We have learned that the response to selection is equal to the selection differential times the narrow-sense heritability and that the narrow-sense heritability includes only the additive genetic variance. Why arenât the dominance genetic variance and the gene interaction variance included? Why donât they contribute to the genetic variation that is acted on by selection?
Answers
We have learned that the response to selection is equal to the selection differential times the narrow-sense heritability (R = h^2 * S), where narrow-sense heritability includes only the additive genetic variance. The reason dominance genetic variance and gene interaction variance are not included is that they do not contribute to the genetic variation that is acted on by selection in the same way as additive genetic variance. So, only additive genetic variance is included in narrow-sense heritability, as it provides a reliable measure of the genetic variation that is consistently acted on by selection across generations.
Additive genetic variance directly contributes to the resemblance between parents and offspring, and therefore, it is an essential component for predicting the response to selection. In contrast, dominance genetic variance and gene interaction variance involve interactions between alleles at the same locus or between different loci, which can cause non-additive effects. These non-additive effects do not consistently transfer from one generation to the next, making them less predictable in terms of how they will affect future generations.
As a result, only additive genetic variance is included in narrow-sense heritability, as it provides a reliable measure of the genetic variation that is consistently acted on by selection across generations.
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Related Questions
is a fuel your body uses for energy.
Protein
Glucose
Cellulose
Answers
Answer:
Glucose, celluose is for cells, and protein is for strucutre
Explanation:
Why is domain the largest box and species the smallest?
Answers
Answer:
Its actually kingdom; species so A
The correct order of taxa, from largest to smallest, is:
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species,:
the of a human begins with the production of gametes by and the consecutive growth of the organism because of .
Answers
The life cycle of a human begins with the production of gametes by meiosis and the consecutive growth of the organism because of mitosis.
Meiosis is a cell division process that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. It occurs in the reproductive organs of animals, the ovaries in females and the testes in males, and in the reproductive structures of plants. Meiosis is a process that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half in preparation for fertilization.
Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells. Mitosis is a fundamental process in the growth and development of multicellular organisms. During mitosis, the cell's nucleus divides, and the chromosomes are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. Mitosis plays a significant role in the growth and development of multicellular organisms.
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What is the purpose of this article?
A) to inform
B) to inspire
C) to persuade
D) to entertain
Answers
Answer:
Wheres the article do you have an article?
normal functions of the kidney include all of the following except: a. regulating electrolyte balance b. elimination of nitrogenous wastes c. regulating body hydration d. elimination of serum proteins
Answers
Normal kidney functions except d. elimination of serum proteins.
What is a kidney?The kidney consists of two parts, namely the left and right, this shows that the kidney is a pair of organs. This organ contains about a million nephrons, which are tiny blood filters. Therefore, its main job is to filter the blood. When this organ is disturbed, there are many problems in the body can occur.
Some of the functions of the kidneys are :
Removes product residues from the body.Balancing body fluids.Producing red blood cells.Activate Vitamin D for healthy bones and teeth.Regulates hydration in the body.Regulate electrolyte balance.Remove nitrogenous waste.Learn more about kidney disease here :
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1. Which of the following weather
conditions support the development of
a hurricane?
Answers
Answer:
what are the options?
Explanation:
give me the options
Extreme acidity in soil helps plants thrive because the hydrogen ions kill off all harmful microorganisms that may stunt a plant's
development
True
False
Answers
Answer:
False
Explanation:
The best pH for soil is around 7-8 and the plant needs some of the microbial organisms to grow.
Answer: The correct answer is False
Explanation: This has been confirmed correct.
While some acidity is helpful, high acidity damages the root systems of plants.
The table describes two methods of heat transfer.
Methods of Heat Transfer
Method A |
Molecules of the medium move during heat transfer.
——————————————————-
Heat is transferred in gases and liquids by this method.
——————————————————-
Method B |
Transfer of heat is through waves like a radio and light waves.
——————————————————-
Heat is transferred through space by this method.
——————————————————-
Which statement is correct?
•Method A is convection and Method B is radiation.
•Method A is convection and Method B is conduction.
• Method A is radiation and Method B is convection.
• Method A is radiation and Method
iS conduction.
Answers
Method A is convection and Method B is radiation.
Explanation:
The description of Method A includes "Molecules of the medium move during heat transfer" and "Heat is transferred in gases and liquids by this method." These statements refer to the movement of a fluid due to a temperature difference, which is characteristic of the process of convection.
The description of Method B includes "Transfer of heat is through waves like a radio and light waves" and "Heat is transferred through space by this method." These statements refer to the transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves, which is characteristic of the process of radiation.
Therefore, Method A is convection and Method B is radiation.
how can microscopes help you see cells? first, think of a. good place to collect a sample of cells
Answers
Microscopes helps to see cells by magnifying the sample using the different magnification strength of lens.
Microscopes- A laboratory tool called a microscope is used to look at items that are too tiny to be seen with the human eye. The study of tiny objects and structures under a microscope is known as microscopy. The microscope has 4 objective lenses: Scanning (4x), Low (10x), High (40x), and Oil Immersion (100x).
Cell- The analysis of structure and function of cells is known as cell biology, and it is based on the idea that a cell is the basic building block of all life. A thorough grasp of an organisms and tissues that cells make up is made possible by concentrating on the cell.
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All organic compounds contain the element
Answers
Answer:
Carbon
Explanation:
Carbon is a fundamental element in all living things.
1.2 Variation and mutations are same.
True
False
Answers
False
Why?Researchers say this version demonstrates a number of changes to the spike protein, which helps the virus latch on to healthy cells. Some spike protein mutations have been associated with increased transmissibility in other variants. It’s not yet known whether the mutations on 1.2 will make it more transmissible or damaging.#CarryOnLearning
How many possible connections are there among the neurons of the brain?
(A) about 500 million
(B) about 500 trillion
(C) about 5 billion
(D) about 50 trillion.
Answers
The number of possible connections among the neurons of the brain is about 500 trillion (B).
Neurons are specialized cells that process and transmit information in the brain. Each neuron is connected to other neurons through synapses, which are the sites of communication between neurons. The number of possible connections between neurons in the brain is incredibly large.
According to estimates, the human brain has about 100 billion neurons, and each neuron can form connections with up to 10,000 other neurons. This means that the total number of possible connections in the brain is about 1 quadrillion (10^15).
However, not all possible connections are formed in the brain, and the actual number of connections is estimated to be around 150 trillion (10^14). Therefore, the correct answer to the question is an option (B) about 500 trillion.
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Is the coding sequence does not have promoter before ot rna or protein
Answers
If a coding sequence does not have a promoter before it, it is unlikely that it will be transcribed into RNA or protein.
What is a promoter?A promoter is a sequence of DNA that regulates the expression of a gene, which is the coding sequence that encodes for either RNA or protein. The promoter provides the initiation site for transcription, the process by which RNA is synthesized from the DNA template.
If a coding sequence does not have a promoter before it, it is unlikely that it will be transcribed into RNA, and even if it is transcribed, it will not be translated into protein. This is because the promoter is responsible for regulating the expression of the gene, and without it, the gene will not be activated and its product will not be produced.
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a common blood test is designed to indicate the presence of a disease. joes doctor darws some blood and preforms
Answers
A common blood test is designed to indicate the presence of a disease. Joe's doctor draws some blood and performs a diagnostic analysis to detect any abnormalities or markers that may indicate the presence of a disease. The test results are then compared to normal reference ranges to determine whether Joe's levels are within normal limits or if further testing or treatment is necessary.
A general overview of the common blood tests and their purposes:
Complete Blood Count (CBC): This test measures various components of the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can help diagnose conditions such as anemia, infections, and blood disorders.
Blood Chemistry Panel: This panel includes tests that assess the levels of different substances in the blood, such as glucose, cholesterol, electrolytes, liver enzymes, kidney function markers, and more. It provides information about organ function and can help detect conditions like diabetes, liver disease, kidney problems, and imbalances in electrolytes.
Lipid Profile: This test measures cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood. It helps evaluate the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease and stroke.
Blood Glucose Test: This test measures the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood and is commonly used to diagnose diabetes or monitor blood sugar control in individuals with diabetes.
Coagulation Tests: These tests assess the blood's ability to clot properly. They are used to evaluate bleeding disorders and monitor the effectiveness of blood-thinning medications.
Thyroid Function Tests: These tests measure the levels of thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4) in the blood and are used to evaluate thyroid function and diagnose thyroid disorders.
Infectious Disease Screening: This includes tests for specific infections, such as HIV, hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Specific Disease Markers: Depending on the suspected disease or condition, additional tests may be conducted to detect specific markers or antibodies associated with that particular disease. Examples include cancer markers, autoimmune disease markers, or specific viral or bacterial antibodies.
Once the blood is drawn and the tests are performed, the results are analyzed by the doctor or medical laboratory. The presence or absence of certain markers, abnormal levels of substances, or deviations from normal ranges can provide important diagnostic information, indicating the presence of a disease or health condition. These results, in conjunction with other clinical findings, help the doctor make an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan for the patient.
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Thermodynamics
Heat is thermal energy which is passed on or transferred from one object to another. You may have experienced the many different ways heat can transfer energy; from the rays of the sun, to flow of a breeze.
100% energy in the form of solar radiation
34% reflected from clouds & dust
02% Photosvnines
Wind 1%
Evaporating Water 23%
42% towards heating surface and atmosphere
It takes eight minutes for electromagnetic waves to transfer energy from the sun to the earth. This particular type of energy transfer is known as solar radiation.
As the radiation strikes the earth, molecules within the crust of earth begin to move. As the molecules in the earth begin to collide, the process of conduction begins. If you have ever visited the beach during the warm summer months, you have probably experienced walking on very hot sand. The hot sand is the result of the sun's rays transferring heat through the collision of molecules which is known as conduction. As the land of the earth becomes heated, the molecules in the air above the land are affected. As an air mass becomes warmer, it also becomes less dense and begins to rise. As the density changes and the air mass begin to flow, the process known as convection has begun.
Answer the following questions
1. A light was left on over night on a desk. What kind of heat was being let off from the bulb?
a. Convection
b. Conduction
c. Radiation
d. Solar
2. During the summer the energy from the sun causes the black top on some roads to get so hot, the tar bubbles on the surface. What kind of energy transfer causes the molecules within the black top to move?
a. Convection
b. Conduction
c. Radiation
d. Potential
3. Within the local weather report, high winds are said to be moving into the area. What type of energy is responsible for the flow of energy which creates wind?
a.
Radiation
b.
Convection
C.
Conduction
d.
Potential
4. Radiation is energy which is transferred through
a. Waves
b. Convection
c. Conduction
d. movement
5. Pam places a test tube containing water over a Bunsen burner and lights it. On another sheet of paper, describe the heating process of the contents of the test tube. Within your answer be sure to:
• Identify each phase of thermodynamics, including; conduction and convection
• Describe the movement of the water molecules
Answers
1) The correct answer is c. Radiation. The heat being let off from the bulb is in the form of thermal energy, which is transferred through electromagnetic waves, or radiation.
2) The correct answer is b. Conduction. The energy from the sun is transferred to the black top through radiation, but the heat causes the molecules within the black top to move through conduction, which is the transfer of heat through collisions between molecules.
3) The correct answer is b. Convection. Wind is created by the movement of air masses, which is driven by convection, the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (in this case, air).
4) The correct answer is a. Waves. Radiation is the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, such as visible light, infrared radiation, and ultraviolet radiation.
5) As the Bunsen burner heats the test tube, the water molecules within the test tube begin to move faster and collide with one another, causing the temperature of the water to increase. This is an example of conduction, the transfer of heat through collisions between molecules. As the water near the bottom of the test tube is heated, it becomes less dense and begins to rise, while cooler water from the top of the test tube sinks down to take its place. This is an example of convection, the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids.
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what is a pathogenicity island? a. a biofilm-based pathogen community b. a block of virulence genes in bacterial chromosome c. an isolated community with rare infections d. a section within the human chromosome that encodes multiple antimicrobial factors
Answers
Option a) A biofilm-based pathogen community is a pathogenicity island.
The term "pathogenicity islands" (PAI) was first used in 1990 to refer to a specific class of genomic islands that microbes have acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Animal and plant infections both have islands of pathogenicity. Furthermore, both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have PAIs. They are transferred via plasmid, phage, or conjugative transposon transfer, among other horizontal gene transfer mechanisms. Consequently, PAIs aid in the evolution of microbes. In the genomes of pathogenic organisms, either chromosomally or extra chromosomally, there are gene clusters known as pathogenicity islands (PAIs), which are typically missing in nonpathogenic members of the same or closely related species. They might be found on a bacterial chromosome, transported within a plasmid, or contained in the genomes of bacteriophages.
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PLEASE HELP ME ON THIS QUICKLY!
The Dart Frog is a brightly colored frog. These bright colors could mean that this frog is poisonous, warning predators to stay away. Plants in the rainforest are normally crowded and have very little space. The big leaves of a Hosta Plant allow the plant to receive as much sunlight as possible when the sun is out.
What type of adaptations are these? Compare and contrast the adaptations of the Dart Frog and the Hosta Plant. Your answer should be 3–4 sentences long.
Answers
Explanation:
is this ok?
or
characteristics of dart frog:-
1)poison dart frogs live in rainforest habitats in Central and South America.
2)they can be found in trees, as well as under leaves and locks and rocks on the floor of the forest.
3)because of their size from 1/2 to 2 inches long, they are hard to see.
characteristics of Hosta Plants:-
1) hostas( Hosta spp.) originate from Asia and are also known as plaintain Lillies.
2)this genus of herbaceous perennials consists of 40 species with thousands of hybrids.
3) there are currently 5 size categories for the typical size of a mature Hosta clump.
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The adaptations of the Dart frog are as follows:
The Dart frog is native to the tropical environments of Central and South America which are humid conditions. These frogs are brightly colored and poisonous to their predators. Due to poisonous taste, other frogs perform mimicry to ensure their safety from predators.The adaptations of the Hosta plant are as follows:
Hosta plants are native to Northeast Asia, Japan, Korea, etc. The leaves of this plant are big and therefore it receives as much sunlight as possible when the sun is out. It requires fertile soil which is full of organic matter to yield proper growth and development. What is Adaptation?Adaptation may be defined as the adjustment of organisms to their environment in order to improve their chances of survival in that environment.
Therefore, the adaptations of the Dart frog and the Hosta plants are briefly described above.
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Which organism below receives 10% of the available energy?
frog
eagle
grasshopper
grass
Answers
Where do you find the x axis
Answers
Answer:
An x-axis is one of the axes of a two- or three-dimensional graph. The x-axis is the horizontal plane of a graph in a Cartesian coordinate system, which gives a numerical value to each point along the horizontal x-axis, as well as the vertical y-axis (in a two-dimensional graph).
Explanation:
X-axis is the line where the values of y-coordinate are zero for all the values of x. Then the data points for the x-axis are: (1,0), (-1.5, 0) Therefore the equation of the x-axis is y = 0, and its graph on the x and y graph chart is shown below.
Answer:
A coordinate grid has two perpendicular lines, or axes (pronounced AX-eez), labeled just like number lines. The horizontal axis is usually called the x-axis. The vertical axis is usually called the y-axis. The point where the x- and y-axis intersect is called the origin.
Explanation:
charged ions are traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient
Answers
Answer:
Charged ions are the traveling through a cell membrane with the concentration gradient. What are they moving by? Cell lining the gut need to take in glucose, but at a certain time, the concentration of extracellular glucose is lower than the concentration already stored in the cells.
Explanation:
M-Cdk is suddenly activated at the end of G2 bya. destruction of cyclins.b. phosphorylation by Wee1.c. activation of APC/C.d. dephosphorylation by Cdc25.
Answers
M-Cdk, also known as mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase, plays a crucial role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle from G2 phase to mitosis. Option (d) dephosphorylation by Cdc25 is the correct explanation for the sudden activation of M-Cdk at the end of G2 phase.
The sudden activation of M-Cdk at the end of G2 phase is primarily triggered by dephosphorylation by Cdc25.
During G2 phase, M-Cdk is initially kept inactive through phosphorylation by Wee1 kinase. This phosphorylation prevents M-Cdk from becoming fully active.
However, when the cell is ready to enter mitosis, the enzyme Cdc25 removes the inhibitory phosphate groups from M-Cdk through dephosphorylation. This dephosphorylation event enables M-Cdk to reach its active state and initiates the progression into mitosis.
Thus, option (d) dephosphorylation by Cdc25 is the correct explanation for the sudden activation of M-Cdk at the end of G2 phase.
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What do we mean when we say that the resulting ADP molecule is recycled?
Answers
Please help quickly! I don’t know how to fill this out!
Answers
Answer:
biosphere-sugar cane fields,earthworm in soil,moss in a forest
hydrosphere-iceberg,river,clouds
lithosphere-rock formation,sand dunes,soil
atmosphere-top of earths atmosphere,The region of space occupied by Earth's atmosphere.
Explanation:
Which two bodies systems work together to provide amino acids to the cells? *
20 points
Immune and digestive systems
Circulatory and respiratory systems
Digestive and circulatory systems
Lymphatic and nervous systems
Answers
Answer:
Digestive and circulatory system
What soil type is the most fertile of all soils?
O Vertisols
Histosols
O Mollisols
O Oxisols
Answers
Answer:
Alfisols are moderately leached soils that have relatively high native fertility.
Explanation:
globalrangelands
Answer:
Vertisols: Shrink and swell
Histosols: Organic and wet
Mollisols: Fertiles
Oxisols: Very weathered
The answer would be C, Mollisols
60 minutes remaining
Question 13 The most abundant photoreceptors that detect dim light are Cones.
A True
B False
Question 14 Muscular tissue that adjusts the shape of the pupil to regulate how much light enters the eye is IRIS.
A True
B False Question
15 Opsins are visual pigments derived from Vitamin D.
A True
B False
Answers
Answer:
Question 13:
B. False
The most abundant photoreceptors that detect dim light are Rods, not Cones. Rods are highly sensitive to low light conditions and are responsible for vision in dim light and peripheral vision. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color vision and high visual acuity but are less sensitive to low light conditions.
Question 14:
A. True
The iris is the muscular tissue in the eye that adjusts the size of the pupil, controlling the amount of light entering the eye. It contracts or expands to regulate the size of the pupil in response to changing light conditions.
Question 15:
B. False
Opsins are visual pigments found in photoreceptor cells, specifically in the retina of the eye. They are responsible for capturing light and initiating the process of vision. Opsins are not derived from Vitamin D. Vitamin D is a separate compound involved in various physiological processes in the body, including calcium absorption and bone health.
Explanation:
what was used to dispute continental drift
Answers
Answer:
In the past, there were various pieces of evidence that were used to dispute the idea of continental drift, which is the theory that suggests that continents have moved over time. These pieces of evidence were put forward by scientists who did not believe in the concept of continental drift.
Explanation:
Here are a few examples:
Lack of Mechanism: One argument against continental drift was the lack of a known mechanism that could cause the continents to move. Scientists questioned how continents, which are large land masses, could shift and change their positions without any clear explanation.
Fixed Continents: Another argument was that continents seemed to be fixed in their positions. Scientists believed that the continents were immovable and had always been in their current locations. They argued that the shapes of the continents fit together like puzzle pieces simply because they happened to look that way, not because they were once connected.
Gravitational Forces: Some scientists proposed that gravitational forces were responsible for the arrangement of continents. They suggested that the distribution of land masses on Earth was due to variations in gravity, rather than the movement of the continents themselves.
Geological Stability: The stability of the Earth's crust was also used as evidence against continental drift. Scientists believed that the Earth's crust was rigid and could not undergo significant movements or changes in shape.
However, over time, new evidence emerged, such as the discovery of mid-ocean ridges and magnetic anomalies, which supported the theory of continental drift. This led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is divided into several large plates that move and interact with each other, causing continental drift and other geological phenomena.
After ingested food is mixed and churned with gastric secretions, the semifluid mass is called a. chyle. b. chyme. c. renin. d. bolus.
Answers
After ingested food is mixed and churned with gastric secretions, the semifluid mass is called chyme.
This mixture of partially digested food and gastric juices is produced in the stomach and then released into the small intestine, where further digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. The chyme is gradually moved through the small intestine by peristaltic contractions, and as it moves along, it is mixed with digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver. Eventually, the chyme is converted into feces and eliminated from the body.
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Scientific Method in Action 1 The Strange Case of Beriberi In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was beriberi Symptoms of the disease included weakness and loss or are Watims offen died of heart failure. Scientists with beribers. The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group of chickens that were more information with bacteria grain rice, but during the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researched this One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, noticed something before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole interesting case and found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessary for good health 1. State the Problem 2. What was the hypothesis? Strange nerve disease attached People in Dutch East Indies The disease beriberi might be caused by bacteria They injected chickens with bacteria from the blood or patients 3. How was the hypothesis tested?
Answers
The hypothesis was tested by injecting chickens with bacteria from the blood of patients with beriberi, as well as feeding them polished rice lacking thiamine.
What is thiamine?A necessary nutrient that is important for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is thiamine, usually referred to as vitamin B1. It is a water-soluble vitamin that the body cannot produce on its own; therefore, it must be received through food or supplements. Thiamine has a role in the synthesis of energy from food and is necessary for the healthy operation of the neurological system, heart, and muscles. Thiamine deficiency can result in a number of medical conditions, including beriberi, a condition marked by weakness, loss of appetite, and nerve damage. Whole grains, legumes, nuts, and meat are among the foods high in thiamine.
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Which is the BEST example of a community responding to an external factor?