In the chymotrypsin mechanism, what is used to stabilize the negative charge on the carbonyl oxygen of the transition state?.
Answers
Chymotrypsin is a type of digestive enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins. In the chymotrypsin mechanism, the negative charge on the carbonyl oxygen of the transition state is stabilized by the oxyanion hole.
Oxyanion hole is a region in the chymotrypsin molecule consisting of four peptide bonds that stabilizes the negatively charged tetrahedral intermediate of the substrate transition state during the hydrolysis of the peptide bond by chymotrypsin.In chymotrypsin mechanism, the peptide bond between the carbonyl group of a peptide bond and an amino group of a second peptide bond is hydrolyzed via a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl group of serine residue on the carbonyl carbon of the substrate peptide bond.
The resulting tetrahedral intermediate is stabilized by the oxyanion hole, which prevents the intermediate from falling apart.The oxyanion hole stabilizes the negatively charged tetrahedral intermediate by forming hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl oxygen. This provides stability to the transition state and enables the reaction to proceed smoothly. It is an essential component of the chymotrypsin mechanism and is found in other serine proteases as well.Chymotrypsin is a key enzyme involved in protein digestion, and its mechanism of action is crucial for the proper functioning of the digestive system. The oxyanion hole is a critical component of this mechanism, providing the necessary stability to the transition state and enabling the reaction to proceed efficiently.
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Related Questions
Scientists observed a species of insect in one location and collected data on the coloration of the individual insects. Many years
later, the scientists again collected data on the coloration of the same species in the same location. They noticed a change in the
color of the insects, as shown in the graph.
Number of Insects
of 6 Answered
Changes in Insect Color
second observation
Lighter
What could explain the change in the insects' coloration over time?
OA. The population of the insect decreased.
OB. The color of the surroundings changed.
OC. Females started to prefer darker males.
OD. A new color of predator was introduced.
Answers
Answer:
B. The color of the surroundings changed.
Explanation:
Based on the information provided, the most likely explanation for the change in the coloration of the insects over time is that the color of the surroundings changed. The data in the graph shows that the number of insects with lighter coloration increased between the first and second observations, which suggests that the insects may have adapted to better blend in with their surroundings. This could be due to a change in the color of the environment, such as an increase in the amount of light or a change in the predominant colors in the area. Option B, "The color of the surroundings changed," is therefore the most likely explanation for the observed change in the insects' coloration.
what happens when a population is in hardy weinberg equilibrium
Answers
does anybody know this question?
Answers
Answer:
I think it would be A
Explanation:
Planets have a more spherical shape compared to the dwarf planets
here's a Jay image just for fun :3
n comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors: a. act directly on ion channels. b. have effects that last for a briefer duration. c. have effects that begin more quickly. d. have effects that last longer.
Answers
Metabotropic receptors are less diffuse and develop more quickly than ionotropic receptors.
Metabotropic receptors need G proteins and second messengers to indirectly modulate ionic activity in neurons, whereas ionotropic receptors are typically ligand-gated ion channels through which ions pass in response to a neurotransmitter.
While ionotropic receptors are typically ligand-gated ion channels, through which ions pass in response to a neurotransmitter, metabotropic receptors require G proteins and second messengers to indirectly modulate ionic activity in neurons.
An example of an ionotropic receptor is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, whereas examples of metabotropic receptors include glutamate receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, GABAB receptors, the majority of serotonin receptors, and receptors for norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, dopamine, neuropeptides, and endocannabin.
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What is the correct order of events:
Select all that apply
a. Lining up on metaphase plate,
b. Crossing over
c. Chromosome condenses
d. Pairing up to form tetrad
e. Homologous chromosome separate
Answers
The correct order of events is: c. Chromosome condenses, d. Pairing up to form tetrad, b. Crossing over, a. Lining up on metaphase plate, e. Homologous chromosomes separate
During meiosis, the process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells), several key events occur in a specific order.
Chromosome condenses (c): Before any interactions or movements, the chromosomes condense, becoming more compact and visible under a microscope.
Pairing up to form tetrad (d): Homologous chromosomes, which are similar but not identical, come together and pair up to form a structure called a tetrad. This pairing is important for the exchange of genetic material.
Crossing over (b): Within the tetrad, segments of DNA can be exchanged between the paired chromosomes. This phenomenon is known as crossing over and results in the genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes.
Lining up on metaphase plate (a): The tetrads line up along the metaphase plate, a structure in the cell where chromosomes align during metaphase. This alignment ensures proper separation of chromosomes during later stages of meiosis.
Homologous chromosomes separate (e): During anaphase, the homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell. This separation ensures that each resulting gamete receives only one copy of each chromosome.
By following this sequence of events, meiosis ensures the proper distribution of genetic material and contributes to genetic diversity in offspring.
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9. Addinn Fvira ne: Unltame Sautra facun 3. Changing The Direction of Diode QUFSTIONS: 1. Why are these versions of diode circuits called clamping circuits? What is the meaning of clamp? 2. What could
Answers
Clamping circuits are versions of diode circuits that are used to clamp the signal waveform to a fixed dc level. Clamping circuits can be used for a variety of purposes, such as level shifting, waveform generation, and circuit protection.
1. These versions of diode circuits are called clamping circuits because they clamp the signal waveform to a fixed dc level. Clamp means to firmly grip or fasten something or to prevent something from moving or changing. A clamping circuit in electronics does exactly that. It clamps the input signal at a fixed level to produce an output signal.
2. Clamping circuits can be used for a variety of purposes, such as level shifting, waveform generation, and circuit protection. They are used to protect electronic circuits from voltage spikes or transients and to stabilize power supply voltage levels. They are also used in audio and video applications to remove unwanted DC offset from the input signal and to generate a reference voltage for the amplifier.
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Which organ system in the human body is responsible for the transportation of nutrients, gases, wastes and blood?
a) cardiovascular system
b) respiratory system
c) excretory system
d) immune system
Answers
Answer:
The cardiovascular system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes.
I hope this will help you if not then sorry, have a great day :)In how many ways can nine members of committee sit at the round table so that secretary and the joint secretary are always the neighbours of the president? 
Answers
Answer:
1440
Explanation:
Members except president, secretary and joint secretary = 9−3=6
Their arrangement = 6!
No. of arrangements of secretary and joint secretary at wto places
=2!=2
Total arrangement =2×6!
2 x 6! = 1440
why do the ecosystems in the Canadian north have relatively low diversity?
Answers
Answer:
natural ecosystem
Explanation:
animal plant tree house menu
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Which of the following species is a molecular element?
a.carbon dioxide
b.none of the above
c.chlorine
d.neon
e.sodium
Answers
d. neon.
Neon is a molecular element because it exists as individual atoms bonded together to form a pure substance.
It is an inert gas and belongs to the noble gas group in the periodic table. Neon exists as discrete neon atoms and does not form molecules with other atoms.
On the other hand, options a (carbon dioxide), c (chlorine), and e (sodium) are not molecular elements. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a compound composed of carbon and oxygen atoms bonded together. Chlorine (Cl) is an element, but it exists as diatomic molecules (Cl2) in its natural state. Sodium (Na) is also an element, but it is highly reactive and forms compounds with other elements rather than existing as individual atoms.
Neon (Ne) is a chemical element and belongs to the noble gas group on the periodic table. It is a colorless, odorless, and inert gas. Neon is the second lightest noble gas after helium and is the fifth most abundant element in the universe.
Neon gets its name from the Greek word "neos," meaning "new." It was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers through their experiments on liquefying air. Neon is obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air, where it is separated from other gases like nitrogen and oxygen.
One of the notable characteristics of neon is its distinctive reddish-orange glow when an electric current passes through it. This property is utilized in neon lighting, which is commonly used in signs and displays. The vibrant colors seen in neon signs are produced when the gas emits light as the electric current excites the neon atoms, causing them to release energy in the form of visible light.
Neon is chemically inert, meaning it is very unreactive and does not readily form compounds with other elements. Its outer electron shell is complete, containing eight electrons, which gives it exceptional stability. This stability is one of the reasons why neon is used in various applications, such as in lighting, lasers, and cryogenics.
In addition to its use in neon signs, neon is also employed in other types of lighting, such as high-voltage indicators, television and computer screens, and advertising displays. It is used in gas lasers, such as helium-neon (He-Ne) lasers, which emit coherent light in the visible range. Neon is also utilized in cryogenics to achieve very low temperatures, especially in applications involving superconductivity and ultra-cold research.
While neon is abundant in the universe, it is a rare element on Earth, comprising only a small fraction of the atmosphere. Neon gas does not have any known biological role and is considered non-toxic. Its inertness and stability make it a valuable element in various technological and industrial applications.
Overall, neon is a fascinating element known for its distinct glow, inertness, and diverse range of applications in lighting, lasers, and cryogenics.
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Consider the following two statements about succession.
Student 1:
Matthew - As succession begins, communities tend to be dominated by mostly K-selected species. As succession continues, r-selected species tend to compete better and therefore become more and more common.
Student 2:
Iman - As succession begins, communities tend to be dominated by mostly r-selected species. As succession continues, K-selected species tend to compete better and therefore become more and more common.
Which student is correct?
a. Provide a rationale for your answer (2 marks)
b. Provide a specific example of succession which includes at least one example of an r-selected and one example of a K-selected species. (1 mark)
Note - No marks are earned by simply agreeing with either Matthew or Iman
Answers
. Energy for respiration and energy for growth make up the total A. Consumed B. Available C. Gross D. Assimilated energy.
Answers
The option that correctly completes the statement "Energy for respiration and energy for growth make up the total" is D.
Assimilated energy refers to the energy acquired and utilized by an organism to carry out essential metabolic processes, including growth, reproduction, tissue repair, and maintenance. It represents the combined energy allocated for both respiration and growth.
Respiration involves the conversion of organic molecules, typically obtained through the consumption of food, into usable energy in the form of ATP. This energy is utilized by cells for various functions, such as muscle contraction and maintaining basic physiological processes. Simultaneously, a portion of the assimilated energy is directed towards growth, enabling an organism to increase in size, develop new tissues, and undergo physical changes.
Therefore, assimilated energy encompasses both the energy needed for respiration, ensuring immediate energy requirements are met, and the energy allocated for growth, facilitating an organism's long-term development and maintenance.
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How can you determine whether a unicellular organism is a prokaryote or a eukaryote?
Answers
The primary distinction between these two types of organisms is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not. The nucleus is where eukaryotes store their genetic information
why are almost all living things dependent upon the process of photosynthesis and solar energy
Answers
The energy for plant growth is provided by the sun, and animals eat the plants. Plants use light energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis, which is ultimately transformed into chemical energy.
The sugars produced during this process are utilised by both plants and the animals that consume them. Solar energy, which it radiates as light and heat, enables life to exist on Earth. Plants provide food and oxygen that are essential to all animals, including humans. Earth would freeze if the sun didn't provide heat. By converting the energy of sunlight into chemical energy that can be stored and used by them and other creatures, bacteria, algae, and plants carry out this process.
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Why are almost all living things dependent upon the process of photosynthesis and solar energy?
during the elongation stage of translation, the ribosome translocates relative to the mrna and the trnas. this step requires the elongation factor
Answers
During the elongation stage of translation, the ribosome translocates relative to the mRNA and the tRNAs. this step requires the elongation factor EF-G and hydrolysis of GTP.
The tRNA with the proper corresponding anticodon will pair with the relevant mRNA codon during the translation's elongation phase. Methionine from the first tRNA joins with the second amino acid from the second tRNA to form a peptide bond, the kind of bond that binds amino acids together.
After then, the ribosome shifts downward, moving in the 5' 3' direction, creating room for a new tRNA to link with its corresponding codon and produce a new peptide bond. The ribosome continues this process by traveling down the mRNA strand and lengthening its amino acid chain as it does so.
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Which of these statements indicates an experiment is systematic?
A. The experiment is repeated many times.
B. The experiment is about a testable question.
C. The experiment is very complicated and uses lots of chemicals.
D. The experiment includes a good plan for what measurements to take.
Answers
Answer:
Since the control is different, making an accurate prediction for this test is difficult.
Explanation:
Are eukaryotes multicellular or unicellular or both?
Answers
Which are homogeneous mixtures? Check all that apply. vinegar trail mix orange juice with pulp sugar water sand soda pop in a sealed bottle
ASAP
Answers
Answer:
-Vinegar
-Sugar water
-Soda pop in a sealed bottle
Explanation:
Answer:
A. vinegar
D. sugar water
F. soda pop in a sealed bottle
Explanation:
just did it on edge 2020
After school I got a small cut on my arm. Although I washed it and put on a Band-Aid, the area was red, swollen, and I didn’t feel 100% normal for a few days. I got better and a scab formed, eventually disappearing in a few weeks. What was going on inside my after the cut?
Plzzzzz helpppp
Answers
Answer: Red blood cells help create collagen, which are tough, white fibers that form the foundation for new tissue. The wound starts to fill in with new tissue, called granulation tissue. New skin begins to form over this tissue. As the wound heals, the edges pull inward and the wound gets smaller
Explanation: I hope this is good enough
If a cut disappears after a few weak, and it is just a scab, the blood cell starts to clump together and clots. T cell helps in the infection and then the cell grows and covers the cut.
What is healing?Healing is a process of recovering from any scar or cut or wound. Healing is done by the body and the immune system of the body.
Scars develop as a result of parallel-aligned dermal cells during normal wound healing. However, when a biodegradable scaffold causes a disruption in this alignment and instructs cells to develop in a random orientation, the cells follow the varied differentiation program required for full regeneration.
Therefore, the blood cells begin to congregate and clot if a cut doesn't heal after a few days and is only a scab. T cells aid in infection, and as the cells develop, they cover the wound.
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List three organelles found in PLANT cells, but absent from animal cells.
Explain why animal cells do NOT need the organelles that are found in plant cells, but abdent in animal cells.
Answers
Answer:
three organelles found in a plant and not in an animal is cell walls vacuole chloroplast
I don't know the explain one though sorry
Answer:
Three organelles found in plant cells but absent from animal cells are:
Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are the organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce their own food through the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.Cell walls: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall that provides structure and support to the cell. This cell wall also helps to protect the cell from damage and maintain its shape.Vacuoles: Vacuoles are large, fluid-filled organelles that serve as storage spaces for food, water, and other materials. Plant cells often have one large central vacuole that can occupy up to 90% of the cell's volume.Animal cells do not need these organelles because they obtain their food through ingestion, rather than photosynthesis. They do not have a rigid cell wall and rely on the plasma membrane for support and protection. Additionally, animal cells have smaller, membrane-bound vesicles for storage, rather than the large central vacuoles found in plant cells.
hi can someone pls help me
Answers
Answer:
B
Explanation:
three adaptation of mouse?
Answers
Answer:
Mice sense their environment much in the same way as other mammal species. The house mouse has very good vision and hearing. They are equipped with large, cup shaped ears to help sense sound vibrations. They also have a good sense of smell and whiskers which they use to feel surface textures and air movements.1.What is the structure in the blood vessels where gases are exchanged?
2.Explain how vaccinations work to provide immunity!
Thanks for your help!!
Answers
Answer:
basically gas exchange happens in alveoli where Oxygen enters in RBC and co2 is released where oxygenated and deoxygenated bloods get seperated
In a cell, movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration…
Answers
Answer:
...is termed diffusion or simple diffusion
*The stages of meiosis are classified into two phases: meiosis I and meiosis II. Compare and
Contrast these two phases.
Answers
The meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes and involves crossing over, while meiosis II separates sister chromatids and resembles mitosis. Both phases contribute to the generation of genetically diverse gametes necessary for sexual reproduction.
Meiosis I and meiosis II are two distinct phases in the process of meiosis, which is the type of cell division that produces gametes (eggs and sperm) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. While both phases share some similarities, they also exhibit important differences.
Meiosis I is the initial phase of meiosis, and it involves the separation of homologous chromosomes. It consists of four sub-stages: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I. The main feature of meiosis I is the crossing over of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, promoting genetic diversity.
Meiosis II occurs after a brief interphase following meiosis I. Unlike meiosis I, meiosis II does not involve the duplication of DNA. It is similar to mitosis and involves the separation of sister chromatids. Meiosis II includes four stages: prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II. The end result of meiosis II is the production of four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
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A single seismograph can accurately locate the epicenter of an earthquake.
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
OT
OF
Answers
OF. A single seismograph can accurately locate the epicenter of an earthquake.
A seismograph is a scientific instrument that records ground vibrations caused by an earthquake. The data collected from a single seismograph can be used to determine the time and amplitude of the earthquake waves. When several seismographs are used, the data can be triangulated to pinpoint the epicenter of the earthquake.
However, even a single seismograph can provide a reasonably accurate estimate of the epicenter location by measuring the time it takes for the earthquake waves to reach the instrument from different directions.
This information is then used to calculate the distance from the epicenter, allowing scientists to pinpoint the earthquake's location.
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When do the cells undergoing meiosis become immediately haploid from a diploid parental cell?.
Answers
Meiosis II is a mitotic process that occurs just after meiosis I and is comparable to mitosis in that the sister chromatids separate and distribute to different daughter cells. So, following the completion of meiosis II, four haploid daughter cells are produced, each of which possesses a single copy of each chromosome.
Meiosis is a kind of cell division that divides a single parent cell into four daughter cells, each of which has half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
Because they have half as much genetic material as their diploid parent cells, haploid cells are those created during meiosis.
Male and female haploid gametes (sperm and ova) produced during meiosis combine during fertilisation to generate a diploid zygote. Meiosis takes place in gamete-forming germ cells.
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1. Which group is made up of organisms that are most similar genetically?
O class
Oorder
O phylum
O
species
Answers
Answer:
species is the group in biology that is made up of organisms that are most similar genetically.They share very similar characteristics.
took the quiz and got it right
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in a
v solution. A particular solute in
this cell uses energy for ts transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is called
Answers
As compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in hypertonic solution. A particular solute in this cell uses energy for its transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is known as Active transport.
A hypertonic solution is the one where the concentration of solutes is more than the intracellular solute concentration. Therefore, the movement of water from inside of the cell to the outside. This causes the shrinkage of cell.
Active transport uses some form of energy to transport the molecules against their concentration gradient. This energy can be direct from ATP, called primary active transport. Or due to the coupled downhill transport of some other molecule, called secondary active transport.
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Popular culture is practiced by a diverse and __________ group of people. a. small b. well-educated c. homogeneous d. heterogeneous