Q1.2 Product ciphers 4 Points Alice uses the encryption function E(x, k) = kx + k² mod 26, where the plaintext letter x is in the 26-letter English alphabet and the key k € Z26. Show that this cryptosystem is not idempotent: Enter your answer here Show that two rounds of this encryption function produces a valid cryptosystem:
Answers
The given cryptosystem is not idempotent because applying the encryption function twice with the same key does not result in the original plaintext. However, two rounds of encryption using this function can still be considered a valid cryptosystem.
The given cryptosystem is not idempotent, let's consider an example. Suppose we have the plaintext letter 'A' (x = 0) and the key 'k' = 1. Applying the encryption function once, we get E(0, 1) = 1 * 0 + 1² mod 26 = 1. Now, if we apply the encryption function again with the same key, we get E(1, 1) = 1 * 1 + 1² mod 26 = 2. So, the plaintext 'A' is encrypted to 'B' (0 -> 1 -> 2), which is not equal to the original plaintext.
However, two rounds of encryption using this function can still be considered a valid cryptosystem. When we apply the encryption function twice, the resulting ciphertext is obtained by substituting the first encryption's output as the input for the second encryption. This creates a more complex relationship between the plaintext and ciphertext, which enhances the security of the encryption. While it's not idempotent, the system can still be used for encryption purposes as long as the decryption process is properly defined to retrieve the original plaintext from the ciphertext.
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Related Questions
What does intelligent route planner show to owners when they have entered a destination into the navigation system in 2023 ariya?.
Answers
The intelligent route planner show owners the charging station information along their navigation route when they have entered a destination into the navigation system in 2023 ariya.
What is Navigation?Navigation may be defined as the operation or movement of accurately demonstrating one's location and planning and following a specific route.
The charging station information along with the function to demonstrate navigation with a specific route is the intelligent route planner illustrates to owners when it comes to a destination in the field of navigation.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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which of the following file types are used to guide software installations in windows? select all the two that apply.
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The file types that are used to guide software installations in windows are:
.tar; The .tar, .zip and .rar file extensions. These are used as archives. The .exe file extension is a Windows executable file.
An installation program, sometimes known as an installer, is a computer program that installs files on a computer, such as programs, drivers, or other software.
The process of preparing hardware and/or software for usage is known as installation. Obviously, different systems necessitate various sorts of installations.
There are four installation methods: direct, parallel, single-location, and staggered installation.
Poor installation can have an impact not only on thermal performance but also on the safe and smooth functioning of moving parts. Aside from seal failures, poor installation techniques cause more than 80% of service difficulties.
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a technology specialist attempts the recovery of a maliciously deleted folder of important data. the specialist uses file carving to try to retrieve the missing data. how does carving handle the data retrieval process?
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Milling manages the data retrieval process by means of By analyzing the disk at sector page/level.
This allows the specialist to recover data even if the original directory structure is no longer available.
File recovery through carvingFile recovery is a critical task for a variety of users, from home users to businesses. Many users have experienced the disappointment of losing an important file due to:
Software failureComputer virusAccidental overwritingData corruption
Making file recovery an essential skill for any user. One of the most common techniques for file recovery is carving.
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1) I hurt my leg yesterday, and I had to go to the doctor. 2) I asked my mother to write an excuse for me to get back in school. 3) She wrote that I had twisted my ankle doing exxercise. 4) She also wrote that I had been prescribed some medicine that could make me sleepy. 5) Finally, she wrote that she wanted to exttend her apologies for my absence. 7. Which of the first four sentences contains an error in spelling? Sentence 1 Sentence 2 Sentence 3 Sentence 4
Answers
Answer: Sentence 3
Explanation:
Because exxercise is spelled wrong its spelled exercise.
Answer:
the correct answer would be 3 AND 5
3)She wrote that I had twisted my ankle doing exxercise.
it is spelled wrong, it needs to be exercise
5)Finally, she wrote that she wanted to exttend her apologies for my absence.
it is spelled word, it needs to be extend
hope this helped
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Emerging Network Technology - Cloud Computing: Mastery Test
Type the correct answer in the box spell all words correctly
Which type of virtualization de storage area networks (ANS) typically use?
SANs typically use
virtualization
Reset
Next
Answers
Answer:
SANs typically use block-level virtualization. Block-level virtualization involves creating virtual copies of physical storage devices, such as hard drives or solid-state drives, and presenting them to the host computer as if they were physical devices. This allows for the creation of multiple virtual storage devices on a single physical storage device, enabling the host computer to access and manage the virtual devices as if they were separate physical devices. Block-level virtualization is commonly used in SANs because it allows for the creation of multiple virtual storage devices with different performance characteristics, such as different capacity or performance levels, that can be tailored to the specific needs of different applications or workloads.
Explanation:
what is a computer?write any four features of computer
Answers
Answer:
A computer is defined as an electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program.
Four features of a computer would be CPU, GPU, Memory, and Motherboard.
Explanation:
Computer is an electronic machine which accepts raw data from the user , process the data according to the predefined set of instructions, gives and stores the result or instructions....
Or
A computer is an electronic device that can perform several task according to the given instructions...
The four features of computer are :
Speed Accuracy Versatility Diligence Storage etc....\(...\)
quick and easy points how is this wrong Ap computer science?
Answers
The correct answer to the given question is Strings and not Variables.
This is because in JavaScript, the use of Strings is enclosed between a pair of either single quotation marks '' or double quotation marks "" and there is no difference between using double or single quotes, as they both serve the same function.
What is a String?This refers to a linear sequence of characters, words, or other data and is a literal constant or variable
Hence, we can see that The correct answer to the given question is Strings and not Variables.
This is because in JavaScript, the use of Strings is enclosed between a pair of either single quotation marks '' or double quotation marks "" and there is no difference between using double or single quotes, as they both serve the same function.
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which operating systems have both workstation and server editions?
-ios
-android
-ubuntu
-windows
Answers
Answer:
WINDOWS
Explanation:
The operating system that have both workstation and server editions is windows. The correct option is D.
What is an operating system?The operating system (OS) controls all of the computer's software and hardware. It basically manages files, memory, as well as processes, handles input along with output, and controls peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
The most chief software that runs on a computer is the operating system. It is in charge of the computer's memory, processes, as well as all software and hardware.
Several computer programs typically run concurrently, all of which require access to the computer's processor (CPU), memory, and storage.
Operating systems now use networks to connect to one another as well as to servers for access to file systems and print servers. MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, and UNIX are the three most popular operating systems.
Thus, the correct option is D.
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the decision to employ national/local or international media is influenced by:
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The decision to employ national/local or international media is influenced by various factors such as target audience, geographic scope, cultural relevance, language, budget, and communication goals.
When deciding whether to use national/local or international media for a communication campaign, several considerations come into play. One crucial factor is the target audience. If the campaign targets a specific geographic region or community, using national or local media outlets that cater to that audience may be more effective in reaching and engaging them. Additionally, the geographic scope of the campaign plays a role. If the message is intended for a global audience or multiple regions, international media channels with broad coverage and reach may be preferred. Cultural relevance and language are also significant factors. Choosing media that aligns with the cultural nuances and language of the target audience enhances communication effectiveness. Furthermore, the available budget and communication goals influence the decision. International media often come with higher costs, while local media may provide more cost-effective options. Ultimately, the decision to employ national/local or international media should be based on a comprehensive analysis of these factors to ensure the message reaches the intended audience effectively and efficiently.
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How does Harrison react to the news that Katherine has to walk 800m to the bathroom? in hidden figures
Answers
Answer: Your welcome!
Explanation:
Harrison is outraged at the news that Katherine has to walk 800m to the bathroom. He angrily tells the building manager that this is unacceptable and demands that a bathroom be provided for the female employees. He also demands that Katherine and the other female employees be allowed access to the same facilities as their male counterparts. He then suggests that the NASA official in charge of the building should be reprimanded for allowing this situation to occur.
Calcular la fuerza que tendremos que realizar para mover un objeto de 100kg con una palanca de primer grado sabiendo que los brazos de la resistencia y de la fuerza son 50 cm respectivamente
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Identify the marketing relationship that the given scenario portrays. Matt’s band has released their first independent album at their own expense. They are planning a short tour in the Northwest of the United States, but they need transportation. Matt’s van is falling apart, so he is thinking about approaching a local dealership. Matt is looking for ___ . Quick please
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Answer: the answer should be false pretense.
―Connectivity is Productivity‖- Explain the statements.
Answers
You are the administrator for the ABC Company. You are looking to install Windows Server 2016, and you need to decide which version to install. You need to install a version of Windows that is just for logon authentication and nothing else. You want the most secure option and cost is not an issue. What should you install
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Austin uses these guidelines when adding graphics to his presentations.
Responses
Graphics should appear on each slide.
Graphics should appear on each slide.
Graphics should be used to make a bad presentation better.
Graphics should be used to make a bad presentation better.
Graphic size should be appropriate for audience viewing.
Graphic size should be appropriate for audience viewing.
Graphics should be relevant and appropriate to the content.
Graphics should be relevant and appropriate to the content.
Graphics should only be used when they improve the communication.
Graphics should only be used when they improve the communication.
Answers
Austin uses these guidelines when adding graphics to his presentations than Graphics should be used to make a bad presentation better. Thus, option B is correct.
What will be the Graphic size?
Graphic size should be appropriate for audience viewing as well as the Graphics should appear on each slide and Graphics should be relevant and appropriate to the content. Graphics should only be used when they improve the communication.
There should be at least one graphic element on each slide. This is also false: the decision whether there should be a graphic depends on the content of the presentation.
Therefore, Austin uses these guidelines when adding graphics to his presentations than Graphics should be used to make a bad presentation better. Thus, option B is correct.
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Answer: B, C, D, E
Explanation: This is 100% correct
1. write a short sentence or phrase which describes your overall attitude toward life (you can write your own life philosophy or you can write a motto which best describes your way of living) 2. write a brief explanation as to what the phrase/sentence means to you (not more than 3 sentences) 3. cite at least two examples of a situation/decisio
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A comprehensive perspective or attitude toward life and its purpose is referred to as a life philosophy. The core traits that distinguish one person from all others are referred to as one's self.
It helps us solve problems, no matter how simple or difficult they may be, and it strengthens our capacity for critical thought (very important in the age of disinformation). Studying philosophy enhances one's problem-solving skills. It supports the analysis of concepts, definitions, assertions, and problems. It improves our capacity to classify ideas and issues, handle moral quandaries, and sift through large amounts of data to uncover the pertinent information.
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30.8% complete Question You have a service ticket for a user who states that printouts are too dark. You know that the toner cartridge was recently replaced. How would you fix the problem
Answers
If a user reports that printouts are too dark after the toner cartridge was recently replaced, the first thing to check is the print density setting.
The print density setting is usually located in the printer's control panel or in the printing preferences of the computer's operating system. The print density setting determines how much toner is applied to the page. If the print density is set too high, the printouts may appear too dark or even blurry.
Therefore, the solution to this problem is to adjust the print density setting.To adjust the print density setting, follow these steps:
Step 1: Locate the printer's control panel or the printing preferences of the computer's operating system.
Step 2: Look for the print density setting. It may be called "Print Quality," "Print Density," or something similar.
Step 3: Reduce the print density setting by 10% and print a test page. Repeat this process until the printouts are at the desired darkness level.
Print Density : The darkness of the print after each press strike is measured by the amount of light reflected off the substrate, or print density. It is clear from the definition of print density that the materials that come into direct contact with the printing surface influence the quality of the density.
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question: 1 what does the following program print? for i in range(2): for j in range(2): print(i j)
Answers
The program will print the values of i and j in a nested loop format. It will first print "0 0" and then "0 1" since the range of i and j is set to 2. The second loop will execute twice for each iteration of the outer loop.
Each value will be printed on a new line since the print() function automatically includes a line break. Overall, the program will print a total of four lines with the values of i and j in each line.
The given program is a Python script that uses nested for loops to iterate through a range of values. Here's a brief explanation of the program:
1. The outer loop iterates through a range of 2 values (0 to 1). For each value of "i" in this range, the inner loop is executed.
2. The inner loop also iterates through a range of 2 values (0 to 1). For each value of "j" in this range, the "print" function is called.
3. The "print" function outputs the current values of "i" and "j" separated by a space.
When executed, the program prints the following output:
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
This output represents all possible combinations of the values 0 and 1 for both "i" and "j". Each line of the output corresponds to a unique combination of "i" and "j" values during the execution of the nested loops.
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Which of the following is the least likely to need additional cooling? a. desktops b. supercomputers c. minicomputers d. mobile devices. d. mobile devices.
Answers
Among desktops, supercomputers, minicomputers, and mobile devices, the least likely to need additional cooling is mobile devices.
Mobile devices are designed to be compact and portable, and they typically use components that produce less heat than the other types of computers listed. As a result, mobile devices usually rely on passive cooling methods, which do not require additional cooling systems.
Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, are designed to operate within a specific thermal range and typically have energy-efficient processors and components. They are generally not as powerful or generate as much heat as desktops, supercomputers, or minicomputers. Mobile devices often have built-in mechanisms to manage their heat output, such as passive cooling methods like heat sinks or thermal pads, and may even throttle performance to prevent overheating.
In contrast, desktops, supercomputers, and minicomputers are more likely to require additional cooling mechanisms. These systems often have higher-performance processors, graphics cards, and other components that generate significant heat during operation. To maintain optimal performance and prevent overheating, they often incorporate active cooling solutions like fans, liquid cooling, or heat pipes.
Therefore, the correct answer is option d. mobile devices.
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Which finger types the highlighted keys?
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Answer:
Index
Explanation:
The index finger lays positioned upon the 4 key.
if you break your computer chip, can you sell it
Answers
Answer:
No. You can't
Explanation:
It's because a broken computer chip is of no value after being broken
Who invented the ENIAC? More than one answer may apply.
John Mauchly
Steve Jobs
Ada Lovelace
O Presper Eckert
O Bill Gates
Answers
Answer:John Mauchly and Presper Eckert
Explanation:
The ENIAC was invented by John Mauchly and Presper Eckert option (A) John Mauchly and (D) Presper Eckert are correct.
What is ENIAC?Completed in 1945, ENIAC was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer.
These features were available on other computers, but the ENIAC offered everything all in a convenient package.
It could solve "a vast class of computer mathematical problems" by retraining and was Turing-complete.
ENIAC was invented by John Mauchly and Presper Eckert.
The first programmable general-purpose electronic digital computer was created during World War II by the United States and is known as ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
Thus, the ENIAC was invented by John Mauchly and Presper Eckert option (A) John Mauchly and (D) Presper Eckert are correct.
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plzzz help i need this today :(
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
A company notices their software is prone to buffer overflow attacks. They choose a popular development environment, Microsoft Visual Studio, to help avoid future attacks. What development environment feature would most help the company avoid future buffer overflows
Answers
Answer:
Compiler Option
Explanation: These help prevent buffer overflow attacks
This question has two parts : 1. List two conditions required for price discrimination to take place. No need to explain, just list two conditions separtely. 2. How do income effect influence work hours when wage increases? Be specific and write your answer in one line or maximum two lines.
Answers
Keep in mind that rapid prototyping is a process that uses the original design to create a model of a part or a product. 3D printing is the common name for rapid prototyping.
Accounting's Business Entity Assumption is a business entity assumption. It is a term used to allude to proclaiming the detachment of each and every monetary record of the business from any of the monetary records of its proprietors or that of different organizations.
At the end of the day, we accept that the business has its own character which is unique in relation to that of the proprietor or different organizations.
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Your supervisor has asked you to configure a new system using existing configurations. He said to use either an ARM template or a blueprint. What would you suggest and why? When do you think it is appropriate to use an ARM template and when is it not?
Answers
If precise control over infrastructure configuration is needed, use an ARM template. If enforcing standards and ensuring consistency is the priority, opt for Azure Blueprints.
When considering whether to use an ARM template or a blueprint for configuring a new system using existing configurations, the choice depends on the specific requirements and circumstances of the project.
Here are some considerations for each option:
ARM Templates:
1. ARM templates are Infrastructure as Code (IaC) templates used to define and deploy Azure infrastructure resources. They provide a declarative approach to provisioning resources.
2. Use ARM templates when you need precise control over the infrastructure configuration, including virtual machines, networking, storage, and other Azure services.
3. ARM templates are beneficial when you require version control, repeatability, and scalability for infrastructure deployments.
4. They allow for automation and rapid provisioning of resources, making it easier to manage and maintain infrastructure deployments.
Blueprints:
1. Azure Blueprints are used to create and manage a collection of Azure resources that can be repeatedly deployed as a package.
2. Use blueprints when you want to enforce compliance, governance, and organizational standards across multiple deployments.
3. Blueprints are suitable for scenarios where you need to ensure consistency and security compliance within a specific environment or for specific types of workloads.
4. They enable centralized management and governance, allowing organizations to maintain control over deployments and ensure compliance with regulations.
The choice between ARM templates and blueprints ultimately depends on the specific needs of the project. If the focus is on infrastructure provisioning and customization, ARM templates provide granular control.
On the other hand, if the emphasis is on governance, compliance, and enforcing standards, blueprints offer a higher level of abstraction and central management.
It is appropriate to use ARM templates when you require flexibility, customization, and fine-grained control over the infrastructure. However, if the primary concern is enforcing standards and ensuring consistency across deployments, blueprints would be a more suitable choice.
In summary, evaluate the project requirements in terms of infrastructure control versus governance needs to determine whether to use an ARM template or a blueprint for configuring the new system using existing configurations.
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bob has bought a dvd and a dvd player. he owns both and has complete physical access, inside and out, to the disk and player. does bob have unrestricted access to everything the hardware and software contains?
Answers
No, Bob does not have unrestricted access to everything on the hardware and software. While he has complete physical access to the disk and player, there may be certain files or folders that he is not able to access depending on the permissions that have been set.
What is disk?
A disk (or diskette) is a flat, spherical plate that can be used to encode and store data. Hard discs are a common component of a computer's storage system, although most other types of disk technology (floppy discs, CD-ROMs, and so on) have become obsolete. Data access from a drive is slower than data access from main memory, but disks are significantly cheaper. Disks, unlike RAM, retain data even after the computer is switched off. As a result, while disks have historically been the preferred storage medium for most types of data, they are gradually being supplanted by newer forms of storage such as flash drives, solid state drives, and cloud storage.
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What is the total running time of counting from 1 to n in binary if the time needed to add 1 to the current number i is proportional to the number of bits in the binary expansion of i that must change in going from i to i + 1?
Answers
The running time would be about 67minutes
Within a word processing program, predesigned files that have layout and some page elements already completed are called
text boxes
templates.
frames
typography
Answers
Answer:
I think it's B) templates
Sorry if it's wrong I'm not sure!!
Explanation:
Within a word processing program, predesigned files that have layout and some page elements already completed are called: B. templates.
In Computers and Technology, word processor can be defined as a processing software program that is typically designed for typing and formatting text-based documents. Thus, it is an application software that avail end users the ability to type, format and save text-based documents such as .docx, .txt, and .doc files.
A template refers to a predesigned file or sample in which some of its page elements and layout have already completed by the software developer.
In this context, predesigned files in a word processing program, that have layout and some page elements already completed by the software developer is referred to as a template.
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Why do you need to install application program/software in your computer?
Answers
Answer:
Also called a "setup program" or "installer," it is software that prepares an application (software package) to run in the computer. Unless the application is a single function utility program, it is made up of many individual files that are often stored in several levels of folders in the user's computer.
Explanation:
Answer:
Why should you install operating system (OS) and software updates? Updates are "patches" that fix problems in your operating system (the basic program that runs your computer) or in applications and programs that you use. Unpatched computers are especially vulnerable to viruses and hackers.
Explanation: