which statement best explains the genetic variation that results from sexual reproduction
a. each chromosome contains many copies of the same gene
b. offspring receive genes that are exactly the same as one parent’s genes
c. each chromosome contains many different genes
s. offspring receive a mix of genes from two different parents
Answers
Answer:
S. offspring recieve a mix of genes from two different parents
Offspring acquire genes that are exactly the same as one parent’s genes. Option B is correct.
Given that,
To choose the statement best explains the genetic variation that results from sexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction is the process of creating new organisms by combining the genetic details of two individuals of different genders. The genetic details in most animals is carried on chromosomes in the nucleus of reproductive cells called gametes, which unite to form a diploid zygote.
Here,
The solution is due to the fact that each parent has two distinct sets of genes. Furthermore, each parent only passes on half of their DNA to their offspring. And that the half that is passed on is arbitrary. All of this ensures that each child is born with a distinct set of genes.
Thus, Offspring acquire genes that are exactly the same as one parent’s genes. Option B is correct.
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Related Questions
An electron and a proton are held on an x axis, with the electron at x = + 1.000 m
and the proton at x = - 1.000 m . If a second electron is initially at x = + 20.00 m on the x axis and is given an initial velocity of 450 m/s towards the origin, will it reach and origin? And how close will it get to the origin if it doesn't?
Answers
Answer:
r2 = 1 m
therefore the electron that comes with velocity does not reach the origin, it stops when it reaches the position of the electron at x = 1m
Explanation:
For this exercise we must use conservation of energy
the electric potential energy is
U = \(k \frac{q_1q_2}{r_{12}}\)
for the proton at x = -1 m
U₁ =\(- k \frac{e^2 }{r+1}\)
for the electron at x = 1 m
U₂ = \(k \frac{e^2 }{r-1}\)
starting point.
Em₀ = K + U₁ + U₂
Em₀ = \(\frac{1}{2} m v^2 - k \frac{e^2}{r+1} + k \frac{e^2}{r-1}\)
final point
Em_f = \(k e^2 ( -\frac{1}{r_2 +1} + \frac{1}{r_2 -1})\)
energy is conserved
Em₀ = Em_f
\frac{1}{2} m v^2 - k \frac{e^2}{r+1} + k \frac{e^2}{r-1} = k e^2 (- \frac{1}{r_2 +1} + \frac{1}{r_2 -1})
\frac{1}{2} m v^2 - k \frac{e^2}{r+1} + k \frac{e^2}{r-1} = k e²( \(\frac{2}{(r_2+1)(r_2-1)}\) )
we substitute the values
½ 9.1 10⁻³¹ 450 + 9 10⁹ (1.6 10⁻¹⁹)² [ \(- \frac{1}{20+1} + \frac{1}{20-1}\) ) = 9 109 (1.6 10-19) ²( \(\frac{2}{r_2^2 -1}\) )
2.0475 10⁻²⁸ + 2.304 10⁻³⁷ (5.0125 10⁻³) = 4.608 10⁻³⁷ ( \(\frac{1}{r_2^2 -1}\) )
2.0475 10⁻²⁸ + 1.1549 10⁻³⁹ = 4.608 10⁻³⁷ \(\frac{1}{r_2^2 -1}\)
\(\frac{2.0475 \ 10^{-28} }{1.1549 \ 10^{-37} } = \frac{1}{r_2^2 -1}\)
r₂² -1 = (4.443 10⁸)⁻¹
r2 = \(\sqrt{1 + 2.25 10^{-9}}\)
r2 = 1 m
therefore the electron that comes with velocity does not reach the origin, it stops when it reaches the position of the electron at x = 1m
A 3.00-m long pipe is in a room where the temperature is 20°C. What is the fundamental frequency if the pipe is closed at one end? 57 Hz 114 Hz 29 Hz none of the above
Answers
A 3.00-m long pipe is in a room where the temperature is 20°C. If the pipe is closed at one end, the fundamental frequency is 57 Hz.
The frequency at which a standing wave has the lowest frequency is known as the fundamental frequency. It is sometimes known as the first harmonic of the system. The frequency of the second harmonic is twice that of the first harmonic, and the frequency of the third harmonic is three times that of the first harmonic. If a standing wave is established in a pipe,
the length of the pipe and the speed of sound in the pipe establish its fundamental frequency. A formula for calculating the fundamental frequency of a pipe closed at one end is given by
fundamental frequency= (speed of sound)/ (2 * pipe length)Speed of sound in air at 20°C is 343 m/s.
Therefore, the fundamental frequency of a 3.00-m long pipe closed at one end is: fundamental frequency = (343 m/s) / (2 * 3.00 m) = 57.2 Hz Approximately 57 Hz is the correct answer.
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A 6.60-mole ideal gas system is maintained at a constant volume of 2.00 liters. If 1.35 ✕ 10^2 J of thermal energy is transferred to the system, find the following.
(a) Find the work done on the gas.
(b) Find the change in the internal energy of the system.
(c) Find the change in temperature of the gas in kelvin, if the gas is monatomic.
(d) Find the change in temperature if the gas is diatomic.
Answers
(a) The work done on the gas can be found using the First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is the change in internal energy, Q is the heat transferred to the system, and W is the work done on the system. Since the volume is constant, W = 0. The work done on the gas is 0 J.
(b) The change in the internal energy of the system can be found using the First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔU = Q - W. Since the volume is constant and the work done on the system is 0 J, ΔU = Q = 1.35 ✕ 10^2 J.
(c) The change in temperature of a monatomic gas can be found using the equation ΔU = (3/2)nRΔT, where n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Solving for ΔT gives ΔT = ΔU / ((3/2)nR) = (1.35 ✕ 10^2 J) / ((3/2)(6.60 mol)(8.31 J/mol K)) = 1.02 K.
(d) The change in temperature of a diatomic gas can be found using the equation ΔU = (5/2)nRΔT, where n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and ΔT is the change in temperature. Solving for ΔT gives ΔT = ΔU / ((5/2)nR) = (1.35 ✕ 10^2 J) / ((5/2)(6.60 mol)(8.31 J/mol K)) = 0.77 K.
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Why have no large refracting telescopes been built since 1900?
All of these choices are correct.
Refracting telescopes suffer from chromatic aberration.
Making large glass lenses without interior defects is difficult.
Refracting telescopes have several surfaces to shape and polish.
Large glass lenses are more difficult to support than large mirrors.
Answers
Option A: Chromatic aberration is a problem with reflecting telescopes. Large glass lenses with flawless interiors are challenging to produce. There are various surfaces to shape and polish on refractive telescopes.
Compared to huge mirrors, large glass lenses are more challenging to support. Telescopes are instruments used to observe and study celestial objects such as stars, planets, galaxies, and nebulae. They work by collecting and focusing electromagnetic radiation from these objects, allowing astronomers to study their properties and characteristics. Telescopes come in a variety of designs, such as refracting, reflecting, and catadioptric telescopes. Refracting telescopes use lenses to bend and focus light while reflecting telescopes use mirrors to do the same. Catadioptric telescopes use both lenses and mirrors to focus light. Modern telescopes can also operate in a variety of wavelengths, including visible light, radio waves, and X-rays. In recent years, the development of space telescopes has enabled astronomers to observe the universe beyond the limitations of the Earth's atmosphere. Telescopes have played a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the universe and continue to be an essential tool in modern astronomy.
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i. What is the elasticity at point \( g \) ? ii. What is the elasticity at point \( h \) ? (As a first step, determine what the quantity is equal to at \( h \) )
Answers
i. The elasticity at point \( g \) is the measure of responsiveness or sensitivity of a quantity to changes in another variable at point \( g \).
ii. To determine the elasticity at point \( h \), we first need to establish what quantity we are referring to at point \( h \). Once we have identified the relevant quantity, we can then calculate its elasticity by measuring the responsiveness or sensitivity to changes in another variable at point \( h \).
i. To determine the elasticity at point \( g \), we need specific information about the variables and their relationship. Elasticity is typically calculated as the percentage change in one variable divided by the percentage change in another variable.
ii. Without additional information about the specific variables and their relationship at point \( h \), it is difficult to provide a precise answer. The concept of elasticity requires specific context and variables to be defined in order to calculate or describe it accurately.
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Ronald lives 60 miles away from his grandmother. His parents drove Ronald to his grandmother’s home in three hours. What was the average speed of the car?
Answers
To calculate the average speed of the car, we divide the total distance traveled by the time taken. In this case, Ronald's parents drove him to his grandmother's home, which is 60 miles away, and it took them three hours to complete the journey.
Average speed (in miles per hour) is obtained by dividing the distance (in miles) by the time (in hours). In this scenario, the average speed of the car can be calculated as follows:
Average speed = Distance / Time
Average speed = 60 miles / 3 hours
Simplifying the calculation, we find:
Average speed = 20 miles per hour
Therefore, the average speed of the car was 20 miles per hour.
This means that, on average, Ronald's parents were driving at a speed of 20 miles per hour during their journey from Ronald's home to his grandmother's home. It's important to note that this is the average speed over the entire duration of the trip, and it may not reflect the specific speeds at different parts of the journey.
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A rotor in a blender is rotating at 55.0 rad/s. The chef hits the Low Speed button, causing the rotor to decelerate at -40.7 rad s^2. What is its angular velocity after turning 28.8 rad? (Unit = rad/s) Remember: CCW is +, CW is-. 1 rev = 2 pl rad
Answers
26.0898 rad/s is the angular velocity of a rotor in a blender.
Given
Initial velocity (ω₁) = 55.0 rad/s
Deceleration (α) = -40.7 rad/s²
Angle (θ) = 28.8 rad
Final angular velocity (ω₂) =?
According to the angular kinematic equation
ω₂² = ω₁² + 2αθ
Put the values of ω₁, α, and θ in the equation
We get,
ω₂² = (55)² + 2(₋40.7)(28.8)
ω₂² = √680.68
ω₂ = 26.0898 rad/s
Hence, 26.0898 rad/s is the angular velocity of a rotor in a blender after turning 28.8 rad.
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What is the difference between rotation and revolution in relation to the Earth. How long does each take on Earth?
Answers
Answer:
rotation is a day and revolution is 365 days
Light duty ladders have a maximum weight limit of:
A. 200 pounds. B. 300 pounds
C. 400 pounds
Answers
The maximum weight limit for light-duty ladders depends on the specific ladder and its manufacturer's specifications. However, as a general guideline, light-duty ladders usually have a maximum weight limit of around 200 pounds.
It's important to note that exceeding the maximum weight limit of a ladder can be dangerous and may result in accidents or injuries. When using a ladder, it's essential to read and follow the manufacturer's guidelines and weight limits to ensure safe and proper use.
If the user's weight or the weight of the materials being carried exceeds the ladder's maximum weight limit, a heavier-duty ladder should be used instead.
In summary, the maximum weight limit for light-duty ladders is typically around 200 pounds, but it's important to check the manufacturer's specifications for the specific ladder being used.
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n this activity, you will answer questions based on these two scenarios. Scenario 1 It’s the week before final exams, and Alicia is looking forward to graduation. However, she knows the week will be stressful. In addition to studying hard for her exams, her manager at work called and asked her to work an additional 15 hours. Her softball coach scheduled double practices to prepare for state finals. Her aunt has asked her to babysit her niece a few hours each night. On top of all this, she wants to spend some much-needed quality time with her friends. Alicia wishes there were 86 hours in a day instead of 24. Scenario 2 A small nation's economy depends on oil. The country’s earnings have declined greatly because of a recent drop in oil prices. The government uses these earnings to provide free education to all citizens under the age of 25. The country also uses its earnings to provide free health care and to provide benefits for retirees. The government also uses part of its earnings to help a neighboring country recover from a natural disaster. The president of the country imagines how much he could help his citizens if there weren’t any budget restrictions. Part A What do Alicia and the president have in common?
Answers
Answer: Alicia and the president do not have enough of a particular resource. Alicia doesn’t have enough time, and the president doesn’t have enough money.
Explanation: This is Plato's sample answer.
Why was the light peppered moth able to flourish prior to the Industrial Revolution?
O by blending in with the trees
o the ability to fly
O an abundance of food
O fewer predators
Answers
Answer:
B. by blending in with the trees
Answer:
B. by blending in with the trees
Explanation:
Sloan is running with a momentum of 1850 kg m/s and has a mass of 58 kg. What is her velocity?
Answers
Answer:
v = 31.89 m/s
Explanation:
p = m × v
1,850 = 58 × v
58v = 1,850
v = 1,850/58
v = 31.89 m/s
Friction between two surfaces transforms energy of motion directly to:
Answers
Explanation:
What do we call a word that tells about an action ?
Which country has more nuclear power stations, the UK or France?
Answers
Answer: FRANCE
Explanation:
Answer:
France
Explanation:
UK has 15 nuclear power plants and 2 under construction whereas France has 56 in operation and 1 under construction
A. It Implies That M Is Finitely Generated. B. It Implies That M Has Nonzero Elements Of Nonzero Order. C. When Every Non-Null Element Has Null . D. In The Case That The Ring R Is A Body. E. None Of The Above Alternatives Gives A
Which of the following alternatives give a true statement. Justify your answer.
A modulus M over a ring R has a finite basis:
a. It implies that M is finitely generated.
b. It implies that M has nonzero elements of nonzero order.
C. When every non-null element has null .
d. in the case that the ring R is a body.
e. None of the above alternatives gives a true statement.
Which of the following statements are true?
a. If a subset of a module generates that whole module, then the subset cannot be
empty.
b. Every submodule S of a module M verifies the inequality C. Two different subsets of M have to generate two different submodules of M.
d. If S generates a submodule N of the module M, then contains S.
e. Neither statement is true.
Answers
The correct answer is e. None of the above alternatives gives a true statement. None of the statements in options a, b, c, and d are true when it comes to a modulus M over a ring R having a finite basis.
When a modulus M can be formed entirely from a finite set of elements, the modulus M is said to be finitely generated. M's finite basis does not, however, automatically imply that M is finitely generated. A basis is a set of linearly independent elements, and it might not be enough to produce all of the components of the modulus.
According to the assertion in option b, M must include nonzero items of nonzero order if it has a finite basis. This is untrue, though. The smallest positive number k, such that the element raised to the power of k equals the identity element, is referred to as the order of an element.
According to option c, every non-null element in a modulus with a finite basis has a null. Nevertheless, this claim is likewise untrue. It is possible for a modulus with a finite basis to have non-null elements without a null element.
According to option d, a ring R is a body, or a field, and only then can a modulus have a finite basis. However, this assertion is also untrue. Even though the ring R is not a field, a modulus can nonetheless have a finite basis. None of the given alternatives provides a true statement about a modulus M over a ring R having a finite basis.
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pweese help one more timeeee
pweese look at the image below
Answers
Answer:
increasing; speeding up is my answer
An amplifier has an open-circuit voltage gain of 1700, an input resistance of 28 kΩ , and an output resistance of 3 Ω . A signal source with an internal resistance of 12 kΩ is connected to the input terminals of the amplifier. An 7 Ω load is connected to the output terminals.
Answers
An amplifier has an open-circuit voltage gain of 1700, so the output voltage is 356.91 times the input voltage.
To analyze the given amplifier circuit, we can use the concept of voltage division and consider the input and output resistances to calculate the voltage gain and load voltage.
Open-circuit voltage gain (Av) = 1700
Input resistance (Rin) = 28 kΩ
Output resistance (Rout) = 3 Ω
Signal source internal resistance (Rs) = 12 kΩ
Load resistance (Rl) = 7 Ω
Input Voltage:
The input voltage to the amplifier can be calculated using the voltage division formula:
Vin = (Rs / (Rs + Rin)) × Vsource
Vin = (12 kΩ / (12 kΩ + 28 kΩ)) × Vsource
Vin = 0.3 × Vsource
Voltage Gain:
The voltage gain of the amplifier can be calculated as:
Av_actual = Av / (1 + (Rout / Rl))
Av_actual = 1700 / (1 + (3 Ω / 7 Ω))
Av_actual = 1700 / (1 + 0.4286)
Av_actual = 1700 / 1.4286
Av_actual ≈ 1189.71
Output Voltage:
The output voltage can be calculated by multiplying the input voltage with the voltage gain:
Vout = Av_actual × Vin
Vout = 1189.71 × 0.3 × Vsource
Vout = 356.91 × Vsource
Therefore, the output voltage is 356.91 times the input voltage.
The load resistance (Rl) and output resistance (Rout) may affect the actual voltage gain and output voltage due to voltage division and impedance matching.
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Calculate the speed of a dog running through a yard covering 24m in 52s
Answers
Answer:
0.46 m/s (meters/second)
Explanation:
speed = distance/timespeed = 24/52speed = 0.461538462 m/sRounding this, we get speed = 0.46 m/sWhat is the length of the y-component of the vector plotted below?
Answers
Answer:
A.1
Explanation:
on the vector plot you should count up and if you count up you´ll get one
The length of the y-component of the vector plotted in the given question would be 1. Thus, the correct option is A.
What is a vector plot?A vector field can be defined as an assignment of a vector to each point in the subset of space. For instance, a vector field in the plane can be easily visualized as a collection of arrows with a given magnitude and direction of a particle, each line or arrow attached to a point in the plane of space.
Vector plots are used to create vector lines between any two points or from one point in space to the specified angle direction and with the selected magnitude and direction of the quantity or quality.
In the given graph, the Y-component is the vertical line or vertical component. The value of the y-component of the vector plotted is 1.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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A man tries to push a 200 kg Car that moves at a acceleration 0.50 m/s2. The man is able to displace the car 10 m. How much work did he do?
Answers
The work done by the man pushing the car over the given distance is 1000J.
Given the data in the question;
Mass of car; \(m = 200kg\)Acceleration of the car; \(a = 0.5m/s^2\)Distance covered by the car; \(d = 10m\)Work done; \(W = \ ?\)
Work done is simply defined as the energy transfer that takes place when an object is either pushed or pulled over a certain distance by an external force. It is expressed as;
\(Work\ done = f * d\)
Where f is force applied and d is distance travelled.
To determine the work done by the man, we first solve for the force applied F.
From Newton's Second Law; \(Force \ F = m * a\)
We substitute our given values into the expression
\(F = m * a \\\\F = 200kg * 0.5m/s^2\\\\F = 100kg.m/s^2\)
Next we substitute our values into the expression of work done above.
\(Work \ done = f * d\\\\Work \ done = 100kg.m/s^2 * 10m\\\\Work \ done = 1000kgm^2/s^2\\\\Work \ done = 1000J\)
Therefore, the work done by the man pushing the car over the given distance is 1000J.
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a car is traveling at a speed of 40.0 m/s on a banked curve of radius 500.0 m. the banking angle of the road is . determine the minimum value of , the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road so that the car does not skid off the road.
Answers
The correct answer to the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road so that the car does not skid off the road is 3.2/9.8cosθ - 1.
The minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road so that the car does not skid off the road can be determined by using the formula for centripetal force.
The centripetal force is given by the formula:
Fc = mv2/r
Where Fc is the centripetal force, m is the mass of the car, v is the speed of the car, and r is the radius of the curve.
The centripetal force is also equal to the sum of the normal force and the frictional force:
Fc = FN + Ff
The normal force is given by the formula:
FN = mgcosθ
Where m is the mass of the car, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and θ is the banking angle of the road.
The frictional force is given by the formula:
Ff = μsFN
Where μs is the coefficient of static friction and FN is the normal force.
Substituting the values of FN and Ff into the equation for Fc, we get:
mv2/r = mgcosθ + μsmgcosθ
Rearranging the equation and solving for μs, we get:
μs = (mv2/r - mgcosθ)/(mgcosθ)
Plugging in the given values of m, v, r, g, and θ, we can find the minimum value of μs:
μs = (40.02/500.0 - 9.8cosθ)/(9.8cosθ)
μs = 3.2 - 9.8cosθ/9.8cosθ
μs = 3.2/9.8cosθ - 1
Therefore, the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road so that the car does not skid off the road is 3.2/9.8cosθ - 1.
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question 1 and 2 and maybe get brainlyest
Answers
determine the greatest load p that can be applied to the truss in (figure 1) so that none of the members are subjected to a force exceeding either 2.2 kn in tension or 1.3 kn in compression
Answers
To determine the greatest load P that can be applied to the truss so that none of the members are subjected to a force exceeding either 2.2 kN in tension or 1.3 kN in compression, follow these steps:
1. Identify the truss members and their connections.
2. Analyze the truss using the method of joints or method of sections to find the forces in each member.
3. Calculate the force in each member when P is applied.
4. Determine the maximum tension and compression allowed for each member (2.2 kN for tension and 1.3 kN for compression).
5. Compare the calculated forces in each member with the allowed tension and compression forces.
6. Adjust the load P until none of the members' forces exceed the allowed tension and compression forces.
By following these steps, you can determine the greatest load P that can be applied to the truss without causing any of the members to exceed the specified force limits in tension or compression.
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observe the virual skateboarder coming down the hill and over the ramp describe how each of newton’s laws of motion can be observed in this action you can choose the dry wet or muddy conditions or some combination of these
Answers
Answer:
first part the skater goes down a constant slope ramp, initially he has Newton's second law
pply Newton's third law, the normal is the reaction to the support of the body on the surface
the ramp shoots off. axis becomes zero and therefore with Newton's first law its speed
Explanation:
It is the description of this movement let's write Newton's laws.
* The first law that a body goes at constant speed or zero if the sum of the external forces is zero
* the second law is F = m a
* The third law states that the forces act in pairs of equal magnitude and opposite direction, one applied to each body.
Let's apply these laws to our case
In the first part the skater goes down a constant slope ramp, initially he has Newton's second law when he accelerates from the initial velocity of zero to a terminal velocity.
The expression for this is
Wₓ - fr = ma
W sin θ - μ W cos θ = m a
W = mg
g (sin θ - μ cos) = a
the value of the coefficient of kinetic friction depends on the condition of the surface, dry, wet or muddy
This is Newton's second law
On the Y axis, which is perpendicular to the ramp we have
N- \(W_{y}\) = 0
If we apply Newton's third law, the normal is the reaction to the support of the body on the surface, note that it can be different from the weight.
In the second part when he is on the ramp.
In the ramp the skater enters with a speed v, suppose that the ramp has an incline so that the skater can jump, in this case the angle is positive with respect to the axis x
In this case the analysis is similar to the previous one
Newton's second law gives the acceleration of the skater, who when he reaches the end of the ramp shoots off.
At this point the force in the x (horizontal) axis becomes zero and therefore with Newton's first law its speed this axis remains constant and the force in the y axis is the force of gravity and has an acceleration that changes if velocity according to Newton's second law
Answer:look at explanations
Explanation:
Bill drives west at 20\, \dfrac{\text m}{\text s}20 s m 20, start fraction, start text, m, end text, divided by, start text, s, end text, end fraction, then slows to a stop at the red light. A graph of his velocity over time is shown below, where eastward is the positive velocity direction.
Answers
Answer:
This
Explanation:
Khan academy answer
What kind of force are you using when you squish a marshmallow?
Answers
Answer:
Compression
Explanation:
I would think it would be compression because you are compressing the marshmallow, and pushing it down until its compact.
Answer: Compression, I to had to get an answer for this but imma help you out :)
identify the atomic orbitals by dragging the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
Answers
The name and chemical symbol of the elements are
Carbon = C
Lead = Pb
Antimony = Sb
Sodium = Na
Aluminum = Al
Chemical symbols are which are used to represent the elements in the periodic table.
The chemical symbol assigned to elements are usually an abbreviation of the name of the element or the Latin form of the name.
The name and symbol of the given elements are as follows:
Carbon = C
Lead = Pb
Antimony = Sb
Sodium = Na
Aluminum = Al
The chemical symbols are used frequently in writing the formula of compound formed from the elements. For example, the compound sodium aluminate which contains sodium, aluminum and oxygen is written in a simplified form as: \(NaAlO₂.\)
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Note that the complete question is given below:
Part A
Identify the chemical symbols corresponding to each element Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets.
View Available Hint(s)
Element
Carbon
Lead
Antimony
Sodium
Aluminum
Action Potential Worksheet. Ohms Law I =gV Describe parameters A-D for each each phase of the action potential listed below (1-4): (A) Relative conductance (g) for Na+ and for K+ (B) Relative voltage driving force for both Na+ and K+ [VM-Ex] and [VM-ENJ (C) Relative amount of K+ and Na+ current (lk and Iya) (D) What types of channels are open? 1. Neuron at rest (A) (D) 2. Rising Phase (A) (B) (C) (D) 3. Falling Phase (A) (B) (C) 4. Undershoot (A) (B) (C) 5. What is responsible for the Absolute Refractory Period? 6. What is responsible for the Relative Refractory Period?
Answers
The Absolute Refractory Period is primarily caused by the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels. During this period, the membrane is unable to generate a new action potential regardless of the strength of the stimulus. The Relative Refractory Period is primarily caused by the increased activation and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels, as well as the slow closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels. During this period, a stronger-than-usual stimulus is required to generate a new action potential.
To provide the requested information for each phase of the action potential, we will go through each phase individually:
Neuron at rest:
(A) Relative conductance (g) for Na+ and for K+: The relative conductance for Na+ is low, while the relative conductance for K+ is high.
(D) What types of channels are open?: The voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed, and the voltage-gated K+ channels are closed.
Rising Phase:
(A) Relative conductance (g) for Na+ and for K+: The relative conductance for Na+ is high, while the relative conductance for K+ is low.
(B) Relative voltage driving force for both Na+ and K+ [VM-Ex] and [VM-ENJ]: The voltage driving force for Na+ (VM-Ex) is positive, while the voltage driving force for K+ (VM-ENJ) is negative.
(C) Relative amount of K+ and Na+ current (lk and Iya): The Na+ current (Iya) is large, and the K+ current (lk) is small.
(D) What types of channels are open?: The voltage-gated Na+ channels are open, and the voltage-gated K+ channels are closed.
Falling Phase:
(A) Relative conductance (g) for Na+ and for K+: The relative conductance for Na+ is decreasing, while the relative conductance for K+ is increasing.
(B) Relative voltage driving force for both Na+ and K+ [VM-Ex] and [VM-ENJ]: The voltage driving force for Na+ (VM-Ex) is decreasing, while the voltage driving force for K+ (VM-ENJ) is increasing.
(C) Relative amount of K+ and Na+ current (lk and Iya): The Na+ current (Iya) is decreasing, and the K+ current (lk) is increasing.
(D) What types of channels are open?: The voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed or inactivated, and the voltage-gated K+ channels are open.
Undershoot:
(A) Relative conductance (g) for Na+ and for K+: The relative conductance for Na+ is low, while the relative conductance for K+ is high.
(B) Relative voltage driving force for both Na+ and K+ [VM-Ex] and [VM-ENJ]: The voltage driving force for Na+ (VM-Ex) is negative, while the voltage driving force for K+ (VM-ENJ) is negative.
(C) Relative amount of K+ and Na+ current (lk and Iya): The Na+ current (Iya) is very low or almost absent, and the K+ current (lk) is high.
(D) What types of channels are open?: The voltage-gated Na+ channels are closed or inactivated, and the voltage-gated K+ channels are open.
The Absolute Refractory Period is primarily caused by the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels. During this period, the membrane is unable to generate a new action potential regardless of the strength of the stimulus.
The Relative Refractory Period is primarily caused by the increased activation and opening of voltage-gated K+ channels, as well as the slow closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels. During this period, a stronger-than-usual stimulus is required to generate a new action potential.
Note: It is important to consult relevant sources or materials for specific and accurate information when studying action potentials, as the details and terminology may vary depending on the source and level of study.
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establish the relation among energy ,density,strain and stress
Answers
The relation among energy ,density,strain and stress is that Strain energy is defined as the energy stored in a body due to deformation. The strain energy per unit volume is known as strain energy density and the area under the stress-strain curve towards the point of deformation.
What is Density?
This is a term which is referred to as the mass per unit volume of a substance.
We should note that he strain energy per unit volume is known as strain energy density and the the area under the stress-strain means that deformation will occur if the object is continually subjected to the force.
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A 2.0-mm-diameter glass sphere has a charge of 1.0 nC. What speed does an electron need to orbit the sphere 1.0 mm above the surface
Answers
The electron would need to attain a speed of at least \(2.813*10^7 m/s\)
Data;
diameter of sphere = 2.0mmcharge = 1.0 nCThe distance of the electron from the center of the sphere = (1 + 1)mm = 2mm.
\(2mm = 2.0*10^-3m\)
Centrifugal Force and Coulomb's lawUsing centrifugal force of attraction and coulomb's law, we can determine the speed which the electron needs.
\(\frac{mV^2}{R}=\frac{Kq_1q_2}{r^2}\\ K = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon } \\ V^2 = \frac{q_1R\\}{4\pi \epsilon \ m r} \\v = \sqrt{\frac{1.0*10^-^9*1.602*10^-^1^9}{4\pi \epsilon *9.1*10^-^3^1*2.0*10^_3} } \\\)
Solving the above, we would have
\(v = 2.813*10^7m/s\)
The electron would need to attain a speed of at least 2.813*10^7 m/s
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