Answer:
yes, this would be theft or embezzlement
Explanation:
Technically yes, this would be theft or embezzlement. This is because he took money that did not belong to him, even though he repaid what he took it is still a crime. An individual given the title of treasurer is responsible for the organization's money. Therefore, they must make sure that the money is secured, accounted for, and only used for organizational needs. Therefore, taking money from the treasury balance without permission is a crime since it does not belong to the treasurer.
Which of the following is not a type of entity that may be covered by Title VII? a. Labor unions b. Private employers with 15 or more employees c. State and local governments d. Federal government agencies
The correct answer is
d. Federal government agencies. Labor unions, private employers with 15 or more employees, and state and local governments are all entities that may be covered by Title VII.
Your question is asking which type of entity is not covered by Title VII.
Answer: d. Federal government agencies
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to labor unions, private employers with 15 or more employees, and state and local governments. However, it does not directly apply to federal government agencies. Instead, federal employees are protected from discrimination under a separate law, which is Title VII's federal sector provision (42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16).
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A brief summary of each source, analyzing any central ideas or information
In what ways were the primary and secondary sources the same and in what ways were they different?
How did you know each source was credible?
How did the tone and language differ between them?
How were the structures of each source different?
Did the point of view differ among the sources and if so, how?
How was each type useful?
Answer:
answers below ^^
Explanation:
1. primary and secondary sources are:
difference: one(primary) is from a person who has first hand been there or experienced it
secondary is information that has been maybe guessed or estimated or passed down from people (it can get twisted sometimes also it really comes from people who weren't there so its secondary info)
similar: they both give pieces of evidence on a topic it can be on any subject
2. if the information was there is reliable source or talked with a person who has experienced it
3. one was original the other was maybe secondary/ traditionally passed down and it could have changed
4. one might be more different then the other and maybe has other info not known about
5. they could have been in different places (ex of a primary source. lets say a man from the British war going against patriots survived and is still living they talked about how it was the patriots fault and lets say a patriot survived and they said how it was the British fault then it could be hard to find out who's fault it was unless we had more sources) (ex of secondary. lets say a man survived and is still alive from the British war on the patriots side and lets say a young man was told by people that it was no ones fault yet the patriot man said it was the British fault (lets say it was) who would you believe the man who was there or a kid who was told by people who where not there when that war happened )
6. the primary and secondary sources are useful because you can compare and contrast them
brian sells a police badge that belonged to his late uncle. The badge is the same style still being used by the local police department. brian is guilty of....
Brian is guilty of selling a police badge that belonged to his late uncle, which is still in use by the local police department.
This act is a clear violation of the law, and it can lead to severe consequences. The sale of police badges is considered illegal because it can be used by individuals to impersonate police officers. This could lead to serious crimes, such as identity theft, fraud, or even violent offenses.
Moreover, police badges are not merely decorative items; they represent the authority and responsibility of a law enforcement officer. The use of a police badge by an unauthorized individual can put the public at risk, and it can undermine the trust and respect that society has for the police force. Therefore, it is essential to prevent the sale of police badges to ensure public safety and uphold the law.
In conclusion, Brian's actions are not only illegal but also potentially dangerous. He should be held accountable for his actions and face the appropriate legal consequences. It is crucial to raise awareness about the seriousness of selling police badges and to deter others from engaging in similar activities.
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Bill of rights scenarios
Answer:
S C E N A R I O 1
Gennie, an eighteen year old college
student, is arrested for stealing a
classmate’s designer sweater and
selling it on eBay. When Gennie
appears before the judge, she asks
for a lawyer to help defend her. e
judge tells Gennie that if she is smart
enough to be in college, she knows
enough to defend herself. Besides, she
is not charged with a felony, so the
stakes are not very high.
S C E N A R I O 2
Susette bought a house and spent
years restoring it. She loves her home.
One day, she gets a notice that the
local government is going to take her
property in order to turn her land
over to a private company. e local
government says it can take Susette’s
home because the new jobs and tax
revenue created by the company will
benet the public.
S C E N A R I O 3
Carolyn is arrested for shopliing a
candy bar from a grocery store. At
trial, she is found guilty. e judge
decides that the right punishment is
to cut o Carolyn’s hands so she will
not be able to shopli again.
S C E N A R I O 4
Congress wants to nd ways to cut
costs because of the soaring budget
decit. Congress passes a law to
require American citizens to house
US soldiers in their homes during
peacetime.
S C E N A R I O 5
Brett’s science teacher asks the class to
exchange papers to correct last night’s
homework. Brett refuses to let anyone
except the teacher see his homework
paper, and is sent to the principal.
S C E N A R I O 6
Concerned about rising crime,
lawmakers for the District of
Columbia ban all handguns in the
city, and require that shot-guns be
kept unloaded and/or disassembled.
S C E N A R I O 7
John, a fourteen year old public
school student, wears a shirt to school
that says “Be happy, not gay” to
express his belief that homosexuality
is wrong. His dean tells him he must
change his shirt or be suspended
from school. John refuses, and is
suspended for a week.
S C E N A R I O 8
irteen year old Marianne is a
freshman in high school. She is an
honor student and wants to sing in
the choir. When she arrives at choir
practice, the teacher tells her she
must take a drug test if she wants to
participate in any extra-curricular
activities. Marianne refuses and is
kicked out of choir.
S C E N A R I O 9
A man suspected of a violent crime
is brought in to the police station.
e alleged victim picks him out of a
lineup as the man who attacked her.
Police inform him that he has the
right to refuse to answer questions,
but they do not oer to let him speak
to a lawyer. Aer being questioned
for two hours, the man admits the
crime.
S C E N A R I O 1 0
Elizabeth is twelve years old. Her
parents are very religious, but she
is not. Once a week, Elizabeth’s
parents make her come with them
to their place of worship. Elizabeth
always says she does not want to go,
but her parents make her come with
them anyway.
S C E N A R I O 1 1
Members of Congress are unhappy
with students’ standardized test
scores. ey pass a federal law that
abolishes local school boards and
requires a national, standardized
curriculum.
S C E N A R I O 1 2
A public school principal smells smoke
in the hallway, and believes it is coming
from the girls’ bathroom. She walks
into the bathroom and nds Susan
standing by the sink. She suspects
Susan has been smoking, and demands
to search her purse for cigarettes or
other evidence of smoking.
public policy outcomes are a result of debates that occur over what period of time?
Public policy outcomes are typically the result of debates that occur over an extended period of time, sometimes spanning years or even decades. Policy debates are an essential aspect of democratic governance, as they allow different voices and perspectives to be heard and considered before decisions are made.
Public policy outcomes are typically the result of debates that occur over an extended period of time, sometimes spanning years or even decades. Policy debates are an essential aspect of democratic governance, as they allow different voices and perspectives to be heard and considered before decisions are made. These debates can be influenced by a variety of factors, including changes in public opinion, shifts in the political landscape, and the emergence of new information or technologies. Ultimately, the length of the debate and the nature of the policy outcome will depend on a range of factors, including the complexity of the issue, the level of public interest and engagement, and the willingness of policymakers to engage in constructive dialogue and compromise.
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44. Driver often believe an approaching truck i traveling lower than it actually i
Answer:
Is this a question or a statement? Please clarify.
Explanation:
A well-documented rise in global temperatures has coincided with a significant increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Many scientists believe that the two trends are related, because when carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, it produces a greenhouse effect, trapping solar heat. Under the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is authorized to regulate “any” air pollutants “emitted into . . . the ambient air” that in its “judgment cause, or contribute to, air pollution.” A group of private organizations asked the EPA to regulate carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gas” emissions from new motor vehicles. The EPA refused, stating that Congress last amended the CAA in 1990 without authorizing new, binding limits on auto emissions. Nineteen states, including Massachusetts, asked a district court to review the EPA’s denial. Did the EPA have the authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from new motor vehicles? If so, was its stated reason for refusing to do so consistent with that authority? Discuss.
Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA lacked the authority to regulate carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gas” emissions from new motor vehicles.
What is EPA's regulatory authority?The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the responsibility of:
Protecting people and the environment from significant health risks.Sponsoring and conducting research for the development and enforcement of environmental regulations.Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA was not explicitly authorized to regulate greenhouse gas emissions.
Thus, since air pollutants, including greenhouse gas, cause air pollution, the EPA should not refuse to regulate carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gas” emissions from new motor vehicles.
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Is it illegal to murder someone
Answer:
No it depends on how you do it self defense its legal just to do it its illegal
Explanation:
Among the categories of speech that are not protected by the First Amendment is "fighting words."
Which of the following statements is not true when it comes to regulation of fighting words?
response - correct
A
Fighting words—words or epithets that, when addressed to an ordinary citizen, are inherently likely to incite immediate physical retaliation—may be punished.
B
Fighting words statutes are often struck down for overbreadth.
C
True threats—statements meant to communicate an intent to place an individual or group in fear of bodily harm—may be punished.
D
Hate crime statutes may limit fighting words sanctions to cases in which the words seek to insult or provoke on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation.
The statement that is not true when it comes to the regulation of fighting words is:
D. Hate crime statutes may limit fighting words sanctions to cases in which the words seek to insult or provoke on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation.
The correct statement is that hate crime statutes may enhance penalties for crimes motivated by bias or prejudice based on race, religion, or sexual orientation, but they do not necessarily limit fighting words sanctions to those specific categories. Hate crime statutes typically focus on the motivation behind the crime, rather than the specific content of the speech itself.
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An example of procedural law is:
A.
A law prohibiting employment discrimination
B.
A law making stealing a crime
C.
A law requiring that a complaint be filed to begin a lawsuit
D.
A law requiring a person to be 16 years old to obtain a driver’s license
Answer:
I think it's letter C
Explanation:
Law that establishes the rules of the court and the methods used to ensure the rights of individuals in the court system.
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What are examples of Civic and Non-Civic Issue Characteristics
Answer:
Civic: of concern to many people, more than one POV or witness, Relates to various communities local, national and/or global, Considers the common good for all, Access to clean drinking water, Syrian Refugee Crisis
Non Civic: Government is not necessarily involved, personal in nature, Negotiating your curfew, deciding the religion you wish to practice
Explanation:
Civic: of concern to many human beings, more than one POV or witness, relates to diverse communities nearby, countrywide and/or international, Considers the commonplace accurate for all, access to clean drinking water, the Syrian Refugee crisis.
Non-Civic: government isn't necessarily concerned, non-public in nature, Negotiating your curfew, finding out the religion you desire to practice.
What is the meaning of civic issues?Civic engagement or civic participation is any character or group hobby addressing troubles of public concern. Civic engagement consists of groups working together or individuals operating on their own in each political and non-political action to protect public values or make a change in a community.
What is an example of civic?Civic participation includes a huge range of formal and casual sports. Examples consist of voting, volunteering, participating in institution sports, and network gardening.
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_______ is when someone has some sort of mental or physical defect that prevents him or her from being able to enter into a legally binding contract.
The term you are looking for is "incapacity". Incapacity refers to the inability of an individual to make informed decisions due to some kind of mental or physical defect. This incapacity can be temporary or permanent and can affect an individual's ability to understand the nature of a contract, its terms, and its implications.
In the context of contract law, incapacity means that the affected individual is not legally competent to enter into a contract, and any contract entered into by them may be considered void or unenforceable.
Mental incapacity can arise due to a variety of factors such as mental illness, cognitive impairment, intellectual disability, and even intoxication. Physical incapacity can arise due to factors such as injury, illness, or disability. In such cases, a court may appoint a legal guardian or conservator to act on behalf of the incapacitated individual and make legal decisions for them.
It is important to note that the determination of incapacity is not always straightforward and may require a formal evaluation by a medical or legal expert. The law generally seeks to protect individuals with mental or physical incapacity from being exploited or taken advantage of, especially in contractual relationships. Therefore, it is essential to be aware of these issues when entering into any contractual agreement.
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a girl was raped by a man and she then went to the court and so they ave him 3 years to get imprisoned according to the law . so if you were the judge according to the law is the law fair, and if it was you what could you do
Answer:
It is not fair according if he did the same thing in the past I would fight for him to have mo time for what he did .
Explanation:
Hope this helps !!
Courts used a(n)______ standard to determine if the parties have manifested an offer and acceptance of an agency relationship.
Courts used a "manifestation of offer and acceptance" standard to determine if the parties have established an agency relationship.
What is the "manifestation of offer and acceptance" standard used by courts to determine an agency relationship?The "manifestation of offer and acceptance" standard is a legal principle employed by courts to ascertain whether the parties involved have clearly demonstrated their intent to form an agency relationship. In agency law, an agency relationship is created when one party (the principal) grants authority to another party (the agent) to act on their behalf.
To determine if an agency relationship exists, courts examine the conduct, words, and actions of the parties involved. They look for evidence of an offer by the principal to the agent and acceptance of that offer by the agent, demonstrating their mutual consent to establish an agency relationship.
The standard emphasizes the objective manifestation of intent rather than the subjective intentions of the parties. It requires clear and unequivocal communication of the offer and acceptance, indicating the parties' mutual understanding and agreement to create an agency relationship.
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PLEASE HELP ME! Imma fail this class Which of the following is NOT A category of U.S. Court systems
1. State court
2. Small claims court
3. Large claims court
4. U.S. district court
Person responsible for supplying the facts of what they know about a crime during a trial is *
A) bailiff
B) plaintiff
C) defendant
D) witness
Answer:
it would be D, a witness.
Explanation:
bailiff is in charge of court room security
plaintiff is the person bringing the charges
defendant is the person accused of a crime or some kind of wrong doing
Answer:
D a witness
Explanation:
he or she tells the truth
proposes that the War on Drugs began as an attempt to fight two enemies:
Answer:
The Nixon campaign in 1968, and the Nixon White House after that, had two enemies: the antiwar left and black people.
EXPLANATION:
Ehrlichman told journalist Dan Baum in 1994. "You understand what I'm saying? We knew we couldn't make it illegal to be either against the war or blacks, but by getting the public to associate the hippies with marijuana and blacks with heroin, and then criminalizing both heavily, we could disrupt those communities."
The accusation was shocking, characterizing the war on drugs as a racist, politically motivated crusade.
But Ehrlichman's claim is likely an oversimplification, according to historians who have studied the period and Nixon's drug policies in particular. There's no doubt Nixon was racist, and historians told me that race could have (played one role in Nixon's drug war. But there are also signs that Nixon wasn't solely motivated by politics or race: For one, he personally despised drugs — to the point that it's not surprising he would want to rid the world of them. And there's evidence that Ehrlichman felt bitter and betrayed by Nixon after he spent time in prison over the Watergate scandal, so he may have lied.
More importantly, Nixon's drug policies did not focus on the kind of criminalization that Ehrlichman described. Instead, Nixon's drug war was largely a public health crusade — one that would be reshaped into the modern, punitive drug war we know today by later administrations, particularly President Ronald Reagan.
None of that means that the drug war hasn't disproportionately hurt black Americans. It clearly has. But the lessons of Nixon's drug policies may not be so much that he was a racist, power-hungry politician — although, again, he was — but rather that even well-meaning policies can have big, terrible unintended consequences.
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Tom is a convicted offender held in a correctional center in the state of Staxon. He is set to appear as a witness in a trial that is being held in the state of Vanadia. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario?
The trial will have to be shifted to the state in which Tom is being held, as witnesses for courts cannot be held in jails.
Tom will have to be held in a lockup in Vanadia, as he cannot be held in a jail.
Tom cannot be held in a lockup in Vanadia if he requires medical care.
Tom can be held in a jail in Vanadia only if he is a witness in a federal trial.
In the lawsuit referred to where a 12 year old girl prone to seizures and taking marijuana as medicine, is suing the Federal Government and the DEA, what can the defendants use to win this case
Answer:
The options are;
A. Commerce clause
B. The Separation of powers clause
C.The First Amendment
D. The Supremacy clause
The answer is D. The Supremacy clause
Explanation:
In the lawsuit which involved a 12 year old girl prone to seizures and taking marijuana as medicine suing the Federal Government and the DEA, the defendants are the Federal Government and DEA and the only way they can win the case is by applying the Supremacy clause which states that Federal laws are superior to State laws.
Although some states have legalized the use of marijuana, the Federal Government still considers the use of marijuana as illegal.
1. Means v. Clardy Case (Law Studies)
Do you agree with the court’s conclusion that Nancy Clardy did not ratify the note? Why or why not?
In the Means v. Clardy case, the court concluded that Nancy Clardy did not ratify the note.
The court's decision was based on several factors. First, Nancy Clardy did not sign the promissory note. Second, she did not receive any benefit from the loan proceeds. Third, she did not make any payments on the note. Finally, she did not know about the existence of the note until after her husband's death.
The court's conclusion that Nancy Clardy did not ratify the note appears to be reasonable and well-supported by the evidence. Ratification is a legal principle that allows a person to be bound by a contract or other legal obligation that was initially entered into by someone else. In order for ratification to occur, the person must have knowledge of the transaction and must either accept the benefits of the transaction or act in a way that suggests approval or agreement. In the Means v. Clardy case, the court found that Nancy Clardy did not sign the promissory note and did not receive any benefit from the loan proceeds. These two factors alone suggest that she did not intend to be bound by the note. Additionally, the fact that she did not make any payments on the note further supports the conclusion that she did not intend to ratify it. Moreover, the court noted that Nancy Clardy did not know about the existence of the note until after her husband's death. This is significant because it suggests that she did not have the opportunity to approve or disapprove of the transaction before it took place. If she had known about the note and had not objected to it, that might have been seen as evidence of ratification. However, in this case, she had no knowledge of the note and therefore could not have ratified it.
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Statistics show how twice the number of people are employed in private security than in
public law enforcement in the United States. Discuss why the disparity is likely and what
the implications are for public security.
The reasons there are more private security than police are:
It is expensive to fund more police. Need to fill in gap left by police. Getting into police is relatively difficult. Why are there more private security than Police?As the police are funded by taxes, it would be a huge drain on the economy if more police officers were hired. There are many businesses and people in need of protection and because the police cannot be there all the time, private security is turned to. Police training and accreditation in a lot of cities in also quite cumbersome and intensive. A lot of people who apply don't make it.In conclusion, there are several reasons for the disparity between police numbers and that of private security.
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an attorney who becomes aware that his or her client intends to commit perjury is required to remain quiet about the act due to attorney-client privilege. group of answer choices true false
The statement is True. The statement "an attorney who becomes aware that his or her client intends to commit perjury is required to remain quiet about the act due to attorney-client privilege" is true.
No other legal system has made such efforts to protect communications between attorney and client. In most countries the privilege does not apply if the client admits to having done something wrong.
In some other systems, such as most of the former British Common wealth, the solicitor cannot defend as innocent someone who has admitted to the solicitor that he has committed a crime. In some systems, the lawyer is required to provide such information to the authorities.
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The general purpose of damages is to compensatory the injured party for its losses, not to create a windfall.
To provide the nonbreaching party with enough money to cover any genuine damages incurred is the goal of compensatory damages.
What is compensatory damages?As the name implies, compensatory damages are meant to make up for any loss or harm suffered by the aggrieved party. Personal injury damages come in three different forms: general, special, and punitive.Punitive damages are given to an offender as punishment.This kind of compensation can be used to cover any future medical costs, treatment costs, or other costs related to a harm someone incurred as a result of someone else's carelessness.If a careless driver struck your 2008 Honda, totaling it, the compensatory damages would be equivalent to the market value of the car at the time of its demise, Less any scrap or salvage value, and you might be entitled to the car's fair market value.Learn more about compensatory damage here:
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The City of Sunshine is in the process of bringing a hockey team to the area and will need land on which to build a new arena. The site has been selected and Sunshine officials have offered the homeowners a fair amount for the property where the arena is to be built. What would this action fall under?
Answer:
This action would fall under the Fifth Amendment's eminent domain.
Explanation:
Eminent domain is the legal term used to denote the deprivation of ownership of an immovable or movable property by the state, within the framework of the law and against compensation. An overriding purpose serving the common good is cited as the justification for expropriations for traffic, military and other reasons related to state tasks.
Since property is one of the basic rights in market-based democracies, expropriations are only possible there in certain legally regulated exceptional cases. Thus, in America this is reflected in the Fifth Amendment, which establishes that property can only be expropriated for public use and with due compensation.
Which of the following is an example of an interest group?
O A. The Democratic Party
B. The Senate
O C. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
O D. The United Nations
The person who is granted authority by the Principal to act on their behalf using a power of attorney is called a _______________. A.) Appointee B.) Attorney in Fact C.) Agent D.) All of the above E.) None of the above
Type the correct answer in the box. Spell all words correctly. Which participant of the criminal trial process is responsible for security in the courtroom? A is an armed law enforcement officer entrusted with the security of the courtroom.
Answer:
Bailiff
Explanation:
A court refers to an enclosed space such as a hall or chamber where legal practitioners (judges, lawyers or attorneys and a jury) converge to hold judicial proceedings.
There are different types of courts and these includes;
I. Supreme court.
II. Circuit court.
III. Appeal court.
IV. Trial court.
A trial court refers to a court of original jurisdiction and as such it is the court where issues of fact, evidence, laws, and testimony for a litigation are first received, considered and decided.
A bailiff is an armed law enforcement officer entrusted with the security of the courtroom during a criminal trial process. Thus, a bailiff is one of the participants in a criminal trial process, who is saddled with the responsibility of maintaining law and order in a court of law while watching a criminal such as a prisoner.
Explain the deffirence between qualitative & quantitative
Qualitative research is focused on understanding the quality of information or data collected. It involves collecting data that is descriptive in nature and does not use numerical values. Instead, it uses language, words, or images to describe the phenomenon under study. The aim of qualitative research is to gain an in-depth understanding of the research topic, and the data collected is often subjective and difficult to measure.
On the other hand, quantitative research is focused on understanding the quantity or amount of information collected. It involves collecting data that can be measured in numerical terms, such as counts, frequencies, and percentages. The aim of quantitative research is to gather empirical evidence that can be used to make predictions and generalizations about the population under study.
In summary, the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research is the type of data collected. Qualitative research collects descriptive data, while quantitative research collects numerical data. Both methods are valuable in their own right, and the choice of which one to use depends on the research question and objectives.
Hi! The difference between qualitative and quantitative research lies in their approach, data collection, and analysis methods.
Qualitative research focuses on understanding human behavior, emotions, and experiences through the collection of non-numerical data such as interviews, observations, or open-ended questionnaires. It aims to provide in-depth insights into a specific topic, often exploring the "why" and "how" behind a phenomenon.
Quantitative research, on the other hand, focuses on gathering numerical data to measure and analyze variables. This type of research uses structured data collection methods like surveys, experiments, or standardized tests. The main goal is to identify patterns, relationships, or trends among variables, allowing for generalizations and predictions.
In summary, qualitative research seeks to provide a detailed understanding of a specific issue, while quantitative research aims to quantify relationships and trends through numerical data. Both approaches are valuable in different contexts and can also be combined to gain a more comprehensive understanding of a research question.
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alex was on a coast-to-coast trip by automobile. while passing through ohio, alex had a flat tire. it was fixed by sam's turnpike service station, and later, while alex was driving through indiana, the tire came off and alex was injured. alex was hospitalized in indiana, so he sued sam in indiana for the injuries. what rules of substantive law will the indiana court use to determine if sam is at fault? explain.
If Sam is at fault, the Indiana court will use the conflicts of law principles to decide. Due to Sam's negligence, this would be a tort action, hence Indiana law would be used under a conflict of laws principles.
What was the conflict of laws principles?
Conflict of laws refers to a discrepancy between the laws that apply to a dispute from two or more different jurisdictions. The law that is chosen to address the conflict will determine the case's outcome. There may be a conflict between the laws of various nations, federal and state laws, or even laws within a single state.
Which law should be applied to resolve the case when there are competing laws is the main issue that arises. When selecting the legal standard to use in a case, courts follow a certain procedure. This procedure is referred to as characterization or classification in the legal community.
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Alex and Lauren married in January 2021. In 2019, before Alex had even met Lauren, he had a large balance due on his federal return. He was unable to pay the full amount by the due date of the return, and he still has an outstanding debt of $8,000. The couple filed a joint return for 2021, but the IRS offset their refund because of Alex's past-due obligation. Lauren is not obligated to pay Alex's debt, and she would like to receive her portion of their tax refund for the current year. As the couple's tax preparer, what advice would you offer?
As the couple's tax preparer, the advice I would offer Lauren is that she must be ready to bear with Alex and forgo the tax refund, though, she is legally entitled to it, or they should decide to file Married Separate for 2021.
Do couples who file jointly bear the other's debts?Legally, couples are not obligated to bear the debts of their spouses before, during, or after marriage.
However, if they want to enjoy the benefits for those filing jointly, they must be ready to accept some consequences, including being jointly responsible for past-due tax obligations.
Laureen could have filed Married Separate instead of Married Joint, at least for 2021, if she wanted her portion of their tax refund.
Thus, in other words, Laureen cannot eat her cake and have it. The same rule applies to the IRS tax refund.
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Answer: I would recommend Lauren file Form 8369. She should be able to recover her portion of the refund that was offset.
Explanation:
Filing Married Filing Separate would not be beneficial due to losing specific credits that may have been the only reason the couple was due a refund in the first place. The balance due to the IRS is from an issue Alex had before marrying Lauren, which if they had not married, she would not have a burden to bear.