliance by establishing monitoring mechanisms and reporting requirements. They encourage countries to regularly assess and improve their waste management systems, ensuring adherence to international standards and guidelines.
Overall, international agreements serve as essential tools in promoting uniformity, cooperation, and accountability in the management of biomedical waste, contributing to the global effort to mitigate its adverse impacts.
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(PLEASE HELP)
Colorblindness is a recessive X-linked trait. A heterozygous female has children with a normal-vision male. What percent of the offspring will be COLORBLIND FEMALES? (You definitely should make a Punnett Square to help you.) *
0%
25%
50%
75%
Answers
Answer: i think 50 hope this helps if not im a doo doo dunder head
Explanation:
Need help????????????
Answers
Mitosis is a type of cell division shown in the diagram.i.e, option 'C'
What is cell division?Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides, when a mother cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
The following diagram show mitosis.
Mitosis is the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division. Mitosis is generally followed by equal division of the cell's content into two daughter cells that have identical genomes.
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If you could see the new moon, at what time of day (roughly) would it rise?
Astronom
Answers
Answer:
Rises at sunrise, transits meridian at noon, sets at sunset.
Explanation:
I think this is the closest answer :)
A body part that is further away from the midline of the body is said to be _____.a. deepb. centralc. mediald. lateral.
Answers
A body part that is further away from the midline of the body is said to be **d. lateral**.
In anatomical terms, "lateral" refers to the direction away from the midline of the body. It indicates a position or structure that is located farther out or to the side, away from the center or midline of the body. For example, if you consider the arms, the thumb is on the lateral side of the hand, while the little finger is on the medial side. Conversely, the term "medial" (option c) refers to a body part that is closer to the midline of the body. "Deep" (option a) is used to describe a structure that is located farther beneath the surface or inside the body, while "central" (option b) typically refers to a position or structure that is situated at or near the center of an organ or body part.
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