Imagine that the reaction in model 1 starts with 100 molecules of A and zero molecules of B. explain why the concentration of substance A will never reach zero.

Answers

Answer 1
AЯ это прошла 2 дня назад

Related Questions

How many grams of N2o are formed if 0.46 mole of NH4No3 is used in the reaction

Answers

20.24 grams of \(N_2O\) is formed if 0.46 mole of \(NH_4NO_3\) is used in the reaction.

What are moles?

A mole is defined as 6.02214076 × \(10^{23}\)of some chemical unit, be it atoms, molecules, ions, or others. The mole is a convenient unit to use because of the great number of atoms, molecules, or others in any substance.

Balanced equation:

\(NH_4NO_3\) → \(N_2O + 2H_2O\).

1 mole \(NH_4NO_3\) gives 1 mole of \(N_2O.\)

0.46 mole of \(NH_4NO_3\) gives \(\frac{ 1 mole}{ 1 mole}\) x 0.46 mole \(N_2O\).

0.46 mole \(N_2O\) =\(\frac{mass}{44.013 g/mol}\)

Mass= 0.46 x 44.013

Mass=20.24gram.

Hence, 20.24 grams of \(N_2O\) is formed if 0.46 mole of \(NH_4NO_3\) is used in the reaction.

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identify the four quantum number for 3p5​

Answers

Answer:

Four quantum numbers of unpaired electron of chlorine are n=3,l=1,m=0,s=+1/2.

Explanation:

Starting with 0.3500 mol CO(g) and 0.05500 mol COCl2(g) in a 3.050 L flask at 668 K, how many moles of CI2(g) will be present at equilibrium?
CO(g) + Cl2(g)》COCl2(g)
Kc= 1.2 x 10^3 at 668 K

Answers

At equilibrium, the number of moles of \(Cl_2\) (g) will be 0.2025 mol.

1: Write the balanced chemical equation:

\(C_O\)(g) + \(Cl_2\)(g) ⟶ \(C_OCl_2\)(g)

2: Set up an ICE table to track the changes in moles of the substances involved in the reaction.

Initial:

\(C_O\)(g) = 0.3500 mol

\(Cl_2\)(g) = 0.05500 mol

\(C_OCl_2\)(g) = 0 mol

Change:

\(C_O\)(g) = -x

\(Cl_2\)(g) = -x

\(C_OCl_2\)(g) = +x

Equilibrium:

\(C_O\)(g) = 0.3500 - x mol

\(Cl_2\)(g) = 0.05500 - x mol

\(C_OCl_2\)(g) = x mol

3: Write the expression for the equilibrium constant (Kc) using the concentrations of the species involved:

Kc = [\(C_OCl_2\)(g)] / [\(C_O\)(g)] * [\(Cl_2\)(g)]

4: Substitute the given equilibrium constant (Kc) value into the expression:

1.2 x \(10^3\) = x / (0.3500 - x) * (0.05500 - x)

5: Solve the equation for x. Rearrange the equation to obtain a quadratic equation:

1.2 x \(10^3\) * (0.3500 - x) * (0.05500 - x) = x

6: Simplify and solve the quadratic equation. This can be done by multiplying out the terms, rearranging the equation to standard quadratic form, and then using the quadratic formula.

7: After solving the quadratic equation, you will find two possible values for x. However, since the number of moles cannot be negative, we discard the negative solution.

8: The positive value of x represents the number of moles of \(Cl_2\)(g) at equilibrium. Substitute the value of x into the expression for \(Cl_2\)(g):

\(Cl_2\)(g) = 0.05500 - x

9: Calculate the value of \(Cl_2\)(g) at equilibrium:

\(Cl_2\)(g) = 0.05500 - x

\(Cl_2\)(g) = 0.05500 - (positive value of x)

10: Calculate the final value of \(Cl_2\) (g) at equilibrium to get the answer.

Therefore, at equilibrium, the number of moles of \(Cl_2\) (g) will be 0.2025 mol.

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who want be my friend and who like bts and who your fav member and why

Answers

i don’t listen to bts but i do listen to kpop, hi

What is the molarity of a solution containing 5.035 grams of FeCIe in enough water to make 500 mL of solution?

Answers

To calculate the molarity of the solution, we first need to determine the number of moles of FeCl2 present in the solution.

The molar mass of FeCl2 is 126.75 g/mol (55.85 g/mol for Fe and 35.45 g/mol for Cl).

Number of moles of FeCl2 = mass of FeCl2 / molar mass of FeCl2
= 5.035 g / 126.75 g/mol
= 0.0397 mol

Now we can calculate the molarity of the solution:

Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution

Since we have 500 mL of solution, we need to convert it to liters by dividing by 1000:

Liters of solution = 500 mL / 1000 mL/L
= 0.5 L

Now we can calculate the molarity:

Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
= 0.0397 mol / 0.5 L
= 0.0794 M

Therefore, the molarity of the solution containing 5.035 grams of FeCl2 in enough water to make 500 mL of solution is 0.0794 M.

Explain what happened to the electrons in the elements when you exposed them to the flame. *please help

Answers

Explanation:

When you heat an atom, some of its electrons are "excited* to higher energy levels. When an electron drops from one level to a lower energy level, it emits a quantum of energy. ... The different mix of energy differences for each atom produces different colours. Each metal gives a characteristic flame emission spectrum.

what is an example of reactivity?

Answers

reactivity is an impetus For which a chemical substance undergoes A chemical either by itself or with another materialWith an overall release of energy

Ms Explorer has deaf and blind learners in her class. How can she
accommodate these learners in the chat group?

Answers

Answer:

i going off the top of my head

Explanation

Interpreters: They facilitate communication between a deaf and hearing person in different modalities, such as ASL, tactile interpretation, or Cued Speech.

Speech-to-text services: They translate spoken communication and other auditory information into text in real-time, using services such as CART, C-Print, or Type Well.

Assistive listening systems: They enhance the understanding of speech for deaf people who use their residual hearing or personal devices, such as FM/DM, infrared, or induction loops.

Note takers: They capture important pieces of information in a systematic way for deaf students who split their attention between other accommodations and the instructor.

How many electrons does each lithium atom provide to the voltaic cell? Question 6 options: A) 2 B) 1 C) 3 D) 4

Answers

Answer:

B) 1

Explanation:

Lithium is a univalent element, univalent means that it has only one valence electron. If this is true, then lithium can only provide this one valence electron in a voltaic cell.

From the foregoing, each lithium atom can only provide one valence electron in the voltaic cell.

Answer:

B) 1

Explanation:

I got it in class!

Hope this Helps!! :))

8.0g of certain gas occupies 5.6 L at STP.
A) How many moles of gas are present?
B) What is the molar mass of the gas?
C) What is the common atmospheric gas was collected?

Answers

Answer:

A) Using the ideal gas law, we can calculate the number of moles of gas present:

```

PV = nRT

```

where:

* P = pressure (atm) = 1 atm

* V = volume (L) = 5.6 L

* n = number of moles of gas

* R = ideal gas constant = 0.08206 L atm / mol K

* T = temperature (K) = 273.15 K

Solving for n, we get:

```

n = (P * V) / RT

```

```

n = (1 atm * 5.6 L) / (0.08206 L atm / mol K * 273.15 K)

```

```

n = 0.25 mol

```

Therefore, there are 0.25 moles of gas present.

B) The molar mass of the gas can be calculated by dividing the mass of the gas (8.0 g) by the number of moles of gas (0.25 mol):

```

Molar mass = Mass / n

```

```

Molar mass = 8.0 g / 0.25 mol

```

```

Molar mass = 32 g/mol

```

The molar mass of the gas is 32 g/mol.

C) The common atmospheric gas with a molar mass of 32 g/mol is oxygen (O2). Therefore, the gas that was collected is oxygen.

Explanation:

prop-1-yne + 2HBr/H2O2 = A;
A + 2H2O = B;
B + K2CO3(aq) = C;
C + heat = D;
D + HBr = E.
find the compounds A, B, C, D and E

Answers

Based on the given reactions, the compounds are as follows:

A: The specific product formed from the reaction between prop-1-yne and either 2HBr or H2O2.

B: The product formed when compound A reacts with 2H2O.

C: The product formed when compound B reacts with K2CO3(aq).

D: The product formed from the heat-induced reaction of compound C.

E: The product formed when compound D reacts with HBr.

Based on the given reactions, let's analyze the compounds involved:

Reaction 1: prop-1-yne + 2HBr/H2O2 = A

The reactant prop-1-yne reacts with either 2HBr or H2O2 to form compound A. The specific product formed will depend on the reaction conditions.

Reaction 2: A + 2H2O = B

Compound A reacts with 2H2O (water) to form compound B.

Reaction 3: B + K2CO3(aq) = C

Compound B reacts with K2CO3(aq) (potassium carbonate dissolved in water) to form compound C.

Reaction 4: C + heat = D

Compound C undergoes a heat-induced reaction to form compound D.

Reaction 5: D + HBr = E

Compound D reacts with HBr (hydrobromic acid) to form compound E.

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Famous people who talked about plastic water bottles

Answers

Marisa Miller, supermodel and surfer
Actively promotes an ocean-friendly lifestyle: one that eliminates single-use plastic water bottles, and incorporates sustainable seafood choices, as well as products that keep pollutants out of the ocean. Actively works with the Surf Rider Foundation. Marisa Miller is an activist who cares about clean oceans.

James Cameron, Director of Terminator, Titanic and Avatar
Supports ocean conservation and played a key part in getting president Obama to create the world’s largest ocean sanctuary.

Miguel Bosé, singer
Collaborates with Oceana and has participated in the initiative Pristine Seas by National Geographic. He is one of the main Spanish activist celebrities in favor of the oceans and clean oceans and has been key in promoting ocean conservation projects in Ecuador, Colombia and Costa Rica.

Top 10 celebrities that care about the oceans

Adrian Grenier, actor and director
Passionate ocean advocate reducing his use of single use plastics and appeal for everyone to commit to “conscious consumption” through changing personal habits.

Pierce Brosnan, actor
Who can save our oceans if not James Bond? Played a key part in the documentary “Oceans” and activist in saving our oceans and marine life.

Jack Johnson, singer
He contributes in numerous NGOs and initiatives for the planet, including 1% For The Planet, Climate Counts, Heal the Ocean, Live Earth, Waterkeeper Alliance and others. He has recently filmed The Smog of the Sea, a short film that documents a week-long expedition to explore the problem of plastic pollution in the ocean.

Almudena Fernández, model and eco-activist
She has worked with Greenpeace’s campaign to stop the pollution of the seabed and she is Al Gore’s spokeswoman in Spain. She cares about clean oceans.

Top 10 celebrities that care about the oceans

Leonardo DiCaprio, actor
His foundation plays a key role in ocean conservation and informing the public (most recently with the award winning film Before the Flood) about how we can save the world.

Richard Branson, businessman
He is a well-known celebrity in the fight against carbon emissions and keeping the sea levels low, having committed more than $3bn over the next ten years to help combat global warming. Together with James Cameron, he has also started the initiative Ocean Elders to protect, value, and celebrate the ocean and its wildlife.

Jason Mraz, musician
He is active in many ocean conservation projects from organizations such as the Surfrider Foundation and the Natural Resources Defense Council. He was also interviewed for Sea Voices, a book to unite and inspire people around the world for the health of the ocean.

Fill in the blank. Particles in a metal are held together by __________ attractions.

Answers

Particles in a metal are held together by Covalent attractions. These are the strongest attraction or types of bonding

Covalent bonding:

The bonds that hold atoms together to form molecules are called covalent bonds. They are pretty tough and not easily made or broken apart. It takes energy to make the bonds and energy is released when the bonds are broken.

For example, there is a covalent bonding between a Chlorine molecule. the two chlorine atoms are held strongly via covalent bonds.

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At 25 degrees Celsius, 50g of sugar is soluble in 100ml of water. If I add 55g of sugar to
25-degree water, what will my solution look like and what will the ratio of dissolved to
undissolved solute be? If I heat up the solution, what will my solution look like and what will
the ratio of dissolved to undissolved solute be? If I then slowly cool the mixture to 25 degrees
again, what will my solution look like and what will the ratio be? Finally, if I add one seed
crystal to the mixture, what will my solution look like and what will my ratio be?

Answers

At 25 degrees Celsius, with 50g of sugar, the solution will appear clear and homogeneous, with all the sugar dissolved. The ratio of dissolved sugar to undissolved sugar will be 50:0, as all the sugar has dissolved.

If an additional 55g of sugar is added to the 25-degree water, the solution will become supersaturated. This means that the water cannot dissolve all the sugar, resulting in the excess sugar remaining undissolved as solid particles at the bottom of the container. The solution will appear cloudy, and the ratio of dissolved sugar to undissolved sugar will be 50:5, as only 50g of the added sugar can dissolve.

When the solution is heated, the solubility of sugar increases. As a result, more sugar will dissolve, and the solution will become clear again. The ratio of dissolved sugar to undissolved sugar will approach 105:0 as the temperature increases and more sugar dissolves.

If the heated solution is slowly cooled back to 25 degrees Celsius, the solubility of sugar decreases. This will cause the excess sugar to come out of the solution and form solid crystals, which will be visible as sugar particles. The solution will appear cloudy again, and the ratio of dissolved sugar to undissolved sugar will depend on the amount of sugar that remains dissolved after cooling.

Adding a seed crystal to the mixture provides a surface for sugar crystals to form, resulting in the rapid crystallization of the remaining dissolved sugar. The solution will become saturated with sugar crystals, and the ratio of dissolved sugar to undissolved sugar will be close to 0:55, as most of the sugar will have crystallized. The solution will appear cloudy with a significant amount of sugar crystals present.

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PLS HELP GIVING BRAINLIEST AND 100 POINTS

Which of the following describes air temperature and air pressure at higher altitudes?

Air temperature increase while air pressure decreases
Air temperature and air pressure both decrease
Air temperature and air pressure both increase
Air temperature decreases while air pressure increases

Answers

Air temperature and air pressure both decrease

The air pressure is low at higher altitudes. The pressure decreases up the higher altitudes. Same with temperature, as we go up the higher altitudes the temperature decreases as molecules becomes more far apart.

altitude ↑     ||     pressure ↓

altitude ↑     ||    temperature ↓

The density of alcohol is 0.8g/ml. What is the weight of 50ml of alcohol?

Answers

0.8 divided by ml =(50ml)=4g

The weight of an alcohol with a density of 0.8g/ml and volume of 50ml is 40g.

HOW TO CALCULATE WEIGHT:

The weight of a substance can be calculated by multiplying its density by volume. That is;

Mass = density × volume

According to this question, alcohol has a density of 0.8g/ml and a volume of 50ml. The weight is as follows:

Weight = 0.8g/ml × 50ml

Weight = 40g

Therefore, the weight of an alcohol with a density of 0.8g/ml and volume of 50ml is 40g.

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What is temperature?

Answers

Answer: Temperature is an objective measurement of how hot or cold an object is. It can be measured with a thermometer or a calorimeter. It is a means of determining the internal energy contained within a given system.

Explanation:

Answer:

Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold

Explanation:

Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold. This is how the air feels and how hot/cold something is. The less tight the atoms are, the hotter something is. The more tight the atoms are, the cooler something is.

Iron (Fe) is a/n:
Element
Mixture
Compound
Solution

Answers

Answer:

Element

Explanation:

Iron is an element

chemistry question please help

chemistry question please help

Answers

Answer:

It was deflected by a magnet charged particles


Why does lowering the pressure cause a liquid to boil?
OA. It causes the temperature to rise.
OB. It changes the volume of the liquid.
C. It becomes easier for molecules to escape.
D. It pushes molecules out of the liquid.

Answers

C. It becomes easier for molecules to escape.

Decreasing pressure causes a liquid to boil because it makes it simpler for molecules to escape.

Vapor pressureWhen a liquid's vapor pressure is higher than the air pressure in the area, boiling takes place. The atmospheric pressure drops when the pressure does, which means that the vapor pressure necessary for boiling likewise drops. This enables more liquid molecules to transition into the gas phase, which finally causes the liquid to boil.

Option A: Reducing the pressure does not increase the temperature or alter the liquid's volume (option B). Also, it doesn't force molecules out of the liquid (option D).

Instead, it lessens the pressure placed on the liquid's surface, which enables the liquid's molecules to more readily overcome their attraction to one another and transition into the gas phase.

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which substance is translucent

Answers

Answer:

Paper, some plastics, frosted glass, etc.

Explanation:

Correct the volume of 2.90 L of a gas at –12 °C to the volume occupied at 25 °C. Remember to convert between °C and K.

Answers

The volume occupied at 25 °C. Remember to convert between °C and K. V2 = 3.311 L is the correct answer.

What is volume?

Volume is a measure of the amount of space occupied by an object, or the amount of matter contained within it. It is measured in units such as cubic metres, cubic centimetres, litres, millilitres, etc. Volume is a three-dimensional concept, meaning that it requires three measurements to be taken in order to accurately measure the amount of space an object occupies. The volume of a solid object can be determined by applying the formula V = l x w x h, where l is the length, w is the width, and h is the height of the object. For a liquid or gas, the volume is calculated by measuring its mass and the density of the substance. Volume can also be used to describe the total amount of space something occupies, such as the volume of a room or the volume of a storage container.

Temperature and Volume equation

Given,

The volume at -12°C = 2.90L

Temperature, T1 = -12°C

= (-12°C + 273)

= 261K

And, Volume at 25°C = ?

(25°C + 273)K

= 298K

Now, by using this equation:-

V1/T1 = V2/T2

V2 = V1 x T2/T1

V2 = 2.90L x 298K/261K

V2 = 3.311L

Hence, The volume at  25°C will be 3.311L

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2. The chemical equation below represents the formation of hydrochloric acid.
H₂(g) + Cl₂(g) → 2 HCl(g)
If both gases are measured under STP conditions, what volume of H₂ gas will react
completely with 22.4 liters of Cl₂ gas?

Answers

One mole of H₂ reacts with one mole of Cl₂ to give 2 moles of hydrogen chloride gas. The volume of H₂ that will completely react with Cl₂ is 22.4 litres.

What is a mole?

In the International System of Units, the mole is the unit of amount of a substance. It is specified that the mole contains exactly 6.022 * 10²³ elementary particles such as atoms, ions or molecules, similar to how a dozen denotes twelve.

At standard temperature and pressure (STP), one mole of any gas occupies a volume of 22.4 litres. From the given equation, the molar ratio of hydrogen and chlorine is 1:1. Since 22.4 litres of chlorine gas is used, then similarly, 22.4 litres of hydrogen gas must also be used up to give 2 moles of the product, hydrogen chloride gas.

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suppose a student conducted the synthesis of an alkyl ether and obtained 270 mg 270 mg of the crude product. the student then used water/ethanol to recrystallize the product. after recrystallization, the mass of the alkyl ether product was 280 mg. What would be a possible explanation for the problem and what would be a suggestion to the student to solve the problem? a. Water was a poor choice for recrystallization. Recrystallize the sample using hexane b. The salicylic acid was not completely dried after the recrystallization. Dry it and reweigh. c. The chemical reaction between the salicylic acid and hot water produced a product with the molar mass greater than that of salicylic acid Dispose of the product and repeat the synthesis d. The synthesis procedure was not followed correctly. Repeat the synthesis this time paying more attention to the details of the procedure.

Answers

Option B After recrystallization, the salicylic acid was not completely dried. Reweigh it after it has dried would be a possible explanation for the problem

To address the issue, the student could repeat the recrystallization process with proper care and attention to detail, making sure to measure the mass of the product accurately and to dry the product completely before weighing it.

They could also consider using a different recrystallization solvent or a different technique to purify the product. However, without more information about the specific circumstances, it's difficult to say for sure what the best solution would be.

An alkyl ether is an organic compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms, one of which is bonded to an alkyl group. Alkyl groups are chains of carbon atoms that are bonded together and may contain one or more carbon atoms.

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which of the following factors does not influence the strength of an acid?multiple choice question.the number of h atoms bonded to the atom that loses h the strength of the bond to the atom that loses h stability of the conjugate basethe electronegativity of the atom that loses h

Answers

C: "Stability of the conjugate base"  is a factor that does not influence the strength of an acid.

The strength of an acid is primarily determined by the ease with which it donates a proton (H+) to water, forming hydronium (H3O+) ions. The factors that influence the strength of an acid include:

The number of H atoms bonded to the atom that loses H: The more H atoms bonded to the central atom, the stronger the acid. This is because the bond between the H atom and the central atom becomes more polar, making it easier for the H atom to be donated.The strength of the bond to the atom that loses H: The strength of the bond between the H atom and the central atom also determines the ease with which the H atom can be donated. A weaker bond means that it is easier for the H atom to be released, resulting in a stronger acid.The electronegativity of the atom that loses H: The electronegativity of the central atom determines the polarity of the bond between the H atom and the central atom. A more electronegative central atom will form a more polar bond, making it easier for the H atom to be donated.

However, the stability of the conjugate base (the species formed after the H atom has been donated) does not have a significant effect on the strength of an acid. This is because the stability of the conjugate base is largely determined by the stability of the corresponding anion, which is not directly related to the ability of the acid to donate a proton.

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What is the atomic number of an element that has six protons and eight neutrons?
A. 6 B. 2 C. 8 D. 14

Answers

Answer:

D. 14

Explanation:

This is a Carbon Atom which has an atomic number of 14. 6+8=14

PLZ HELP ASAP

Which would increase the reaction rate?

Check all that apply.

A. Stirring the reaction
B. Raising the activation energy
O C. Adding a catalyst
D. Raising the temperature

Answers

Answer:

adding a catalyst will increase the reaction rate.

Explanation:

im like 95% sure thats right.

Answer:

A. C. D

Explanation:

ap ex

Identify the reagents needed to carry out the following conversion. HCECCH_CH_CH; ?> CH3CCH?CH_CH; A. Hz/Lindlar Pd followed by H2SO4/H2O B. Oz followed by H2O C. H20, HgSO4/H2SO4 D.LiAlH4 followed by H20

Answers

The reagents needed to carry out the conversion of pentene to 2 pentanone is C) H₂O, HgSO₄ / H₂SO₄.

The reagent we used to convert the alkyne to a ketone and contain the same number of carbon . The conversion of 1 - pentyne to pentan-2 -one  is given as follows :

                                         HgSO₄ / H₂SO₄

CH ≡ C - CH₂ - CH₂ - CH₃   ------------->             CH₃ - C - CH₂ - CH₂ - CH₃

1 - pentyne                              H₂O                              ||

                                                                                     O

                                                                                     pentan-2 -one

This reaction is followed by the markownikoff's rule. the reagent used is the mercuric sulfate and the sulfuric acid.

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Generate the heating graph for H2O. Determine the quantity of energy transfer required to heat 1.0g solid H2O from -50 C to the melting point 0C

Answers

The heating graph for H2O is a plot of the temperature versus the amount of heat added or removed, as H2O undergoes phase changes and changes in temperature. It is also known as the heating curve of H2O.

Here is a rough sketch of the heating graph for H2O:

/\
/ \
_____/ \_____
Q

In this graph, the x-axis represents the quantity of heat added or removed (Q), and the y-axis represents the temperature (T). The graph consists of three main regions:

1. Solid region: H2O is in the solid phase, and its temperature is below the melting point (0°C). During this region, the heat added to the H2O is used to increase its temperature, and the slope of the graph is positive but less steep than the liquid region.

2. Melting region: H2O is in the process of melting, and its temperature remains constant at 0°C. During this region, the heat added to the H2O is used to break the intermolecular bonds between the H2O molecules, and the slope of the graph is zero.

3. Liquid region: H2O is in the liquid phase, and its temperature is above the melting point (0°C). During this region, the heat added to the H2O is used to increase its temperature, and the slope of the graph is positive but steeper than the solid region.

To determine the quantity of energy transfer required to heat 1.0g solid H2O from -50°C to the melting point 0°C, we need to calculate the heat required to raise the temperature of the H2O from -50°C to 0°C and the heat required to melt the H2O at 0°C. We can use the following equations:

For the solid region:

Q1 = m * Cp * ΔT

Where Q1 is the heat required, m is the mass of the H2O (1.0g), Cp is the specific heat capacity of ice (2.09 J/g°C), and ΔT is the change in temperature (0°C - (-50°C) = 50°C).

Q1 = 1.0g * 2.09 J/g°C * 50°C = 104.5 J

For the melting region:

Q2 = m * ΔHfus

Where Q2 is the heat required, m is the mass of the H2O (1.0g), and ΔHfus is the enthalpy of fusion of ice (6.01 kJ/mol or 333.6 J/g).

Q2 = 1.0g * 333.6 J/g = 333.6 J

Therefore, the total heat required to heat 1.0g of solid H2O from -50°C to the melting point 0°C is:

Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 = 104.5 J + 333.6 J = 438.1 J

So, 438.1 J of energy transfer is required to heat 1.0g solid H2O from -50°C to the melting point 0°C.

For doping silicon with boron, silicon specimen was kept in gaseous atmosphere containing B2O3 that maintained the B concentration at the surface of Si specimen at the level of 3*10^26 boron atoms/m^3. The process was carried out at 1100 degrees C. The diffusion coefficient of B in Si at 1100 degrees C is 4*10^-13 cm^2/s. Calculate the concentration of B at the depth of 10^-4 cm from the surface after 130 minutes of diffusion at 1100 degrees C

Answers

Solution :

From Fick's law:

\($\frac{D_{AB}}{\Delta z } \times (C_{A1}-C_{A2})=N_a$\)

Mass balance: Exits = Accumulation

\(-N_A A = \frac{dm}{dt}\)

\(-N_A A = \frac{dVp}{dt}\)

\(-N_A A = \frac{dV}{dt}p\)

\(-N_A A = \frac{dhA}{dt}\)

\(-N_A A = \frac{dh}{dt} \times Ap\)

From the last step, area cancels out and thus leaves :

\(-N_A = \frac{dh}{dt} \times p\)

So now we can substitute the \($N_A$\) by the Fick's law

\($\frac{D_{AB}}{\Delta z } \times (C_{A1}-C_{A2})=\frac{dh}{dt} p$\)

Substituting the values we get

\($=\frac{-4 \times 10^{-13}}{0.0001} \times (3 \times 10^{26} - C_{A2}) = \frac{dh}{dt} \times 2.46$\)

\($=-4 \times 10^{-9} \times( 3 \times 10^{26} - C_{A2}) = 0.0001 \times 2.46$\)

\($= -7800 \times 4 \times 10^{-9} \times (3 \times 10^{26}-C_{A2})=0.000246$\)\($=-(3 \times 10^{26}-C_{A2}) = 7.8846 \times 100 \times \frac{1}{69.62} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}$\)

\($C_{A2} = 6.85 \times 10^{28} \ \text{ boron atoms} /m^3$\)

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