hen t or b cells are activated, they proliferate, forming a group of genetically identical cells descending from the original activated cell. what is the name of this group of identical cells? clone hapten memory cells lymphocyte precursors
Answers
Helper T cells stimulate the B cell via the binding of CD40L at the T cell to CD40 on the B cellular, thru interaction of different TNF-TNF-receptor circles of relatives ligand pairs, and by way of the directed release of cytokines.
Helper T cells do now not directly kill inflamed cells, as cytotoxic T cells do instead, they help spark off cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to attack inflamed cells, or they stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies.
Helper T cells no longer immediately kill infected cells, as cytotoxic T cells do. as a substitute they assist activate cytotoxic T cells and macrophages to assault inflamed cells, or they stimulate B cells to secrete antibodies.
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Related Questions
What are the levels of organization within the earth system
Answers
Answer:
Organelles -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs and Organ Systems -> Organisims, Poupulation and Communties -> Ecosystems -> The Biosphere
Explanation:
The level of organization from lower to higher are atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes and biosphere.
What is ecosystem ?An ecosystem is the unit of ecology, a structural and functional unit of where the living organisms dwell with each other and with their surrounding environment and the term was coined by A.G.Tansley, an English botanist, in 1935.
The structure of an ecosystem can be up two types such as Biotic Components and Abiotic Components, both the components are interrelated where the flow energy and components occur throughout the boundaries.
Biotic components belongs to all living components which can be classified into autotrophs, heterotrophs and saprotrophs. Autotrophs are the producers like plants which make food independently by photosynthesis.
The organisms that depend on other organisms for their food called as consumers or heterotrophs, it can be classified into primary consumers, secondary consumers and tertiary consumers.
Primary consumers are herbivores, Secondary consumers get energy from primary consumers can be either carnivores or omnivores. Tertiary consumers get energy from on secondary consumers.
Quaternary consumers prey on tertiary consumers, Decomposers include saprophytes such as fungi and bacteria depend on dead and decaying matter.
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What are the 4 genes in DNA?.
Answers
Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (C) are the four chemical bases genes that make up the code that stores the information in DNA.
Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA of an individual can be found in almost all of their cells. The majority of DNA is found in the cell nucleus (where it is known as nuclear DNA), but there is also a tiny quantity of DNA in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Cellular organelles called mitochondria transform the energy from food into a form that can be utilized by cells.Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (C) are the four chemical bases genes that make up the code that stores the information in DNA (T). More than 99 percent of the 3 billion bases that make up human DNA are the same in every person.
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What causes water to runoff?
A) The sun heats up Earth's surface.
B) Water does not soak into the ground.
C) There is a small amount of precipitation.
Answers
Answer:
B) Water does not soak into the ground
Explanation: A runoff is when the water does not get soaked into the water after any type of perciptation. ex: rain or snow. The water in an runoff is from the water that the land couldn't absorb.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
At the end of a eukaryotic chromosome, the DNA strands end. One of those strands ends with the 3' carbon pointing out. The complimentary strand has the __________ pointing out.
Answers
At the end of a eukaryotic chromosome, the DNA strands end. One of those strands ends with the 3' carbon pointing out. The complimentary strand has the 5' carbon pointing out.
This asymmetrical configuration occurs because DNA strands run in opposite directions. One strand has its nucleotides linked through a 5' to 3' phosphodiester bond, while the other strand runs in the opposite direction with a 3' to 5' phosphodiester bond. This antiparallel arrangement creates a "leading" and "lagging" strand during DNA replication. During DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments, resulting in slight discontinuities.
At the end of the chromosome, the lagging strand has its final Okazaki fragment removed, leaving a single-stranded 3' overhang. The presence of these overhangs at the chromosome ends, known as telomeres, is crucial for maintaining chromosomal stability, preventing degradation, and ensuring accurate replication. Telomeres also play a role in regulating cellular senescence and preventing chromosomal fusion.
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What is the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution of pH5
Answers
In a solution of pH5, the concentration of hydroxide ions will be \(10^{5}\) M.
How is the concentration of hydroxide in a solution calculated?Chemical reactions in a medium are influenced by the concentrations of protons in the medium. The hydrogen potential or pH of an aqueous solution tells us about the molar concentration of dissociated H+ by applying the negative logarithm.
Knowing then the pH of a solution we can calculate the hydrogen concentration of the given solution as follows:
[H+] = \(10^{pH}\)
Also inversely we can know the pH knowing the concentration of hydrogen in a solution:
pH = -log [H+]
Therefore, we can confirm that in a solution of pH5, the concentration of hydroxide ions will be \(10^{5}\) M.
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Which biological property of a pathogen could block the successful design of an effective vaccine? Group of answer choices
Expresses one immunodominant antigen shared amongst all strains
Has high antigenic variation through increased mutation rates
Lack of infrastructure required to transport and store vaccines
Stimulates robust immune memory response
Answers
High antigenic variation through increased mutation rates. The biological property of a pathogen that could block the successful design of an effective vaccine is having a high antigenic variation through increased mutation rates.
Antigenic variation is a biological property of pathogens that involves changes in their antigenic structure, and it could block the successful design of an effective vaccine. Increased mutation rates cause the emergence of new antigenic variants that are different from previously existing ones. This makes it challenging to design a vaccine that targets all the existing antigenic variants, particularly if they are continually emerging or evolving. This means that even if an effective vaccine is intended for a particular variant, it may not be effective against other variants, limiting its efficacy.
Antigenic variation is common in RNA viruses like influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. The influenza virus has a high mutation rate, which explains why people need to get vaccinated annually because the vaccine efficacy reduces due to the emergence of new strains. HIV also undergoes antigenic variation, which makes it challenging to design a vaccine that targets all existing strains.
In conclusion, the high antigenic variation through increased mutation rates is a biological property of pathogens that could block the successful design of an effective vaccine.
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in eukaryotes but not prokaryotesB. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in prokaryotes but not eukaryotesC. All of the processes occur in the same site in the cell for prokaryotes and eukaryotesD. mRNA is processed before translation in prokaryotes but not eukaryotesE. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Answers
Transcription and translation are processes that happens in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but in eukaryotic cells they take place in different sites than in prokaryotic cells. Therefore, C is incorrect.
In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA is extensively processed before it is ready to be translated, not in prokaryotic cells. Therefore, D is incorrect as well.
In eukaryotic cells, transcription and translation are separate processes, transcription takes place in the nucleus and translation takes place in the cytoplasm. In prokaryotic cells, transcription and translation both takes place in the cytoplasm, being a continuous process. Therefore, A is incorrect, E is wrong too and the correct answer is B. Transcription and translation are continuous processes in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes.
Fossil fuels, such as gas, oil, and coal have ____ energy.
Answers
Answer:
A. chemical energy
Explanation:
Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas, and coal are examples of chemical energy.
Members of the group A streptococci (GAS) cause all of the following EXCEPT
A) strep throat.
B) scarlet fever.
C) rheumatic fever.
D) pharyngitis.
E) epiglottitis.
Answers
Members of the group A streptococci (GAS) cause all of the following except (E) epiglottitis.
Streptococci are the gram-positive bacteria that are spherical in structure. They are very common for causing varying types of infections from milt to severe types. The most common site of infection by streptococci is skin and throat.
Epiglottis is a lid like structure is present above the larynx which is movable and prevents the entry of food and water into the windpipe. It is a very common site for infection and swelling. Severe conditions can also cause respiratory failure. The reason for infection can be bacterial or smoking or intake of drugs.
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Short -term stress ____ the number of _____ the body.
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What part of henry’s cochlea may have damaged hair cells? What part of henry’s cochlea may have functional hair cells?
Answers
The henry's may have damaged and functional hair cells of cochlea in organ of corti.
Hearing and the Cochlea:
Sound waves that enter the ear go through the external auditory canal before they strike the eardrum and cause it to vibrate. The incus receives sound vibrations from the malleus, also called "hammer," which is linked to the eardrum, and sends them on to the stapes.The stapes is a framework that moves the oval window in and out. This motion is received by the cochlea, a fluid-filled snail-like structure that houses the organ of Corti, the hearing organ. Small hair cells make up the lining of the cochlea. These cells convert vibrations into electrical impulses that sensory nerves then transmit to the brain. the Corti organ, which has four rows of hair cells. On the left, there is an inner row, and on the right, there are three outside rows. The stapes first sways against the oblong glass. This causes sound waves to travel into the cochlear fluid and move the organ of Corti.Lower frequency sound resonates with fibers towards the cochlea's upper end. Higher frequencies elicit a response from those near the oval window.Learn more about the Structure of ear with the help of the given link:
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An electrocardiogram is a test that doctors use to assess cardiovascular health. The image below shows data given by an electrocardiogram.
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What type of data is recorded by the electrocardiogram?
OA.
the amount of oxygen in the blood
ов.
the electrical activity of the heart
OC. the sound of the heart beating
OD
the force from the heart beating
20 Edmentum. All rights reserved.
Answers
Answer:
The type of data that is recorded by electrocardiogram is the electrical activity of the heart.
Explanation:
The heart functions through a nerve structure —the sinus node, the atrioventricular node and the His-Purkinje system— which determine the functioning of the organ through electrical activity.
The electrocardiogram, or EKG, is a device that records the electrical activity of the heart. This allows us to know any alteration in said activity, such as arrhythmias, interruption of electrical impulses or alteration of the heart's anatomy.
In order for the EKG to be able to record the electrical activity, electrodes must be placed on the limbs and chest, which are the sensors in charge of receiving the information of the heart's electrical activity.
Other options are not correct because:
The amount of oxygen in the blood is measured by using oximeters or blood gas measurement. The sound or the force from the heart beating can be recorded by auscultation with a stethoscope.What is an "asterism?"
A popular group of stars or pattern in the night sky
A star shaped icon on your keyboard
A constellation in the southern hemisphere
A constellation only visible at certain times of the year
Answers
Answer:
An "Asterism" is best defined as: A, A popular group of stars or pattern in the night sky
Explanation:
Essentially, an asterism (a recognizable pattern of stars) is part of a constellation, a larger group of stars that cover a region/area of the sky. For example, the Big Dipper is an asterism that is part of the constellation Ursa Major (aka Great Bear).
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1. explain the differences between the original amino acid sequence in the exercise and the one coded for by the mutated dna/rna.
Answers
The Major difference between them is Normal or regular phenotypes are produced by the original sequences. New phenotypes are produced by mutated sequences.
Proteins are the primary functional subunits of the cell and are biological macromolecules. The carboxyl and amine groups of adjacent amino acids are linked in bonds known as peptide bonds to form proteins. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
A particular mutated sequence may or may not distinguish an original amino acid sequence. The protein will not change if the mutation in the genetic code is just a single base pair that changes the sequence so that it still codes for the same amino acids (many amino acids have multiple codes that can code for them). However, serious changes to the protein's structure and function can frequently be brought about by single base pair mutations.
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how many joules of energy are required to freeze 5 grams of water?
Answers
The specific heat capacity of water is approximately 4.18 joules per gram per degree Celsius, and the heat of fusion of water is approximately 334 joules per gram.
To freeze 5 grams of water, we first need to calculate how much heat energy is required to lower the temperature of the water from room temperature (around 25°C) to the freezing point of water (0°C). This can be calculated using the formula:
Q1 = m * c * ΔT
where Q1 is the heat energy required, m is the mass of the water, c is the specific heat capacity of water, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
Using these values, we get:
Q1 = 5 g * 4.18 J/g°C * (25°C - 0°C)
Q1 = 523.5 J
So, 523.5 joules of energy are required to lower the temperature of 5 grams of water from 25°C to 0°C.
Next, we need to calculate how much heat energy is required to freeze the water. This can be calculated using the formula:
Q2 = m * Hf
where Q2 is the heat energy required, m is the mass of the water, and Hf is the heat of fusion of water.
Using these values, we get:
Q2 = 5 g * 334 J/g
Q2 = 1670 J
So, 1670 joules of energy are required to freeze 5 grams of water.
Adding these two values together, we get the total amount of energy required to freeze 5 grams of water:
Qtotal = Q1 + Q2
Qtotal = 523.5 J + 1670 J
Qtotal = 2193.5 J
Therefore, it requires approximately 2193.5 joules of energy to freeze 5 grams of water.
According to the question, approximately 2192.5 joules of energy are required to freeze 5 grams of water.
The formula for determining the energy is as follows:
Q = m × C × ΔT.where Q is the heat energy required, m is the mass of the water which is 5g, C is the specific heat capacity of water which is 4.18 J/g/°C and ΔT is the change in temperature.
Now, Q = 5 × 4.18 × 25
= 522.5 J.
Now, we require to determine how much heat energy is required to freeze the water. This can be calculated using the formula:
Q = m × Hf
where Q is the heat energy required, m is the mass of the water, and Hf is the heat of the fusion of water.
Q = 5 g * 334 J/g
Q2 = 1670 J
Now, to find the total amount of energy which is required to freeze 5 grams of water:
522.5 J + 1670 J = 2192.5 J.
Therefore, approximately 2193.5 joules of energy are required to freeze 5 grams of water.
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what's the function of mitosis?
Answers
Answer:
Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division). During mitosis one cell? divides once to form two identical cells. The major purpose of mitosis is for growth and to replace worn out cells.
Explanation:
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What type of hazard is hair and fingernails are examples of which hazard?
Answers
Hair and fingernails are examples of which hazard are examples of physical hazard.
Inadequate food handling techniques and/or inadvertent contamination are the main causes of physical hazards. Examples include glass shards, human hair, false nails, nail polish, jewelry bits, metal shavings from used or broken dishes and containers, dirt, stones, and frilled toothpicks.
Fruits and vegetables may have pesticide residue. Typically, cleaning the surface and rinsing with water are enough to get rid of these residues.
The Food and Drug Administration oversees food irradiation, which it classifies as a food additive (FDA). Irradiation is a method that dramatically extends storage life while eradicating pathogenic and spoilage bacteria without sacrificing safety, nutrition, or quality. Generally, irradiation is used to reduce mould and bacterial growth in spices. Dr. Donald Thayer of the USDA Agricultural Research Service believes that irradiation has promise as a remedy for cylospora management in fresh food like raspberries. For the most recent details about irradiation, speak with your nearby Cooperative Extension office.
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Darwin studied two different types of tortoises on the galapagos islands. sort the characteristics based on which tortoise they describe. a. raised shell b. elongated neck c. elevated vegetation d. short neck e. ground-level vegetation
f. curved shells
1. saddleback tortoise
2. domed tortoise
Answers
The tortoises that live in Galapagos have two shapes, different from each other as they had adapted those shapes according to the feeding habits. Whether if it is low and usually arid land or the higher, lusher areas.
There is then two ways to sort these tortoises based on its characteristics:
1) Type 1 characteristics :Curved shells elongated necks regular shells elevated vegetation. They are called the Saddle-back Tortoises. This type has shells that rise in front (like a saddle) which allows them to lift their heads high so they are able to eat plants that way the food is no longerlimited as they expand resources.
1) Type 2 characteristics : Short necks ground-level vegetation. They are known as the Dome-shaped Tortoises.Those kind of tortoises live in areas where there is vegetation in abundance and close to the ground. They don't have long necks because they had not need raise their heads to feed.
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1. Which structure do Urochordates lack as adults?
a) nerve cords
b) gills
c) blood vessels
d) vertebrae
Answers
Answer:
vertebrae
Explanation:
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Lewis is running in a race. His muscles need oxygen. Which best describes how multiple systems interact to bring him into homeostasis?
The circulatory system brings oxygen to the respiratory system, which delivers oxygen to the muscular system.
The respiratory system brings oxygen to the circulatory system, which delivers oxygen to the muscular system.
The respiratory system brings oxygen to the circulatory system, which delivers oxygen to the skeletal system.
The circulatory system brings oxygen to the respiratory system, which delivers oxygen to the skeletal system.
Answers
Answer:
The circulatory stem brings oxygen to the respiratory system, which delivers oxygen to the muscular system.
Explanation: Hope this helps! :)
A researcher is examining a sample of smooth muscle tissue under a microscope. Which of the following would correctly describe what he sees? (2 points)
Short cells with no striations and one nucleus per cell
Long cells with no striations and one nucleus per cell
Long cells with striations and no nuclei
Short cells with striations and no nuclei
Answers
What are some reasons why the control of insect pests is difficult?
Answers
Explanation:
some pesticides make them reproduce faster
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coa is irreversible. Predict what would happen to fatty acids as a result of this.
Answers
The conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA is irreversible. The fatty Acids will not be converted into carbohydrates and the product of this reaction is exergonic.
Why is the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA irreversible?Pyruvate dehydrogenases are cellular energy metabolisms that link glycolysis and amino acids to lipogenesis and citric acids.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) yield an irreversible metabolic step because its under layer, pyruvate is anaplerotic or gluconeogenic, on the contrary acetyl-CoA is not.
This reaction is exergonic because of the formation citrate from Oxaloacetate and Acetyl CoA by citrate synthesis. This reaction releases a total of -31.4kJ/mol energy.
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How does the chemical reactivity of an unstable isotope compare with that of a stable isotope?
Answers
Answer:
The difference between a stable isotope and an unstable isotope
A "stable isotope" is any of two or more forms of an element whos nuclei contains the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. Stable isotopes remain unchanged indefinitely, but "unstable" (radioactive) isotopes undergo spontaneous disintegration.
Explanation:
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which property distinguishes pioneer species from those that arrive later in ecological succession?
Answers
Answer:
B. Ability to grow on hard barren rock
Explanation:
Which feature is created by deposition from rivers
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The answer is meanders
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Answer:
The person is right
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write short note on IVF
Answers
Answer:
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a type of assistive reproductive technology (ART). It involves retrieving eggs from a woman's ovaries and fertilizing them with sperm. This fertilized egg is known as an embryo. The embryo can then be frozen for storage or transferred to a woman's uterus.
Answer:
IVF YOU MEAN 4 F?????????
HELP QUICKLY PLEASE! What would happen to chemical reaction rates if the active sites on every enzyme had the same shape?
Answers
Answer: It would increase
Explanation:
It increases happen to chemical reaction rates if the active sites on every enzyme had the same shape.
What is Enzyme?Proteins called enzymes assist our bodies' chemical reactions move forward more quickly. For several processes, including digestion and liver function, enzymes are crucial.
Health issues might result from having too much or too little of a specific enzyme. Healthcare professionals can also use the enzymes in our blood to look for injuries and illnesses.
Proteins called enzymes aid in accelerating our bodies' chemical reactions, or metabolism. Some compounds are created, while others are broken down. Enzymes are a part of all living things.
Therefore, It increases happen to chemical reaction rates if the active sites on every enzyme had the same shape.
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Newborn infants were given either smooth or knobby pacifiers to suck. They were later allowed to look at both types of pacifiers. They looked longer at the type of pacifier they had previously sucked. This finding indicates that newborn infants have ______________.
Answers
Answer:
intermodal perception 10000% SURE
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A population of wild turkeys lives in a forest ecosystem. The population’s size is near the carrying capacity of its environment.
Which of the following best describes the forest ecosystem’s carrying capacity for the wild turkey population?
Choose 1 answer:
Choose 1 answer: