The current drawn by the 700 W toaster connected to a 90 V power supply is 7.78 Amperes.
To calculate the current, we can use the formula power = current × voltage. Given that the power of the toaster is 700 W and the voltage is 90 V, we can rearrange the formula to solve for current. Dividing the power (700 W) by the voltage (90 V), we get the current drawn by the toaster. Therefore, the current is 7.78 Amperes. This means that when the toaster is operating, it consumes 7.78 Amperes of current from the power supply at 90 V.
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hewo pweese help
A runner accelerates at 3 m/s/s for total of 6 seconds. How far will she have run during this time?
Answer: 18 m/s/s
Explanation:
3 times 6 equals 18 and 3 seconds every second makes this equation
An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 8 m/s when it experiences a constant acceleration of 3.5 m/s2 for a time of 40 s. What will its velocity be after that acceleration? *
Answer:
140 m/s
Explanation:
v = u + at
v = 8 + 3.5(40) = 140 + 8 = 140
Problem 08.058-RC op amp circuit with stepped voltage, find voltage expression with time constant If 4-8, obtain an expression for the voltage vy as labeled in the op amp circuit. www 5012 The expression of vis 8 mF www e-TV, where Tis ms.
The voltage expression for vy in the given RC op amp circuit with a stepped voltage can be obtained by considering the time constant. If the time constant is 4-8, and the expression for the voltage across the resistor R is 8 mF, where T is in ms, the expression for vy can be derived.
In the given RC op amp circuit, the voltage across the resistor R is given by the expression vy = vis * (1 - e^(-t/RC)), where vis is the input voltage, t is the time, R is the resistance, and C is the capacitance.
Given that the time constant is 4-8, we can assume that the product of R and C is equal to this time constant. Let's assume RC = τ, where τ lies between 4 and 8.
Substituting RC = τ and the given expression for vis as 8 mF (where T is in ms), we can write the voltage expression as vy = 8 * (1 - e^(-t/τ)).
This expression represents the voltage across the resistor R, labeled as vy in the op amp circuit, as a function of time and the time constant τ.
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what does a force acting on an object do to that object's motion?
Answer:causes acceleration
Explanation:
David is driving a steady 31.0 m/s when he passes Tina, who is sitting in her car at rest. Tina begins to accelerate at a steady 2.90 m/s2 at the instant when David passes.
a) How far does Tina drive before passing David?
b) What is her speed as she passes him?
a) Tina drives approximately 69.93 meters before passing David.
b) Her speed as she passes him is approximately 34.77 m/s.
To find the distance Tina drives before passing David, we can use the equation:
\(\[d = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2\]\)
where:
d is the distance traveled,
u is the initial velocity (0 m/s for Tina),
a is the acceleration (2.90 m/s² for Tina), and
t is the time.
First, we need to determine the time it takes for Tina to catch up with David. Since David is driving at a constant speed of 31.0 m/s, the time Tina needs to catch up can be found using the equation:
\(\[t = \frac{d}{v}\]\)
where:
\(\(t\)\) is the time,
\(\(d\) \\\) is the initial distance between Tina and David (0 m), and
v is the relative velocity of Tina with respect to David (31.0 m/s).
Substituting the values, we find:
\(\[t = \frac{0\,m}{31.0\,m/s} = 0\,s\]\)
Since Tina begins to accelerate at the instant when David passes, she starts from rest and requires no time to catch up.
a) Using the equation for distance, we find:
\(\[d = ut + \frac{1}{2}at^2 = 0 + \frac{1}{2}(2.90\,m/s²)(0\,s)^2 = 0\,m\]\)
Therefore, Tina does not drive any distance before passing David.
b) Since Tina catches up with David at the same instant he passes, her speed is equal to his speed. Thus, her speed as she passes him is approximately 31.0 m/s.
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Tina drives approximately 158.2 meters before passing David. Tina's speed as she passes David is 31.0 m/s.
Explanation:To find the distance Tina drives before passing David, we need to determine the time it takes for Tina to catch up with David first. We can use the equation:
d = v0t + 0.5at2
Where d is the distance, v0 is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration, and t is the time. Rearranging the equation to solve for t:
t = (v - v0) / a
Substituting the given values:
t = (0 - 31.0 m/s) / (-2.90 m/s²)
t ≈ 10.69 seconds
To find the distance:
d = v0t + 0.5at2
d = 0 + 0.5(-2.90 m/s²)(10.69 s)2
d ≈ 158.2 meters
Therefore, Tina drives approximately 158.2 meters before passing David.
To find Tina's speed as she passes David, we can use the equation:
v = v0 + at
Substituting the given values:
v = 0 m/s + (2.90 m/s²)(10.69 s)
v ≈ 31.0 m/s
Therefore, Tina's speed as she passes David is 31.0 m/s.
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Convert 150 decameters to decimeters. Enter the answer.
Answer:
15,000 decimeters
Explanation:
1 decameter = 100 decimeters
150 * 100
15,000
Best of Luck!
help please!!
From the following images shown, classify the interactions that occur and say between which bodies, according to the following criteria:
a) Contact forces
b) Non-contact forces
Answer:
B= 4 A=5
Explanation:
reducing the separation of two bodies to one-fourth its original value will cause the gravitational force between them to become times . (select two choices.)
Reducing the separation of two bodies to one-fourth its original value will cause the gravitational force between them to become stronger times 16.
What will happen if the distance between two bodies grows? Will the gravitational force between them change?The gravitational force between two particles decreases to half its initial value as their distance from one another is twice.What happens to gravity when the mass is cut in half?The gravitational pull between two objects changes inversely with their squared distance and directly with their masses. Therefore, the gravitational force between the two items would decrease to one-fourth of its initial strength when the masses of both objects are halved without affecting their distance.What transpires when two masses are in contact with one another? Suppose one mass is reduced?The force between two items weakens the further apart they are from one another. The force between the objects grows as mass 1 increases. The force between the objects reduces as Mass 2 decreases.To learn more about gravitational force visit:
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2. Who invented the compass? O Modern people O Arabics O Chinese
Answer:
I really think it's Chinese
Explanation:
hope this helps
4 WILL GIVE YOU BRAINLIST
Which sentence supports this claim:A handmade gift is more meaningful than a store-bought gift?
Handmade gifts are usually less expensive than store-bought gifts.
Handmade gifts remind the receiver of the gift not to be so greedy at gift-giving times of the year.
Handmade gifts tend to look less perfect than store-bought gifts.
Handmade gifts require more of the giver’s time and effort than store-bought gifts.
What is the properties of P- waves
Answer:
P waves, or Primary waves, are the first waves to arrive at a seismograph. P waves are the fastest seismic waves and can move through solid and liquids
Explanation:
what percentage of time does an elliptical orbit spend at a distance greater than its semimajor axis
The orbiting body spends 25% of its time at a distance greater than the semimajor axis
In an elliptical orbit, the distance between the orbiting body and the central body varies with time. The semimajor axis is the longest distance between the two bodies, and it is also the average distance over one orbit.
The formula gives the length of an elliptical orbit:
L = 2πa√(1 - e^2)
in where e denotes the orbit's eccentricity and a denotes the semimajor axis. A circle has an eccentricity of 0, while an ellipse has an eccentricity of 1. (a parabola).
These are the formulas for the percentage of the orbit that is located on one side of the semimajor axis:
f = (1 - e) / 2
Therefore, the percentage of time that the orbiting body spends at a distance greater than the semimajor axis is:
100% x f = 100% x (1 - e) / 2
For example, if the eccentricity is 0.5, then the orbiting body spends 25% of its time at a distance greater than the semimajor axis:
100% x (1 - 0.5) / 2 = 25%
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One car has twice the mass of a second car, but only half as much kinetic energy. When both cars increase their speed by 8.0 m/s, they then have the same kinetic energy. What were the original speeds of the two cars
The original speed of the first car was 16 m/s, and the original speed of the second car was 32 m/s.
The kinetic energy of an object is given by the equation KE = (1/2)mv^2, where KE is the kinetic energy, m is the mass, and v is the velocity. In this scenario, let the mass of the second car be m, and the mass of the first car be 2m.
Given that the first car has half the kinetic energy of the second car, we have
(1/2)(2m)(v_1)^2 = (1/2)m(v_2)^2.
Solving for v_1 and v_2, we find that v_1 = 16 m/s and v_2 = 32 m/s.
Therefore, the original speed of the first car was 16 m/s, and the original speed of the second car was 32 m/s.
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water flows through a constant diameter pipe with a uniform velocity given by V = ((6 / t) + 5) j m/s, where t is in seconds, j is the unit verctor in the y-direction. determine the acceleration at time t = 1, 2, and 10 s.
The acceleration at t = 1 s is -6 j m/s², at time 2 s is -1.5 j m/s², and at time t = 10 s is -0.06 j m/s².
Given: V = ((6/t) + 5) j m/s
To find the acceleration, the velocity equation with respect to time (t) is differentiated: a = dV/dt
Differentiating the given velocity equation:
a = d/dt (((6/t) + 5) j)
Since the velocity is only a function of t, the derivative of a constant with respect to t is zero. The derivative of (6/t) with respect to t is (-6/t²).
Thus, the acceleration is given by:
a = (-6/t²) j m/s²
a(t = 1),
= (-6/(1²)) j m/s²
= -6 j m/s²
a(t = 2),
= (-6/(2²)) j m/s²
= -1.5 j m/s²
a(t = 10),
= (-6/(10²)) j m/s²
= -0.06 j m/s²
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why do chemical bonds form
Answer:
A chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms or ions. Bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons. Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons
Explanation:
Answer:
A chemical bond is a force of attraction between atoms or ions. Bonds form when atoms share or transfer valence electrons. Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons.
Compounds are made from the atoms of two or more______?
Answer:
elements
not really an explanation
Which of the following objects in motion has the highest inertia?
A.) A 5.0 kg mass moving at 2.0 m/s
B.) A 8.0 kg mass moving at 9.0 m/s
C.) A 6.0 kg mass moving at 10. m/s
D.) A 15 kg mass moving at 2.0 m/s
Answer:
D.) A 15 kg mass moving at 2.0 m/s
Explanation:
The inertia of an object is most directly related to its mass and not the magnitude of the velocity.
So, the higher the mass of an object, the more its inertia.
According to Newton's first law of motion "an object will remain in its state of rest or of constant motion unless it is acted upon by an external force".
Inertia is the tendency of a body to remain in a state of rest either by virtue of its static position of constant motion. The larger the mass, the more this tendency. An object with a large mass will take more force to bring it from rest or change its motion. A disc of radius 0.1m starts from rest with an angular acceleration of 4.4 rad s2
. Then linear velocity of
the point on its rim after 5s is
Answer:
2.2 m/s
Explanation:
r = 0.1 m
ω₀ = 0 rad/s
α = 4.4 rad/s²
t = 5 s
ω = αt + ω₀
ω = (4.4 rad/s²) (5 s) + 0 rad/s
ω = 22 rad/s
v = ωr
v = (22 rad/s) (0.1 m)
v = 2.2 m/s
The linear velocity is 2.2 m/s
Given:
r = 0.1 m
ω₀ = 0 rad/s
α = 4.4 rad/s²
t = 5 s
So from the equation for angular acceleration we will get,
ω = αt + ω₀
ω = (4.4 rad/s²) (5 s) + 0 rad/s
ω = 22 rad/s
Angular velocity ω is analogous to linear velocity v
The relation between velocity and angular acceleration is given which is:
v = ωr
v = (22 rad/s) (0.1 m)
v = 2.2 m/s
Therefore, linear velocity of the point on its rim after 5s is 2.2 m/s.
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A power station that is being started up for the first time generates 6120 MWh of energy over a 10 hour period. (i) If the rated power at full capacity is 660 MW, calculate how long it takes the power station to reach its full power output. (You may assume a constant increase in power from zero to full power) (ii) State what type of power station can be started up fastest and explain why the start-up times for other types of power station are slower. Explain briefly, how this is relevant to optimising the usage of windfarms. c) What is the Bremsstrahlung effect and how can it be avoided in shielding design? d) Sketch the electromagnetic field output from an antenna, describing in detail the two main regions in the output field.
(i)Therefore, it takes approximately 9.27 hours to reach its full power output.(ii)It is necessary to have quick-start power sources, this helps maintain a stable and reliable electricity supply even when wind speeds fluctuate.(c)The Bremsstrahlung effect needs to be considered to ensure proper radiation protection.(d) The near-field region is characterized by strong electric and magnetic fields while the far-field region represents the radiation zone.
(i) To calculate the time it takes for the power station to reach its full power output, we can use the formula:
Energy = Power × Time
Given that the power station generates 6120 MWh of energy over a 10-hour period and the rated power at full capacity is 660 MW, we can rearrange the formula to solve for time:
Time = Energy ÷ Power
Converting the energy to watt-hours (Wh):
Energy = 6120 MWh × 1,000,000 Wh/MWh = 6,120,000,000 Wh
Converting the power to watt-hours (Wh):
Power = 660 MW × 1,000,000 Wh/MW = 660,000,000 Wh
Now we can calculate the time:
Time = 6,120,000,000 Wh ÷ 660,000,000 Wh ≈ 9.27 hours
Therefore, it takes approximately 9.27 hours (or 9 hours and 16 minutes) for the power station to reach its full power output.
(ii) The type of power station that can be started up fastest is a gas-fired power station. Gas-fired power stations can reach full power output relatively quickly because they use natural gas combustion to produce energy.
In contrast, other types of power stations, such as coal-fired or nuclear power stations, have longer start-up times. Coal-fired power stations require time to heat up the boiler and generate steam, while nuclear power stations need to go through a complex series of procedures to ensure safe and controlled nuclear reactions.
This is relevant to optimizing the usage of windfarms because wind power is intermittent and dependent on the availability of wind. This helps maintain a stable and reliable electricity supply even when wind speeds fluctuate.
(c) The Bremsstrahlung effect is a phenomenon that occurs when charged particles, such as electrons, are decelerated or deflected by the electric fields of atomic nuclei or other charged particles. As a result, they emit electromagnetic radiation in the form of X-rays or gamma rays.
In shielding design, the Bremsstrahlung effect needs to be considered to ensure proper radiation protection. These materials effectively absorb and attenuate the emitted X-rays and gamma rays, reducing the exposure of individuals to harmful radiation.
(d) The electromagnetic field output from an antenna can be represented by two main regions:
Near-field region: This region is closest to the antenna and is also known as the reactive near-field. It extends from the antenna's surface up to a distance typically equal to one wavelength. In the near-field region, the electromagnetic field is characterized by strong electric and magnetic field components.
Far-field region: Also known as the radiating or the Fraunhofer region, this region extends beyond the near-field region.The electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation. The far-field region is further divided into the "Fresnel region," which is closer to the antenna and has some characteristics of the near field, and the "Fraunhofer region," which is farther away and exhibits the properties of the far-field.
The transition between the near-field and the far-field regions is gradual and depends on the antenna's size and operating frequency. The size of the antenna and the distance from it determine the boundary between these regions.
In summary, the near-field region is characterized by strong electric and magnetic fields, while the far-field region represents the radiation zone where the energy is radiated away as electromagnetic waves.
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how much does the maximum emf produced by a generator (a rotating coil) change if the area of the coil is quadrupled and the angular frequency decreased by factor 16?
The maximum emf produced by the generator (a rotating coil) decreases by a factor of 4
The maximum emf produced by a generator (a rotating coil) can be calculated using Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction:
emf = NΔΦ/Δt
where
N is the number of turns in the coil,
ΔΦ is the change in magnetic flux through the coil,
Δt is the time interval over which the change occurs.
ΔΦ can be calculated as:
BΔA,
where
B is the magnetic field and ΔA is the change in area of the coil.
The maximum emf produced is directly proportional to the angular frequency ω of the coil:
emf = NωΔA(B/ω)
Therefore, if the area of the coil is quadrupled and the angular frequency decreased by a factor of 16:
ΔA = 4Aω'
= ω/16emf'
= Nω'(4A(B/ω))
= N(BA)
= emf/4
Therefore, the maximum emf produced by the generator (a rotating coil) decreases by a factor of 4 if the area of the coil is quadrupled and the angular frequency decreased by a factor of 16.
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At what launch angle will a projectile travel the farthest distance if launched on level ground? Multiple Choice: a. 45 degrees b. 60 degrees c. 20 degrees d. 30 degrees e. 75 degrees
Answer:
A. 45 degrees
Explanation:
Answer:
A. 45 degrees
Explanation:
A projectile travels the farthest when it is launched at an angle of 45 degrees.
The maximum range is 45 degrees, ignoring air resistance.
sin(2θ) = 1
∴ 2θ = π/2.
(2θ)/2 = (π/2)/2
θ = π/4
π/4 or 45°
Cuánto demorará un cuerpo en alcanzar su máxima altura, sabiendo que fue lanzado, verticalmente hacia arriba, con una velocidad cuyo valor fue de 90 m/s?
Answer:
The maximum height reached is 413.27 m.
Explanation:
How long will it take for a body to reach its maximum height, knowing that it was thrown, vertically upwards, with a velocity whose value was 90 m / s?
initial velocity , u = 90 m/s
gravity, g = 9.8 m/s^2
Let the maximum height is h.
At maximum height the velocity v = 0
Use third equation of motion
\(v^2 = u^2 - 2 gh\\\\0 = 90\times 90 - 2 \times 9.8 \times h\\\\h = 413.27 m\)
Seperate in a mass column and a weight column.
A: Balence
B: Measure of gravitational force
C:Amount of matter in an object
D: Constant on Earth
E: Remains the same when gravitational force changes
F: Changes when gravitational force changes
G: Never changes
H:Spring Scale
I: Expressed in newtons
J:On the moon, is 1/6 of that on Earth\
K: Measured in Kilograms
Answer:
the answer is B: measure of gravitational force
the fastest rollercoaster in the world is the formula rossa in abu dhabi, united arab emirates. how many miles per hour does it travel?
The fastest rollercoaster in the world is the formula rossa in abu dhabi, united arab emirates, speed of this is 240 km/h (149.1 mph)
The rate at which an object's distance traveled changes is measured by its speed. In terms of measurement, speed is a scalar, meaning it has magnitude but no direction. Speed is the rate at which an object moves over a given distance. a thing that travels at a high rate of speed and covers a lot of distance quickly. A slow-moving object, on the other hand, travels a comparatively short distance in the same amount of time when moving at a low speed. An object with zero speed is completely immobile.
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Which of the following amounts of particles represents an isotope of Cesium-137?
Any amount of particles with 55 protons and a different number of neutrons than 82 would represent an isotope of Cesium-137.
An isotope of Cesium-137 would have the same number of protons (55) as regular Cesium-137, but a different number of neutrons. Therefore, the amount of particles that represents an isotope of Cesium-137 would be the one with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons. The atomic mass of regular Cesium-137 is 137, which means it has 82 neutrons (137 - 55). Therefore, any amount of particles with 55 protons and a different number of neutrons than 82 would represent an isotope of Cesium-137. In summary, Isotopes are elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
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An isotope of Cesium-137 contains 55 protons and 82 neutrons, resulting in a total of 137 particles in its nucleus. This specific isotope is represented by the symbol Cs-137.
An isotope of Cesium-137 is any sample that contains the same number of particles as a pure sample of Cesium-137, which has 55 protons and 82 neutrons. Therefore, any sample with 137 particles that includes 55 protons and 82 neutrons would be an isotope of Cesium-137.It is a radioactive isotope of caesium that is formed as one of the more common fission products by the nuclear fission of uranium-235 and other fissionable isotopes in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons.
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Which of the following is not an example of bias
A. Pro hi FRUCTOSE corn syrup ADVERTISEMENTS paid for by corn farmers
B. anti-smoking articles written by the national health ASSOCIATION
C. anti-by four articles written by a journalist working for it Oil company
D Pro ADHD medicine article written by PHARMACEUTICAL
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The writers are from a trusted source that is considered impartial. The message is backed up by scientific investigation, and the writers have no monetary gain from their message.
The ball is in contact with the bat for 0.001s use the equation in the box to caluclate the force exerted by the bat on the ball
Answer:
Force = 9600N
Explanation:
If this is the right question, there should have been a question before about the what the change in the momentum of the ball was. The answer to that was 9.6kg m/s. For this part, we divide this by the time taken which was 0.001s which give us the resultant force.
resultant force = change in momentum ÷ time
= 9.6kgm/s ÷ 0.001s
= 9600N
A model car is being accelerated along its track from rest by a motor with a force of 75 N, but there is a drag force of 31 N due to the track. What is the kinetic energy after 2.0 m of travel
The kinetic energy of a model car can be calculated based on the net force acting on it and the distance traveled. The car experiences an applied force of 75 N and a drag force of 31 N while traveling a distance of 2.0 m.
The work-energy principle states that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy. The net work done on the car is given by the equation W = F_net * d, where W is the work, F_net is the net force, and d is the distance traveled.
In this scenario, the net force acting on the car is the difference between the applied force and the drag force: F_net = F_applied - F_drag. Substituting the given values, we have F_net = 75 N - 31 N.
Once we have the net force, we can calculate the work done on the car by multiplying it by the distance traveled: W = F_net * d. Substituting the given distance, we have W = \((75 N - 31 N) * 2.0 m\).
Finally, the kinetic energy of the car after 2.0 m of travel is equal to the work done on it: KE = W.
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rank the light intensity, from largest to smallest, at the point p in the figures.
The light intensity from largest to smallest ranking will be :B > D > A=C > E. where the area is measured on the plane perpendicular to the direction .
In physics, the intensity is the amount of energy that is transmitted per unit area, and the area is measured on a plane perpendicular to the direction that the energy equation will propagate. I = P/ 4(d2), with P denoting power. Let power of 1 bulb equal = P where I = intensity, d = distance at which the intensity must be determined.
case A = I = P / (1) (1) 1 = P case with 2 = P In the situation B = I = 2P/(0.5)2 = 8P C = I = 4P / (2) (2) ^2 = P case Case (1)2 = 3P: D = I = 3P E = I = 2P /(1.5) (1.5) ^2 = 0.8 P
B > D > A=C > E will be the order of light intensity, from greatest to least.
rank the light intensity, from largest to smallest, at the point p in the figures?
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I don't really have a important question or anything, But can random people teach me about Quantum Physics?
Answer:
Quantum mechanics is the science of the very-small things. It explains the behavior of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the Moon. Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain. The desire to resolve inconsistencies between observed phenomena and classical theory led to two major revolutions in physics that created a shift in the original scientific paradigm: the theory of relativity and the development of quantum mechanics. This article describes how physicists discovered the limitations of classical physics and developed the main concepts of the quantum theory that replaced it in the early decades of the 20th century. It describes these concepts in roughly the order in which they were first discovered. For a more complete history of the subject, see History of quantum mechanics. Light behaves in some aspects like particles and in other aspects like waves. Matter—the "stuff" of the universe consisting of particles such as electrons and atoms—exhibits wavelike behavior too. Some light sources, such as neon lights, give off only certain specific frequencies of light, a small set of distinct pure colors determined by neon's atomic structure. Quantum mechanics shows that light, along with all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, comes in discrete units, called photons, and predicts its spectral energies (corresponding to pure colors), and the intensities of its light beams. A single photon is a quantum, or smallest observable particle, of the electromagnetic field. A partial photon is never experimentally observed. More broadly, quantum mechanics shows that many properties of objects, such as position, speed, and angular momentum, that appeared continuous in the zoomed-out view of classical mechanics, turn out to be (in the very tiny, zoomed-in scale of quantum mechanics) quantized. Such properties of elementary particles are required to take on one of a set of small, discrete allowable values, and since the gap between these values is also small, the discontinuities are only apparent at very tiny (atomic) scales. Many aspects of quantum mechanics are counterintuitive and can seem paradoxical because they describe behavior quite different from that seen at larger scales. In the words of quantum physicist Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics deals with "nature as She is—absurd". For example, the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics means that the more closely one pins down one measurement (such as the position of a particle), the less accurate another complementary measurement pertaining to the same particle (such as its speed) must become. Another example is entanglement, in which a measurement of any two-valued state of a particle (such as light polarized up or down) made on either of two "entangled" particles that are very far apart causes a subsequent measurement on the other particle to always be the other of the two values (such as polarized in the opposite direction). A final example is superfluidity, in which a container of liquid helium, cooled down to near absolute zero in temperature spontaneously flows (slowly) up and over the opening of its container, against the force of gravity.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Quantum mechanics is the science of the very-small things. It explains the behavior of matter and its interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. By contrast, classical physics explains matter and energy only on a scale familiar to human experience, including the behavior of astronomical bodies such as the Moon. Classical physics is still used in much of modern science and technology. However, towards the end of the 19th century, scientists discovered phenomena in both the large (macro) and the small (micro) worlds that classical physics could not explain. The desire to resolve inconsistencies between observed phenomena and classical theory led to two major revolutions in physics that created a shift in the original scientific paradigm: the theory of relativity and the development of quantum mechanics. This article describes how physicists discovered the limitations of classical physics and developed the main concepts of the quantum theory that replaced it in the early decades of the 20th century. It describes these concepts in roughly the order in which they were first discovered. For a more complete history of the subject, see History of quantum mechanics. Light behaves in some aspects like particles and in other aspects like waves. Matter—the "stuff" of the universe consisting of particles such as electrons and atoms—exhibits wavelike behavior too. Some light sources, such as neon lights, give off only certain specific frequencies of light, a small set of distinct pure colors determined by neon's atomic structure. Quantum mechanics shows that light, along with all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, comes in discrete units, called photons, and predicts its spectral energies (corresponding to pure colors), and the intensities of its light beams. A single photon is a quantum, or smallest observable particle, of the electromagnetic field. A partial photon is never experimentally observed. More broadly, quantum mechanics shows that many properties of objects, such as position, speed, and angular momentum, that appeared continuous in the zoomed-out view of classical mechanics, turn out to be (in the very tiny, zoomed-in scale of quantum mechanics) quantized. Such properties of elementary particles are required to take on one of a set of small, discrete allowable values, and since the gap between these values is also small, the discontinuities are only apparent at very tiny (atomic) scales. Many aspects of quantum mechanics are counterintuitive and can seem paradoxical because they describe behavior quite different from that seen at larger scales. In the words of quantum physicist Richard Feynman, quantum mechanics deals with "nature as She is—absurd". For example, the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics means that the more closely one pins down one measurement (such as the position of a particle), the less accurate another complementary measurement pertaining to the same particle (such as its speed) must become. Another example is entanglement, in which a measurement of any two-valued state of a particle (such as light polarized up or down) made on either of two "entangled" particles that are very far apart causes a subsequent measurement on the other particle to always be the other of the two values (such as polarized in the opposite direction). A final example is superfluidity, in which a container of liquid helium, cooled down to near absolute zero in temperature spontaneously flows (slowly) up and over the opening of its container, against the force of gravity.
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