what is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms? to serve as a structure for sexual reproduction to regulate fluid balance

Answer:

Explanation:

Diagram included below.

1.) 4 chromosomes. Daughter cells are not identical due to recombination (i.e. crossing over).

1.) 2n=4

2.) Cells produced by meiosis are haploid. With just one chromatid.

Explain: Meiosis I separation of homologous chromosomes but sister chromatids stay together. Meiosis II sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non duplicated chromosomes.

3.) Germ cells have 46 chromosomes. Gametes have 23.

4.) Meiosis occurs in testes for men and ovaries for women. Mitosis occurs everywhere, basically any cell that isn't a reproductive cell.

5.) Recombination, genetic information is randomly shuffled. Events like crossing and the random orientation of homologue pairs make the possibilities endless. Remember sperm only gets half of the man's DNA, which half is random.

6.) After fertilization you get chromosomes from both mom and dad. The two haploid cells fuse and make a diploid cell.

Both bases need to twist hard to facilitate the hydrogen bond which is energetically expensive event; thus hydrogen bonds forming functional groups are not complementary in adenine and cytosine

When an organism is heterozygous, it has two distinct alleles of the same gene.For instance, pea plants can have either homozygous dominant (red-red) or heterozygous red blooms (red-white).They were homozygous recessive if they have white blooms (white-white).Heterozygous carriers are always present.

When an organism has two identical copies of the same gene, it is said to be homozygous for that trait; when an organism has two different copies of the same gene, it is said to be heterozygous for the that trait.

One gene is present in hemizygous plants in just one copy.A single gene is present in two identical copies in homozygous plants.Heterozygous plants have different alleles, or distinct versions of the same gene, rather than two copies of the a single gene.

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Herpes is a virus-based sexually transmitted illness that manifests as warty growths around the vaginal area.

Herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus infection (HSV). Along with other symptoms, it also results in sores or blisters developing in or near the mouth or genitalia.

HSV comes in two forms:

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 572,000 new cases of genital herpes occur each year, making it a widespread sexually transmitted illness (STI).

Oral herpes affects more than half of adult Americans. According to some estimates, up to 80% of persons in America have oral herpes.

HSV-1 is largely responsible for oral herpes, however HSV-2 can also infect the area around the mouth.

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Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except decreasing the rate of calcium excretion so the correct answer is option (C).

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by the parathyroid gland, a small gland in the neck, in response to low blood calcium levels. The hormone's function is to regulate the levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood, primarily by targeting bones, kidneys, and the intestine.PTH functions in the following ways:

1. Stimulating osteoclast activity stimulates osteoclast activity in bones, leading to the release of calcium from bones into the blood.

2. Increasing the rate of calcium absorption PTH increases calcium absorption from the intestine into the blood.

3. Raising the level of calcium ion in the blood PTH raises the level of calcium ion in the blood by targeting bones, kidneys, and the intestine.

4. Inhibiting calcitonin secretionPTH inhibits the secretion of calcitonin by the thyroid gland, which helps to lower the calcium levels in the blood.

However, PTH does not decrease the rate of calcium excretion. In fact, PTH promotes calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, reducing the amount of calcium excreted in the urine. This, in turn, helps to increase the levels of calcium in the blood and maintain homeostasis.

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Answer: saturated fat is less healthful than unsaturated fat. However, the overall health impact of saturated fat remains controversial.

Explanation: research

The restriction enzyme Pvull cuts DNA sequences that match the following sequence: CAGCTG.

This enzyme would cleave a DNA strand between the G and the C. It is referred to as a blunt end enzyme because it cuts between two base pairs of DNA, producing blunt ends for the fragments. The plasmid S2 has several sites that Pvull can cut. The total number of restriction sites on plasmid S2 for the Pvull enzyme is determined by examining the sequence of the plasmid.

There are no data to suggest that the plasmid S2 has been sequenced, thus it is impossible to find the number of Pvull restriction sites on it. If Pvull was used to cut the plasmid S2, it would cleave it into multiple fragments. The number of fragments generated would be determined by how many Pvull sites are present on the plasmid. Since we do not know the number of Pvull restriction sites on the plasmid S2, we cannot determine how many fragments will be produced.

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Answer:

1.Small cell: has larger surface-area to volume ratio  

  Bigger Cell:  has little space to volume ratio

2. Surface area to volume ratio, in simple means the size of surface area to the volume of substance that can pass through it at a particular time.

Amoeba and some bacteria's are flat and have large surface area to volume ratio. So the diffusion rate is very high due to large surface area.

Where as humans have small surface area: volume so diffusion is very slow or does not take place at all.

3. Diffusion and Cell Size

The larger a cell is, the greater the surface area available for diffusion. ... Smaller cells have a much greater surface area to volume ratio allowing material to diffuse throughout the entire volume of the cell quickly and efficiently.

Having many cells help large organisms maintain homeostasis because larger organisms have smaller surface-area to volume ratio ( i.e. does not require large cell to carryout every function in the organism ).

Certain single celled organisms like Amoeba which are flat in nature possess a high surface area to volume ratio therefore diffusion of materials into them are faster and this makes it difficult for them to achieve homeostasis.

Larger cells will definitely posses a larger surface-area to volume ratio and hardly achieve homeostasis.

Hence we can conclude that large organisms maintain homeostasis by been having lower surface area to volume ratio.

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Answer:

In DNA replication there are leading and lagging strands, because B) DNA replication is semiconservative and each strand is copied simultaneously in opposite directions.

DNA replication is semiconservative because it involves the separation of the double-stranded DNA molecule into two single strands and then the synthesis of two new strands, using each original strand as a template. During replication, the two strands of the DNA molecule separate, and each serves as a template for the formation of a new, complementary strand.

The strand which is replicated in the same direction as the original template strand is known as the leading strand, and the strand replicated in the opposite direction is known as the lagging strand.  

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Answer:

Phospholipid bilayers are critical components of cell membranes. The lipid bilayer acts as a barrier to the passage of molecules and ions into and out of the cell. However, an important function of the cell membrane is to allow selective passage of certain substances into and out of cells

Explanation:

The phospholipid bilayer is critical in maintaining the integrity of the cardiomyocyte, as it forms a permeability barrier that provides a physical interface between the inside and the outside of the myocyte. It also contains key enzymes and ion channels that regulate ionic gradients across the cell membranes.

The first pattern of somatic mosaicism could arise if the individual has a history of Turner syndrome in their family, and the majority of their cells are XO. The second pattern of somatic mosaicism could arise if the individual has a history of Turner syndrome in their family, but the majority of their cells are XY.

The two patterns of somatic mosaicism seen in Turner syndrome could arise from different mechanisms. One possibility is that during early development, some of the cells destined to become Turner syndrome individuals develop an extra X chromosome, while the rest of the cells have the usual two X chromosomes. This can happen if, during cell division, the chromosomes do not separate properly (a process called non-disjunction).

Alternatively, Turner syndrome cells could arise if a cell with two X chromosomes loses one of the X chromosomes during development. This could happen if the cell experiences a process called X chromosome inactivation, in which one of the X chromosomes is turned off. If the cell loses the active X chromosome, it will become Turner syndrome.

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Answer:

DNA stores biological information in sequences of four bases of nucleic acid — adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G) — which are strung along ribbons of sugar- phosphate molecules in the shape of a double helix.

Explanation:

DNA uses the complimentary base pairs  to store information​ in organisms.

The base pairs comprises of the nucleic acid include adenine (A), thymine

(T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G) .

The base pairs contain unique amino acid sequences which represent a

unique trait in organisms. Any alteration in this pair will lead to a different

result or mutation which is why it is very important and has to be rightly

paired .

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Answer:

sperm cell and egg cell are the awnsers

Bronchospasm, airway edema, and increased mucus production in the lower airways best describes the pathophysiology of asthma.

the pathophysiology of asthma

Bronchitis and enlarged airways can also result in bronchospasm. Bronchospasm can be brought on by a number of different conditions, although asthma is the most frequent one. These conditions include: infections of the airways or lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Bronchial thickness, edema, increased mucus production, and bronchoconstriction are all caused by structural and inflammatory changes along the airway wall, which all work together to cause the episodic airflow restriction that is often associated with asthma.

bronchospasm

Breathing might be challenging when you have a bronchospasm because it can prevent air from reaching or leaving your lungs. It can be brought on by some medical disorders, such as asthma, as well as environmental factors, such as toxins or cold air.

The muscles that lining the passageways (bronchi) in the lungs constrict, causing bronchospasm. Your airways narrow as a result of these muscles contracting.

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When cells respond to an extracellular signal, they prominently convert the information carried by some molecule from one form into another. This process is called signal transduction.

Extracellular signal is which get transmitted to the cell from the outside environment. This signal can be in the form of a molecule that could be a hormone, protein or even lipid. Another set of proteins called receptors are present in the cell membrane to receive these signals.

Signal transduction is the procedure in cell signaling where the signal is transmitted from one molecule to another in cascade manner. Here, one molecule is necessary for the activation of other in order to make the signaling successful.

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The lac operon is a genetic system found in E. coli bacteria that consists of three structural genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode proteins involved in lactose metabolism, as well as several regulatory regions that control their expression.

The regulatory regions of the lac operon include the promoter, operator, and CAP binding site. The promoter is a DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of the structural genes.

The operator is a DNA sequence where a regulatory protein called the Lac repressor binds to prevent RNA polymerase from transcribing the structural genes. The CAP binding site is a DNA sequence where another regulatory protein called the catabolite activator protein (CAP) binds to enhance transcription of the structural genes.

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Not a method used in the identification of protozoa from clinical samples is serology

There are several methods that can be used for the identification of protozoa from clinical samples, including direct examination, culture, and molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, there is one method that is not commonly used for this purpose, which is serology. Serology involves detecting antibodies against the protozoa in a patient's blood or serum, but this method is not specific enough to distinguish between different species of protozoa and is generally not reliable for diagnosis.

Instead, direct examination of clinical specimens using microscopy and staining techniques is often used to visualize the morphology and characteristics of the protozoa, while culture can be used to isolate and identify specific species. PCR is a newer technique that can detect DNA or RNA from the protozoa in clinical samples, providing a more sensitive and specific method of identification. In summary, while there are multiple methods available for identifying protozoa from clinical samples, serology is not commonly used due to its lack of specificity.

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Answer:

1. i love pizza

Explanation:

4 wow quizzy Please read this carefully A fair warning, Look out for a Discord user by the name of with the tag #2911. She is going around sending friend requests to random Discord users, and those who accept her friend requests will have their accounts DDoSed and their groups exposed with the members inside it becoming a victim as well. Spread the word and send this to as many Discord servers as you can. If you see this user, DO NOT accept her friend request and immediately block her. Our team is currently working very hard to remove this user from our database. Please stay safe. -Discord team

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Answer: because it is

Explanation:

right?

When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues develops an autoimmune disease.

When the body's natural defense system can't distinguish between your cells and alien cells, it develops an autoimmune illness and unintentionally attacks healthy cells. Autoimmune illnesses come in more than 80 different varieties and affect many different body parts.

Fundamentally, autoimmune illness develops when the immune system, one of the body's natural defenses, attacks healthy tissue. There are various theories among researchers as to why this occurs. The immune system activates and launches an attack when the body detects a virus or infection as a threat.

More than 80 autoimmune illnesses afflict over 4% of the world's population, the most prevalent of which are type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Crohn's disease.

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Answer:

Layering can be used to multiply many of your favorite plants now growing around your yard and in your home. There are six common types of layering: air, simple, tip, trench, serpentine and mound. Air and simple layering are the most popular types

Explanation:

PLZ MARK AS BRAINLIEST

Answer:

The answer above me is correct

Answer: prokaryotic are smaller than eukaryotic cells  

Explanation: prokaryotic are smaller because they have no nucleus, and they lack organelles.

Humans have been making practical use of combustion for thousands of years. Cooking food and heating homes have long been two major applications of the combustion reaction. They also help in the production of energy in thermal power plants and burning of Wax candle.

There are various disadvantages of combustion on the environment such as gas leaks, oil spillage, noise and air pollution. Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons also results in carbon monoxide pollution. An odorless, colorless gas, carbon monoxide can be harmful to both the environment and to people.

Benjemin

Recombinant DNA technology is a technique that involves joining DNA molecules from two different sources, and is commonly used in biotechnology.

Two examples of biotechnology that involve recombinant DNA technology are:1. Genetic engineering of crops:In agriculture, recombinant DNA technology has been used to create genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, as well as to produce higher yields. For example, scientists have used recombinant DNA technology to insert genes into crops that make them resistant to herbicides or to produce higher levels of vitamin A.2. Production of pharmaceuticals:Recombinant DNA technology is also used to produce pharmaceuticals, such as insulin. Scientists can use recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin in bacteria, which can then be harvested and used to treat diabetes. Other pharmaceuticals produced using recombinant DNA technology include vaccines, growth hormone, and clotting factors.

Genetic engineering of crops:In agriculture, recombinant DNA technology has been used to create genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, as well as to produce higher yields.

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Answer:

look it up, also i dont think they do

Explanation:

i needed points...sorry :<

Answer:

The spectrum of a star shifts towards the blue region when the star moves towards Earth.

Explanation:

This is referred to as the Doppler shift effect. As the star moves closer to the observer, the wavelength of light it produces is ‘compressed’ hence changing its relative frequency (just like the pitch of the siren of an ambulance approaching you).

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Answer:

it is d for me XD

Explanation:

Answer:

removal of top soil

Explanation:

it means to wash away top soil