Answer:
A. elevation
Explanation:
The elevation is the factor that influences the variety of temperatures within both the Rocky Mountains and the Himalayan Mountains because, with elevation, the temperature reduces on the mountain. at the bottom of the mount the temperature is milder while at the head of the mountain, the temperature is cooler and very low. So we can say that altitude is the principal factor in the variety of temperatures in mountains.
Which type of sediment sample normally has the greatest permeability rate?.
The Sites pebbles is the type of sediment sample that normally has the greatest permeability rate.
What is a permeability rate?This refers to the rate at which an applied irrigation water moves through the soil.
Hence, the sites pebbles has the greatest permeability rate because it has allows a large space which helps moves unto the beneath easily.
Therefore, the sites pebbles is the type of sediment sample that normally has the greatest permeability rate.
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QUESTION 5 (10 marks) (maximum 2 pages) a) What are tunnels? b) Explain why it is necessary to carry out the geological investigations before the construction of a tunnel
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, and enclosed except for the entrance and exit, commonly at each end.
the geological investigations before the construction of a tunnel are Selection of the alignment, type of the ground, Geotechnical issues, groundwater investigation, Risk assessment.
1.Geotechnical investigations are critical for proper planning of a tunnel. 2. Selection of the alignment, cross section, and construction methods is influenced by the geological and geotechnical conditions, as well as the site constraints. Good knowledge of the expected geological conditions is essential. Tunnel alignment is sometimes changed based on the results of the geotechnical to minimize construction cost or to reduce risks.
3. The type of the ground encountered along the alignment would affect the selection of the tunnel type and its method of construction.
4. Study of the impact of geological features on the tunnel alignment in the presence of active or inactive faults. During the planning phase, avoid crossing a fault zone. If it is un avoidable then proper measures for crossing it should be implemented. Presence of faults or potentially liquefiable materials would be of concern during the planning process. 5. Geotechnical issues such as the soil or rock properties, the ground water regime, the ground cover over the tunnel should be analysed. The investigation should address not just the soil and rock properties, but also their anticipated behaviors during excavation.
6. The investigation should also address groundwater. For example, in soft ground SEM tunneling, the stability of the excavated face is greatly dependent on control of the groundwater. Dewatering, pre-draining, grouting, or freezing are often used to stabilize the excavation.
7. Analysing the ground behavior during tunneling will affect potential settlements on the surface. Measures to minimize settlements by using suitable tunneling methods or by preconditioning the ground to improve its characteristics would be required.
8. Risk assessment is an important factor in selecting a tunnel alignment. Construction risks. Sensitive existing structures. Very Hard spots (rock, for example) beneath parts of a tunnel.
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A. Put the steps the Supreme Court takes when deciding a case in the correct order, from 1 to 6.
The parties write their legal arguments in briefs and submit them to the Court.
The Supreme Court sits down in a conference to discuss and vote on the case. |
A party loses a case in a lower court and asks the Supreme Court to review the lower court's
decision in a petition for a writ of certiorari.
The Supreme Court announces its decision in open court and issues a written opinion on the sam
day.
Attorneys for the parties appear before the justices for an hour of oral arguments, during which the
justices question the attorneys about the case.
The justices write opinions explaining the reasoning behind their decisions.
Answer:
Petition for writ of certiorari,
Briefs submission,
Oral arguments,
Conference and vote,
Writing opinions, and
Announcing decision and issuing written opinion.
chatgpt
How do Islamic reform movements disagree with fundamentalist beliefs?
A. Reformers believe in a less strict interpretation of the Qur'an.
B. Reformers believe in the subjugation of women.
C. Reformers believe in Sharia law as a central political and social force.
D. Reformers want to see more American pop culture in society.
Answer:
Correct answer is A. Reformers believe in a less strict interpretation of the Qur'an.
Explanation:
A is correct answer as they have created an interpretation inside which they are calling for modernization of Islamic world, and less strict laws and perceptions of them.
B is not correct as they believe in equality of gender.
C is not correct as they are not believing there should be any focus on religious laws.
D is also not correct as in the process of modernization they don't stress out the influence of a certain country.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
How can fish farms reduce over fishing?
Answer:
FARM FISHING: THE SOLUTION TO OVERFISHING?
03/02/2017 MARC ARENAS CAMPS 9 COMENTARIS
We have heard many times that fishing grounds are being depleted due to the overexploitation of species. It is also widely said that farm fishing could solve this problem. But, are farms the solution to overfishing?
FARM FISHING: THE SOLUTION TO OVERFISHING?
In general terms, the status of wild fish stocks has not improved. By 2013, 58.1% of fish stocks were fully exploited, 10.5% were under-exploited and 31.4% were overexploited (FAO, 2016). Thus, 30% of the populations suffered from overfishing.
This is due to the increasing consumption of fish. According to a report published by FAO, in 2014 each person ate on average about 20 kg of fish, twice as much as in 1960.
On the other hand, since the 1980s, wild catches have remained stable. However, the supply of fish for human consumption has increased considerably. So, if consumption has increased and fishing has remained stable, where does the rest of the fish come from?
The explanation for this fact is in aquaculture: in 2014, catch production was 93.4 million tonnes, while aquaculture production amounted to 73.8 million tonnes. In other words, 44% of the fish came from aquaculture.
BRAINLESS THIS ANSWER IS CORRECT
in tough economic times, people are generally unwilling to pay a short term cost in exchange for a long term gain. a.True b.False
However, it's not necessarily true that they are always unwilling to pay a short-term cost for a long-term gain.
In tough economic times, people may be hesitant to spend money on anything that doesn't offer immediate gratification or benefits. For example, investing in education or training that may result in a better job or higher salary in the future could be seen as a worthwhile short-term sacrifice for long-term benefits. Additionally, some people may be more willing to take risks and make investments in difficult economic times in order to secure their financial future. So, while there may be some hesitation, it's not accurate to say that people are generally unwilling to pay a short-term cost for a long-term gain in tough economic times.
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Animation shows a complete revolution of the earth around the sun. what happens during this time?
The animation shows a complete revolution of the earth around the sun and during this time the Earth takes 365 days to orbit the sun.
The duration a planet takes to revolve around the sun is called a year.
Going with the exact data, the Earth circles in orbit around the sun in 365 days, 6 hours, and 9 minutes with regard to the stars, at a speed varying from 29.29 to 30.29 km/s. The 6 hours, and 9 minutes count up to about an additional day every fourth year, which is designated as a leap year, with the added day counted as February 29th.
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While reflecting on his career in farming, how does Tom Tranthum explain his success? What
advice does he have for others?
Tom Trantham of Pelzer, South Carolina, a pioneer who built a grazing dairy, an on-farm bottling plant, and a creamery, produces forage crops all year round.
This mimics the luscious and nourishing grazing that is typical of most farms in April.
Trantham has been chosen as the 2015 Swisher Sweets/Sunbelt Expo Southeastern Farmer of the Year winner for South Carolina as a result of his performance as a dairy farmer.
Trantham is one of ten state winners who have advanced to the finals for the award. On Tuesday, October 20, during the Sunbelt Ag Expo agricultural show in Moultrie, Georgia, the overall winner will be declared.
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how does human geography affects todays electoral studies
As stated earlier, location is an extremely important factor in the development of power because it determines climates, economics, natural resources strategic position, and even national policies. Favorable geographic location results in tremendous economic and strategic advantages.
This decision could BEST be used in a report dealing with which issue? Responses A Fifth Amendment RightsFifth Amendment Rights B Freedom of the PressFreedom of the Press C Voting RightsVoting Rights D Freedom of SpeechFreedom
Voting Rights could BEST be used in a report dealing with which issue. Thus, its C.
Voting rights are a critical aspect of democratic societies, and any decision that affects access to the ballot box or the ability of citizens to participate in the electoral process is of significant importance.
In recent years, there have been many court decisions and legislative actions that have impacted voting rights in the United States, including issues related to voter ID laws, gerrymandering, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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What kind of interaction does this image show? A. mutualism B. parasitism C. commensalism D. predation E. exploitation competition
Answer:
b
Explanation:
which of the following occurred during the cenozoic era of the phanerozoic eon? multiple select question. the separation of australia and antarctica several very large continents formed and disappeared several times due to changes in sea levels. the separation of greenland and north america the formation of a supercontinent the continued growth of the atlantic ocean
The separation of Australia and Antarctica,The separation of Greenland and North America,The continued growth of the Atlantic Ocean are during the cenozoic era of the phanerozoic eon .
The Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras make up the three primary time periods that make up the Phanerozoic, the aeon of observable life, which are separated mostly by distinctive assemblages of life-forms. The kind of fossil that were discovered influenced the names of these. The word Cenozoic, which means "new life," refers to the most recent age. This is so because the fossils resemble modern-day animals and flora.
The Cenozoic Era covers the period from the extinction of the dinosaurs and to the present day. Mammals stepped in to fill the void left behind by the dinosaur extinction because mass extinctions provide conditions for new life to flourish. They developed into several species that we now identify, including humans! Cenozoic Era, the third of Earth's main eras, began around 66 million years ago.
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Type the correct answer in the box.
a local school installed a new flagpole that has two lights on both sides of the flagpole that are 40 feet from each other. the distance
between one of the lights and the flag is 30 feet.
30 feet
x feet
what is the value of x?
the value of x is
30 feet
feet
the distance between one of the lights and the flag is 30 feet, distance between two light flagpole is 40 feet, The value of x is 20 feet.
The measurement of distance is the separation of two objects or points, and it can be quantitative or occasionally qualitative. It can refer to a physical length in physics or to an estimate based on other factors in common usage. The term is frequently used metaphorically to denote a measurement of the degree of separation between two similar objects, such as statistical distance between probability distributions or edit distance between strings of text. This is due to the fact that human intellect draws heavily on spatial cognition as a source of conceptual analogies. In the social sciences, distance can refer to a variety of separations, including social or psychological distance.
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What is the distance from the origin to point P graphed on the complex plane below?
5
4
3
2
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -11
2
3
4.
5
x
T 14
-3
-5
A
O
o
29
07
O 29
Markthi
Answer:
25
Explanation:
Got it right on my homework
7 is the distance from the origin to point P graphed on the complex plane below. Therefore, the correct option is option C.
What is distance?Distance is a measurement that determines how far apart two things or points are, either numerically or occasionally qualitatively. Distance can be a measurement of length in physics or to an estimate based on other factors in common usage. Given that human thought draws heavily on spatial perception for conceptual metaphors.
The phrase is widely used in a metaphorical sense to denote a measure of the distance between two objects that are comparable to one another. The concept of a metric space is used in mathematics to formalise the majority of these conceptions of distance, both literal and figurative. 7 is the distance from the origin to point P graphed on the complex plane below.
Therefore, the correct option is option C.
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Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was,
What is the distance from the origin to point P graphed on the complex plane below?
Which rock unit is older?
You have recently learned about rock types and rock ages.
Evaluate the statements below and then determine which of them is true?
The sedimentary Tapeats Sandstone rock is older than the Elves Chasm Gneiss metamorphic rock.
The Elves Chasm Gneiss metamorphic rock is older than the sedimentary Tapeats Sandstone rock.
Due to the close proximity of the rock units, these two rock units were created approximately during the same time period.
The correct statement about older rock unit is the Elves Chasm Gneiss metamorphic rock is older than the sedimentary Tapeats Sandstone rock. Option C is correct.
This statement is true because, in general, metamorphic rocks form from pre-existing rocks undergoing high temperatures and pressures, indicating that they have a longer geological history.
Additionally, the principle of superposition in geology states that in an undisturbed sequence of rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom, and the layers become progressively younger towards the top.
Since sedimentary rocks, like the Tapeats Sandstone, typically form in layers, the Elves Chasm Gneiss, being a metamorphic rock, would likely have formed at a deeper, older layer in the Earth's crust.
Therefore, option C is correct.
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An important characteristic of aquatic dead zones is a ________.
Options
1 low concentration of keystone species
2 low concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients
3 low concentration of oxygen
4 high concentration of urban development
5 high concentration of organisms resulting in extreme competition and finally the death of most
An important characteristic of aquatic dead zones is a low concentration of oxygen. Option C is the correct answer.
In the world's seas and major lakes, dead zones are regions with low oxygen levels. Aquatic flora and fauna start to alter their behavior when a body of water becomes hypoxic in order to get to areas of water with more oxygen. Option C is the correct answer.
Eutrophication, or an increase in nutrients in the water, is a factor in the development of aquatic and marine dead zones. The availability of these elements is a factor in the growth of single-celled, plant-like creatures that exist in the water column. These components are the basic building blocks of these organisms. Marine life in dead zones is often sparse because of the hypoxic conditions found there.
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Natural gas must be __ into a liquid (LNG) prior to transporting
it due to cost of shipping it from distant locations.
Natural gas must be converted into a liquid, known as liquified natural gas (LNG), prior to transport, as it due to cost of shipping it from distant locations.
LNG is created when natural gas is cooled to a critical temperature of -162° Celsius, which reduces its volume to 1/600th of its gaseous form. When subjected to this cooling process, natural gas is converted from a gas state into a liquid state, forming what is known as natural gas liquid. This process is efficient and cost-effective as it eliminates the need for new large-scale infrastructure.
Furthermore, by significantly reducing the volume of gas that needs to be transported, LNG allows for cheap, safe and long-distance transport of natural gas via tankers, railcars, and trucks. This process enables natural gas to be safely shipped from distant production sites to populated areas while avoiding the need to build expensive pipelines.
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Find the perimeter of a quadrilateral with vertices at C (−2, 4), D (−3, 1), E (1, 0), and F (−1, 2). Round your answer to the nearest hundredth when necessary.
10 units
10.77 units
11.52 units
12.35 units
Answer:
Perimeter of quadrilateral = 12.35 units
Explanation:
To find - Find the perimeter of a quadrilateral with vertices at C (−2, 4), D (−3, 1), E (1, 0), and F (−1, 2).
Proof -
The figure becomes :
We have the points -
C (−2, 4),
D (−3, 1),
E (1, 0),
F (−1, 2)
Now,
We know that -
The perimeter = Distance of (CD + DE + EF + FC)
Now,
Distance of CD = √(-3 + 2)² + (1 - 4)²
= √(-1)² + (-3)²
= √1 + 9
= √10 = 3.16
⇒Distance of CD = 3.16
Now,
Distance of DE = √(1 + 3)² + (0 - 1)²
= √(4)² + (-1)²
= √16 + 1
= √17 = 4.12
⇒Distance of DE = 4.12
Now,
Distance of EF = √(-1 - 1)² + (2 - 0)²
= √(-2)² + (2)²
= √4 + 4
= √8 = 2.83
⇒Distance of EF = 2.83
Now,
Distance of FC = √(-2 + 1)² + (4 - 2)²
= √(-1)² + (2)²
= √1 + 4
= √5 = 2.24
⇒Distance of FC = 2.24
So,
Perimeter of quadrilateral = 3.16 + 4.12 + 2.83 + 2.24
= 12.35 units
⇒Perimeter of quadrilateral = 12.35 units
Based on the information given, the perimeter of the quadrilateral will be 12.35 units.
Calculating the perimeter.From the information given the distance of CD will be:
= ✓1 + ✓9
= 3.16
The distance of DE will be:
= ✓16 + ✓1
= 4.12
The distance of EF will be;
= ✓4 + ✓4
= 2.83
The distance of FC will be:
= ✓1 + ✓4
= 2.24
Therefore, the perimeter will be:
= 3.16 + 4.12 + 2.83 + 2.24
= 12.35 units
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the type of vegetation that grows in a particular climatic zone is influenced mostly by . which term best completes the sentence? responses latitude latitude ocean currents ocean currents precipitation precipitation prevailing winds
The sort of vegetation that fills in a specific climatic zone is impacted for the most part by Precipitation characterized as the weather pattern which gets precipitation in a specific environment zone according to the circumstances.
Vegetation of any climatic zone is impacted by precipitation because the dirt has a specific potential to hold water in a specific amount. If precipitation is high in any nonpartisan climatic zone then there may be chances of water flood or flooding and low
precipitation can prompt a shortage of water because of which the development of vegetation won't happen as expected. Different choices are mistaken because breeze seas, scope, and win don't affect the vegetation that happens in a specific environment zone.
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how does orographic lifting and frontal wedging act to force air to rise?
Orographic lifting and frontal wedging force air to rise by encountering physical barriers or colliding with other air masses, respectively.
Orographic lifting occurs when air encounters a mountain or elevated terrain. As the air approaches the mountain, it is forced to rise due to the obstruction. The air is lifted vertically along the windward side of the mountain, leading to upward motion. As the air ascends, it cools adiabatically, which can result in the formation of clouds and precipitation on the windward side. On the leeward side of the mountain, the air descends, which can lead to drier and warmer conditions due to the adiabatic heating.
Frontal wedging, on the other hand, occurs when two air masses with different characteristics collide. When a warm air mass encounters a cold air mass, the denser cold air acts as a barrier, forcing the warm air to rise above it. The colder and denser air acts as a wedge, pushing the warmer air upward along the leading edge of the boundary, known as a front. As the warm air rises, it cools and condenses, leading to the development of clouds and precipitation along the frontal zone.
Both orographic lifting and frontal wedging are mechanisms that cause air to rise by impeding its horizontal motion and forcing it to move vertically. These processes play significant roles in weather patterns and the formation of precipitation, contributing to the redistribution of heat and moisture in the atmosphere.
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Explain how do you draw him go flying ef and lying in saying me and e f are different
Drawing "him" going flying and lying is a way to visually depict a person's actions of flying and then lying down.
In order to illustrate the sequence of events described, the first step is to draw "him" in a dynamic pose, indicating movement and the act of flying. This can be achieved by depicting the character with outstretched arms and legs, as if soaring through the air. The use of diagonal lines and fluid shapes can further enhance the sense of motion. Additionally, adding details such as windblown hair or a cape fluttering in the breeze can convey a greater sense of movement.
The second step involves drawing "him" lying down, indicating a change in position. This can be done by showing the character reclining on the ground or on a surface such as a bed or grass. The body posture should reflect relaxation, with arms and legs spread out or positioned in a comfortable manner. To add context, the surroundings can be depicted, such as a peaceful landscape or a cozy interior setting.
By visually representing these actions through drawings, the viewer can better understand the narrative of "him" going flying and subsequently lying down. The use of visual storytelling allows for a more engaging and memorable experience, enabling the audience to interpret and connect with the sequence of events.
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Where did European cities develop during the Middle Ages? Choose three correct answers.
Cities developed near trade routes.
Cities formed high in the mountains.
Cities developed near wide, open plains.
Cities formed on land where food could be grown.
Cities formed near water sources, such as rivers or channels.
Answer:
1.cities developed near wide ,open plains2.cities formed on land where food could be grown .3.cities formed mear water sources ,such as rivers or channels
Explanation:
The European cities developed near wide ,open plains. Cities formed on land where food could be grown, and cities formed near water sources, such as rivers or channels during the Middle Ages.
What is the Middle Age?The Middle Ages or mediaeval period in European history lasted roughly from the late fifth to the late fifteenth centuries, similar to the post-classical period in global history. It started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and progressed to the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.
The Middle Ages are the middle period of Western history's three traditional divisions: classical antiquity, the mediaeval period, and the modern period. The mediaeval period is divided into three parts: the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages.
Therefore, the European cities developed near wide ,open plains.
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Is this there gravity in space?
Answer:
Yes. Gravity is everywhere, even in space. Here’s how gravity works: Anything that has mass generates gravity, but the effect becomes less with distance.
Explanation:
(winks and runs off)
Answer:
Yes but actually no is the answer
fossilized Archaeopteryx a) In which era did it appear? b) Why is it important as a fossil that "links" change between different groups of organisms? c) Using this recreation of Archeopteryx, what evidence can you see that relates to this connection?
Archaeopteryx first appeared in the Late Jurassic Period which is a geological era of the Mesozoic Era that lasted from about 163.5 to 145.5 million years ago. The fossilized remains of Archaeopteryx were discovered in 1861 in the region of Solnhofen in Germany.
Archaeopteryx is important as a fossil that "links" change between different groups of organisms because it has characteristics of both birds and reptiles, suggesting that birds may have evolved from reptiles. Archaeopteryx is considered a transitional form between non-avian dinosaurs and birds, possessing both reptilian and avian features.
It has a mix of features found in modern birds, such as feathers and wings, as well as features found in non-avian dinosaurs, such as teeth and a long, bony tail. This makes it a valuable specimen for scientists studying the evolution of birds.
Using the recreation of Archaeopteryx, some of the evidence that relates to the connection between birds and reptiles include: Feathers: Archaeopteryx had feathers, which are a characteristic feature of birds. However, these feathers were not as specialized as those of modern birds. They were asymmetrical and lacked hooks, barbs, and a central shaft.
This suggests that feathers may have evolved for purposes other than flight, such as insulation or display.Bird-like skull: Archaeopteryx had a bird-like skull, with a short snout and large eyes. However, it also had a reptilian feature - teeth in its jaws.
This is unlike modern birds, which have a beak instead of teeth. Reptilian tail: Archaeopteryx had a long, bony tail that was similar to that of non-avian dinosaurs. However, its tail was shorter and more flexible than that of its dinosaur ancestors. This suggests that the tail may have played a role in flight control, but was not used for balance while walking on the ground.
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USA
8. How many countries in North America have a border with South
America? *
Your answer
9. Which country in South America has the longest
th
Answer:
8. 0 and 9. Chile
Explanation:
For number 8, North America has only three countries, Canada, United States of America, and Mexico. None of those touch South America. For number 9, the answer is Chile because it is the longest. The next longest would be Argentina, and then Brazil.
I hope this helps.
When Izzy applied force to the golf ball it went in the right direction so why didn’t it go in the hole
Answer:
Air resistance and fluid friction
Explanation:
Fluid friction is "drag" and that also depends on if the wind is blowing and how fast the wind is blowing and how much force she applied to hit the golf ball. Hope this helps!
what is houston texas temperature ?
The houston texas temperature is around 22-25 degree celsius.
A substance or system's temperature is a measurement of the average kinetic energy of its constituent particles. To put it simply, it is a gauge for determining how hot or cold something is.
Although Kelvin (K) and Rankine (°R) can also be used to measure temperature, Celsius and Fahrenheit are the most common units used. The freezing and boiling points of water serve as the basis for the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales, while absolute zero, the point at which all molecular motion ceases, serves as the basis for the Kelvin and Rankine scales.
A humid subtropical climate with tropical influences best describes Houston's climate. Normal monthly temperatures are 53.1 °F (11.7 °C) in January and 84.6 °F (29.2 °C) in August.
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justify with reason that the bio mass energy is Better alternative source of energy in the context of Nepal.
Explanation:
The bio mass energy is Better alternative source of energy in the context of Nepal because Nepal is an agro-based country . Nepal is fully dependent on agriculture from which we can produce bio mass and from bio-mass , bio-mass energy .hope it is helpful to you
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justify with reason that the bio mass energy is Better alternative source of energy in the context of Nepal.
\( \huge \bold \green{answer}\)
Reduction in chemical fertilizer use. Along with methane gas, biogas digester produces organic fertilizer that is high in nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus contents. This organic form of fertilizer can be used in farmlands as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers are usually imported in Nepal.
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\( \bold \orange{know \: more :-}\)
The Nepal flag is the only national flag that is not quadrilateral in shape. The abominable snowman, also known as the yeti, is a legendary apelike creature that is believed to frequent the high valleys of Nepal.Namaste is the standard greeting in Nepal.Nepal is one of the most beautiful countries in the world.\( \\ \\ \\ \\ \)
\( \bold \red{TheExtraterrestrial}\)
what is the slope for C(3,2),D(-2,1) ?
Answer:
-1/5
Explanation:
correct me if I'm wrong
Briefly explain the major points of history and the spread of alchemy from about 300 B.C. to A.D. 1750
Explanation:
Alchemy was the name given in Latin Europe in the 12th century to an aspect of thought that corresponds to astrology, which is apparently an older tradition. Both represent attempts to discover the relationship of man to the cosmos and to exploit that relationship to his benefit. The first of these objectives may be called scientific, the second technological. Astrology is concerned with man’s relationship to “the stars” (including the members of the solar system); alchemy, with terrestrial nature. But the distinction is far from absolute, since both are interested in the influence of the stars on terrestrial events. Moreover, both have always been pursued in the belief that the processes human beings witness in heaven and on earth manifest the will of the Creator and, if correctly understood, will yield the key to the Creator’s intentions.
Nature And Significance
That both astrology and alchemy may be regarded as fundamental aspects of thought is indicated by their apparent universality. It is notable, however, that the evidence is not equally substantial in all times and places. Evidence from ancient Middle America (Aztecs, Mayans) is still almost nonexistent; evidence from India is tenuous and from ancient China, Greece, and Islamic lands is only relatively more plentiful. A single manuscript of some 80,000 words is the principal source for the history of Greek alchemy. Chinese alchemy is largely recorded in about 100 “books” that are part of the Taoist canon. Neither Indian nor Islamic alchemy has ever been collected, and scholars are thus dependent for their knowledge of the subject on occasional allusions in works of natural philosophy and medicine, plus a few specifically alchemical works.
Nor is it really clear what alchemy was (or is). The word is a European one, derived from Arabic, but the origin of the root word, chem, is uncertain. Words similar to it have been found in most ancient languages, with different meanings, but conceivably somehow related to alchemy. In fact, the Greeks, Chinese, and Indians usually referred to what Westerners call alchemy as “The Art,” or by terms denoting change or transmutation.