Consider the following two-dimensional velocity field V = (u,v)
u = 3x+c1y
v= x + c2y
Where c1 and c2 are coffients.
Required:
a. Determine all stagnation points.
b. Determine the coefficients C1, C2 such that the flow is a potential flow.
c. For the values of the coefficients calculated at point (b), determine the expression of the stream function.
d. For the values of the coefficients calculated at point (b), considering a temperature field T = 2x + 3y, determine the value of (v.v)T at the point (x,y) = (1,2)
Answers
Answer:
a) C1 = 3C2
b) C1 = 1 , C2 = -3
c) \(w = \frac{-x^2}{2} + \frac{y^2}{2} + 3xy + C\)
d) (v.v)T = 0
Explanation:
u = 3x + C1y
v = x + C2y
A) determining all stagnation points
At The stagnation points : u = 0, v = 0
for all values of C1 and C2 , C1 = 3C2
B) The coefficients of C1 and C2 so that the flow is potential
C1 = 1 , C2 = -3
C) Determine the expression of the stream function
\(w = \frac{-x^2}{2} +\frac{y^2}{2} +3xy+ C\)
D) The value of (v.v)T at the point (x,y) = (1,2)
(v.v)T = 0
Attached is the detailed solution
Related Questions
a pediatrician would use this instrument for viewing the interior of the eye
Answers
A pediatrician would use an ophthalmoscope for viewing the interior of the eyes.
Ophthalmoscope is an instrument used by pediatricians and other physicians to examine the interior of the eye.
The ophthalmoscope, an important diagnostic tool in ophthalmology, enables doctors to view the retina, optic disc, macula, and other parts of the eye in detail.
The ophthalmoscope is designed to allow physicians to view the interior of the eye through the pupil. With the help of an ophthalmoscope, doctors can diagnose and monitor a variety of eye disorders, such as glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration.
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A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating babies, toddlers, and children up to the age of 18. Pediatricians are well-equipped to diagnose, treat, and illnesses. Because they deal with such young patients, pediatricians must have access to a variety of specialized medical instruments,
One such instrument is an ophthalmoscope. An ophthalmoscope is a handheld instrument that is used to view the interior of the eye. It allows doctors to examine the retina, optic disc, and other structures of the eye to identify any signs of damage or disease.
Pediatricians might use an ophthalmoscope to diagnose a variety of eye conditions in children. For example, they might use it to look for signs of strabismus (a misalignment of the eyes), cataracts (cloudy areas on the lens of the eye), or glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye that can damage the optic nerve)
In addition to an ophthalmoscope, they might also use other specialized instruments to examine different parts of the eye.
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What time ----–- the train arrve?
Answers
In which model of the system, the change in order is generated depending on the system activities. *
Static Model
Dynamic Model
Analytical Model
Numerical Model
Answers
Answer:
Static Model
Explanation:
It is desired to enrich the partial pressure of hydrogen in a hydrogen–nitrogen gas mixture for which the partial pressures of both gases are 0.1013 MPa (1 atm). It has been proposed to accomplish this by passing both gases through a thin sheet of some metal at an elevated temperature; in as much as hydrogen diffuses through the plate at a higher rate than does nitrogen, the partial pressure of hydrogen will be higher on the exit side of the sheet. The design calls for partial pressures of 0.051 MPa (0.5 atm) and 0.01013 MPa (0.1 atm), respectively, for hydrogen and nitrogen. The concentrations of hydrogen and nitrogen (CHC
H and CNC N , in mol/m3mol/m
3 ) in this metal are functions of gas partial pressures (pH2 and pN2p
H 2 and p N , in MPa) and absolute temperature and are given by the following expressions:
CH=2.5×103√pH2exp(−27,800J/mol/RT)
CN=2.75×103√pN2exp(−37,600J/mol/RT )
Furthermore, the diffusion coefficients for the diffusion of these gases in this metal are functions of the absolute temperature, as follows:
DH(m2/s)=1.4×10−7exp(−13,400J/mol/RT)
DN(m2/s)=3.0×10−7exp(−76,150J/mol/RT)
Is it possible to purify hydrogen gas in this manner? If so, specify a temperature at which the process may be carried out, and also the thickness of metal sheet that would be required. If this procedure is not possible, then state the reason(s) why.
Answers
Answer:
T = 3460 K
Explanation:
See attachment for calculation.
Since the temperature we have is above the melting point of the metal, then we can conclude that it is too high for the diffusion process to be possible.
what could happen if the engine was uncowled during the starting and operating procedures
Answers
If an engine fails during rollout or just before takeoff, immediately shut both throttles and land the aircraft safely. Before reaching a safe single engine speed right away after takeoff, drop your nose to increase velocity.
What is the engine starting procedure?Closing the throttle, turning off the fuel pump, setting the mixture control to idle cutoff, and simply cranking the engine is the most reliable hot start method I've found.
What is the procedure for engine failure?If an engine fails during rollout or just before takeoff, immediately shut both throttles and land the aircraft safely. Before reaching a safe single engine speed right away after takeoff, drop your nose to increase velocity. If you are unable to climb, close both throttles and land straight ahead.
What happens if engine fails during take off?The typical practice for the majority of aircraft would be to abandon takeoff if an engine failed during takeoff. In small aircraft, the pilot should turn the throttles down to idle, activate the speed brakes (if provided), and apply the brakes as needed if the engine fails before VR (Rotation Speed).
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The coaster moves up the first hill by a long ____________.
Select one:
a.
chain
b.
rope
c.
belt
Answers
Answer:
B.) rope
Explanation:
hopes this help
water "bubbles up" h2 = 9 in. above the exit of the vertical pipe attached to three horizontal pipe segments. The total length of the 1.75-in.- diameter galvanized iron pipe between point (1) and the exit is 21 inches. Determine the pressure needed at point (1) to produce this flow.
Assume h3 = 18 in.
Answers
The pressure needed at point (1) to produce the flow where water "bubbles up above the exit of the vertical pipe attached to three horizontal pipe segments is 0.750 psi.
What is Bernoulli's equation?The Bernoulli's equation for incompressible fluid can be given as,
\(P_1+\dfrac{1}{2}\rho v_1^2+\rho gh_1=P_2+\dfrac{1}{2}\rho v_2^2+\rho gh_2\)
Here, ρ is density of fluid, g is acceleration due to gravity, (P) is the pressure v is velocity, h is height of elevation and subscript (1 and 2) is used for point 1 and 2.
Water "bubbles up" h2 = 9 in. Above the exit of the vertical pipe attached to three horizontal pipe segments.
The total length of the 1.75-in.- diameter galvanized iron pipe between point (1) and the exit is 21 inches. h3 = 18 in.
Reynolds number is,
\(R_e=\dfrac{V_3D}{v}\\R_e=\dfrac{4.01\dfrac{0.75}{12}}{1.21\times10^{-15}}\\R_e=2.07\times10^4\)
The formula for the ratio of pressure to radius, when pressure and velocity at point 2 is zero can be given as,
\(\dfrac{p_1}{r}=z_2\left(f\dfrac{l}{d}+\sum k_L\right)\dfrac{v^2}{2g}-\dfrac{v_1^2}{2g}\)
Here, f=0.039 and ∑K(L)=4.5. Put the values,
\(\dfrac{p_1}{r}=\dfrac{7}{12}\left(0.03\dfrac{21}{0.75}+4.5-1\right)\dfrac{4.01^2}{2\times32.2}\\\dfrac{p_1}{r}=1.73\rm\; ft\)
Put the value of r we get,
\(p_1=62.4\times1.73\\p_1=108\rm\; ib/ft^2\\p_1=0.750\rm\; psi\)
The pressure needed at point (1) to produce the flow where water "bubbles up above the exit of the vertical pipe attached to three horizontal pipe segments is 0.750 psi.
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Create a program that, using one of the popular symmetric ciphers (for example, AES or 3-DES), first encrypts a long string or a large number (say, 10 characters or 10 numeric digits), writes the result to a file, then retrieves the ciphertext from the file and decrypts it. (If you are encrypting a number, it must be randomly generated).
You can use any version of Python convenient for you. Use the appropriate library of tools for symmetric encryption (if necessary, find such a library and install it) – learn how to use the tools in this library.
Answers
To create a program that uses symmetric ciphers for encryption and decryption, you can utilize popular libraries like PyCrypto or cryptography in Python.
You can use a cipher algorithm like AES or 3-DES to encrypt a long string or a large number of up to 10 characters or digits. When encrypting a number, you should ensure it is randomly generated to ensure maximum security. After encrypting the input data, you can write the resulting ciphertext to a file. To decrypt the data, you would retrieve the ciphertext from the file and use the same cipher algorithm with the decryption key to decode the data. In conclusion, using a popular symmetric cipher algorithm and libraries, you can create a program that encrypts and decrypts data effectively. The program should generate a random number when encrypting data, write the result to a file, and retrieve the ciphertext to decrypt it later. With these steps, you can ensure maximum security of your data.
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What is commonly used to pressurize an air conditioning system for the purpose of leak detection?
Answers
The commonly used method to pressurize an air conditioning system for leak detection is the nitrogen pressure test. This involves introducing nitrogen gas into the system to increase the pressure. Here's how it works:
1. First, ensure that the air conditioning system is properly evacuated and no refrigerant is present.
2. Connect a nitrogen cylinder to the system using a pressure regulator and a hose.
3. Open the cylinder valve and adjust the pressure regulator to the desired pressure, usually between 100 and 150 psi.
4. Close the service valves of the air conditioning system to isolate it from the rest of the system.
5. Use a pressure gauge to monitor and maintain the desired pressure.
6. Inspect the entire system, including joints, connections, and components, for any signs of leaks.
7. If a leak is detected, use leak detection tools like ultrasonic detectors or soap bubbles to pinpoint the exact location.
8. Once the leak is fixed, release the pressure from the system and proceed with the necessary repairs or maintenance.
Remember, it's important to follow the manufacturer's instructions and safety guidelines when performing a nitrogen pressure test or any other procedures related to air conditioning systems.
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conveyor belt is used to send burgers through a grilling machine. part a if the grilling machine is 1.1 mm long and the burgers require 2.6 minmin to cook, how fast must the conveyor belt travel? express your answer using two significant figures.
Answers
The grilling device is 1.1 metres long.
What is grilling?
The process of grilling involves applying dry heat to the food's surface, usually from the top, bottom, or side. Grilling is frequently used to quickly cook meat and vegetables and typically uses a significant amount of direct, radiant heat. Cast iron frying pans or grill pans are used to cook food that will be grilled. When using a grill, thermal radiation accounts for the majority of the heat transfer to the food. When using a grill pan or griddle, heat is transferred through direct conduction.
The hamburger is cooked in 2.6 minutes, or 156 seconds.
Therefore, the machine's speed should be such that it requires cooking till it passes the machine.
The machine's total length traversed in one minute is currently provided byv = d/tv = 1.1/2.6minsv = 0.00423m/s
Consequently, the belt should move at a speed of 0.00423m/s
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models have features which make them useful to scientific inquiry. from the list below, select all relevant features that a model might have.
Answers
Relevant features that a model might have to be useful in scientific inquiry include accuracy, simplicity, generalizability, explanatory power, predictive ability, flexibility, interpretability, and computational efficiency.
In scientific inquiry, models play a crucial role in representing and understanding complex phenomena. Several features make a model useful in this context. Firstly, accuracy is essential, as the model should accurately reflect the underlying reality or data it aims to represent. Secondly, simplicity is valuable as it allows for easier comprehension and analysis of the model's structure and assumptions. Generalizability is another relevant feature, indicating the model's ability to apply its findings to broader contexts or new datasets. Furthermore, a model's explanatory power is important, as it helps scientists understand the underlying mechanisms and relationships within a system.
Predictive ability is another key feature, as models that can effectively forecast future outcomes or behavior contribute to scientific understanding and decision-making. Flexibility is relevant because models that can adapt to changing conditions or incorporate new data provide researchers with more robust and up-to-date insights. Interpretability is another crucial aspect, enabling scientists to understand and communicate the meaning and implications of the model's outputs. Lastly, computational efficiency is valuable, as it allows for faster analysis and exploration of different scenarios or parameter settings, enhancing the model's utility for scientific inquiry.
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A closed thermodynamic cycle consists of two isobaric and two isochoric processes. The processes operate between 0.43 MPa and 4.3 MPa and 0.28 m3 and 2.9 m3. Determine the total work (with appropriate sign) for one complete cycle, when the cycle operates in the clockwise direction. Provide your result in MJ.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
For first isobaric process (expansion with constant pressure):
\(W_{1}=P_{1}(V_{2}-V_{1})=(0.43\times 10^{6})(2.9-0.28)=1.1266 \times 10^{6} J=1.1266 MJ(+) (Expansion)\)
Now, for the first isochoric: \(W_{2}=0\), and \(Q_{2}=\Delta U=U_{3}-U_{2}\)
For the second isobaric process (compression with constant pressure):
\(W_{3}=P_{2}(V_{1}-V_{2})=(4.3\times 10^{6})(0.28-2.9) =-11.266\times 10^{6}J=-11.266 MJ (Compression)\)
For the last isochoric: \(W_{4}=0, Q_{4}=\Delta U=U_{4}-U_{3}\)
So, the total work per cycle: \(W=W_{1}+W_{2}+W_{3}+W_{4}=1.1266+0-11.266+0=-10.1394 MJ\)
describe the characteristic appearance of a fatigue failure. what macroscopic and macroscopic evidence are there for the fatigue failure mode chegg
Answers
Fatigue failure is characterized by several distinctive features. On a macroscopic level, the primary evidence is the presence of multiple, small cracks that initiate and propagate gradually over time.
How do the cracks form?These cracks typically form at the surface of the material and extend inward. Additionally, the fractured surface exhibits a granular or rough appearance, often with a distinctive pattern of concentric circles or ridges known as beach marks.
Microscopically, the material's fracture surface displays features like striations, which are fine lines that indicate the progressive growth of cracks. These macroscopic and microscopic characteristics serve as key indicators of fatigue failure in materials.
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According to the article, what is one reason why commercial carmakers aim to develop driverless technology?
Answers
Incomplete question. However, I inferred you referring to the online article "How automakers can survive the self-driving era."
Explanation:
According to the article, as a result of the perceived demand for autonomous cars in the next few years, this has led to a heightened desire among commercial carmakers to develop driverless technology.
For example, carmakers such as Audi, Toyota have stated projections about the commercial availability of driverless cars.
Write an
algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length in feet to
centimeter
Answers
Answer:
blah blah blah sh ut up read learn
i need the solution
Answers
Answer:
Isn't the answer written upside down in the sentence?
Explanation:
Determine the slopes and deflections at points B and C for the beam shown below by the moment-area method. E=constant=70Gpa I=500 (10^6)mm^4
Answers
Answer:
hello your question is incomplete attached below is the complete question
answer :
Slopes : B = 180 mm , C = 373 mm
Deflection: B = 0.0514 rad , C = 0.077 rad
Explanation:
Given data :
I = 500(10^6) mm^4
E = 70 GPa
The M / EI diagram is attached below
Deflection angle at B
∅B = ∅BA = [ 150 (6) + 1/2 (300)*6 ] / EI
= 1800 / ( 500 * 70 ) = 0.0514 rad
slope at B
ΔB = ΔBA = [ 150(6)*3 + 1/2 (300)*6*4 ] / EI
= 6300 / ( 500 * 70 ) = 0.18 m = 180 mm
Deflection angle at C
∅C = ∅CA = [ 1800 + 300*3 ] / EI
= 2700 / ( 500 * 70 )
= 2700 / 35000 = 0.077 rad
Slope at C
ΔC = [ 150 * 6 * 6 + 1/2 (800)*6*7 + 300(3) *1.5 ]
= 13050 / 35000 = 373 mm
A cold-worked yield strength in excess of 350 MPa and a ductility of at least 20%EL are desired. Furthermore, the final diameter must be 11.3 mm. Explain h
Answers
A parallel helical gearset consists of a 19-tooth pinion driving a 57-tooth gear. The pinion has a left-hand helix angle of 30°, a normal pressure angle of 20°, and a normal module of 2.5 mm.
Find:_______.
(a) The normal, transverse, and axial circular pitches
(b) The transverse diametral pitch and the transverse pressure angle
(c) The addendum, dedendum, and pitch diameter of each gear
Answers
Answer:
a)
normal circular pitch = 7.8539 mm
transverse circular pitch = 9.0689 mm
axial circular pitches = 15.7077
b)
transverse diametral pitch is 0.3464 teeth/mm
transverse pressure angle is 22.8°
c)
Addendum = 2.5 mm
dedendum = 3.125 mm
pinion diameter = 54.8482 mm and Gear diameter = 164.5448 mm
Explanation:
Given that;
module m = 2.5 mm
Number of teeth on Gear nG = 57 TEETH
Number of teeth on Pinion nP = 19 TEETH
Helix angle W = 30°
Normal Pressure angle β = 20°
finding the circular pitch
Pc = πm
we substitute
Pc = π * 2.5 mm = 7.8539 mm
now the diametral pitch p = π / Pc
= π / 7.8539
= 0.4 teeth/mm
a)
So the normal circular pitch
Pn = π / P
Pn = π / 0.4
Pn = 7.8539 mm
the transverse circular pitch
Pt = Pn / cosW
Pt = 7.8539 / cos30°
Pt = 9.0689 mm
for axial circular pitches
Px = Pt / tanW
Px = 9.0689 / tan30°
Px = 15.7077
b)
The transverse diametral pitch and the transverse pressure angle.
The transverse diametral pitch Pt = PcosW
= 0.4 * cos30°
= 0.3464 teeth/mm
transverse diametral pitch is 0.3464 teeth/mm
transverse pressure angle β1 = tan^-1 ( tan βn / cos W)
= tan^-1 ( tan20° / cos 30°)
= tan^-1 ( 0.42027 )
β1 = 22.8°
transverse pressure angle is 22.8°
c)
The addendum, dedendum, and pitch diameter of each gear
Now from table standard Tooth proportions for Helical Gears;
Addendum a = 1/p
= 1 / 0.4
= 2.5 mm
dedendum b = 1.25 / p
= 1.25 / 0.4
= 3.125 mm
now pinion diameter dP = Np / PcosW
= 19 / 0.4 (cos30°)
= 54.8482 mm
Gear diameter dG = nG / pcosW
= 57 / 0.4 (cos30°)
= 164.5448 mm
When driving a commercial motor vehicle safely, it is recommended that you leave at
least one second between your vehicle and the vehicle you are following for each
feet of your vehicle's length.
Answers
Answer:
If you are driving below 40 mph, you should leave at least one second for every 10 feet of vehicle length.
Manual transmission has a driver-operated clutch and a movable gear selector. In manual transmission, the gears are engaged .....................
Answers
In the case above about manual transmission, the gears are engaged manually.
What is manual transmission?The Definition of the term manual transmission is regarded as a kind of a system where there is the changing gears in a manual way.
Hence, In the case above about manual transmission, the gears are engaged manually is correct.
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effects of salinity water on alfalfa
Answers
Using Table 11.4 as an example, create two alternative access plans. Use the following assumptions:
a. There are 8,000 employees.
b. There are 4,150 female employees.
c. There are 370 employees in area code 615.
d. There are 190 female employees in area code 615.
Answers
Ch11 Optimizing Query Performance and Database Performance 34420 Make two different access strategies using Table 11.4 as an example. Table P11.20 displays the two access plans.
Comparing Access Plans and I/O Costs in Table P11.20 PlanStepOperationI/OOperations Cost-Based I/O Total Set Rows I/OCostAA1 whole table scan Only rows with V STATE='TN'10,00010,00011310,000AA2 are selected by VENDORS. Operation 11311311310, 113BB1Index of SORT Access by RowIDVENDOR113113113226BB3 for Scan Range of VEND NDX1113113113113BB2 Operation 113113113339 of SORT The DBMS employs a full table scan of VENDOR in Plan A. To sort the output by vendor name, the SORT procedure is used. To obtain the VENDOR RowIDs in Plan B, the DBMS employs an Index Scan Range of the VEND NDX1 index. The DBMS then utilises the RowIDs to obtain the EMPLOYEE rows. The DBMS then orders the result set by V NAME.
A database is a collection of data that has been organised to make it simple to maintain and update. Data records or files containing information, such as sales transactions, customer data, financials, and product information, are often stored in computer databases.
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Reciprocating compressors are capable of capacity control through
A. air-side economizers
B. cylinder unloading
C. purge unit operation
D. venting
Answers
The correct answer is B. cylinder unloading. Reciprocating compressors, also known as piston compressors, can control their capacity through cylinder unloading.
This means that the compressor can adjust its output by selectively activating or deactivating cylinders in the compressor. By unloading certain cylinders, the compressor can reduce its capacity and adjust to the desired output. This allows for more precise control over the compression process and helps optimize energy efficiency and performance.
Air-side economizers, purge unit operation, and venting are not directly related to capacity control in reciprocating compressors. Air-side economizers are used in HVAC systems to provide cooling by using outside air when ambient conditions permit. Purge unit operation refers to the removal of impurities or unwanted substances from a system. Venting is the process of releasing gases or fluids from a system.
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What is a flat bottom boat called?
Answers
Punts, originally used as freight and angling boats, are shallow-water craft with a flat bottom and a square-cut bow.
A flat-bottomed hull is what?Flat-bottomed hulls are made to float on the water's surface while moving very little. Due to the absence of resistance, flat-bottomed boats can travel pretty quickly, but if the sea is rough at all, the hulls will pound into each swell, making for an extremely unpleasant ride.
Is the bottom of a bass boat flat?Bass boat and flats boats are both stable, and whose hulls are made for a shallow draft; as a result, they are typically more flat than that of the wider hulls of boats built to cruise offshore, in choppy seas.
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Is a 10 foot ladder long enough to safely reach a landing that is 9 feet above the adjacent floor
Answers
Answer:
Definitely not
Explanation:
You should have 1-2 feet of extra ladder on a flat surface so 1 foot on an adjacent floor is a no no
Anyone got a pc that can run 240 fps? Around like 1,300 dollars that can run 240 fps on fortnite whoever answers and gives me a good pc I will give brainliest
Answers
Answer:
What do u need it for just gaming or for streaming and other things
environmentalists oppose the mining of antarctic mineral resources because
a) territorial claims to Antarctica are unresolved
b) the existence of valuable mineral deposits in the antarctic environment is unlikely
c) the antarctic environment is fragile and extremely vulnerable to the disturbances that would accompany development
d) currently known world reserves of important metals and oils are considered inexhaustible
Answers
The ecosystem in Antarctica is delicate and highly susceptible to changes brought on by development. Environmentalists are primarily opposed to mining Antarctic mineral resources.
Why do environmentalists oppose mining for minerals in Antarctica?With the industrialization of more countries around the world, the demand for minerals is predicted to decrease. The Antarctic ecology is delicate and highly susceptible to disturbance brought on by industrialization.
What danger does mining pose to Antarctica?The weather, ice, and isolation of Antarctica from any industrialised areas make mineral mining very risky and expensive. The icebergs that drift around the continent frequently plough billion (or trillion) tonne ploughs into the ocean floor.
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What's the difference between a scale and a scale drawing?
Answers
scale is used to make a scale drawing. every scale drawing has it's sclae written for proper interpreatation
What is a scale?
A Scale is the ratio of a sketched model and the actual measuremnts while a scale drawing is a sketched model that was carefully made such that every measurement in the sketch could be represented to the site or actual mearuement through the scale with very little or no error
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To make a scale drawing, scale is used. For correct interpretation, every scale drawing has its own scale inscribed on it.
What exactly is a scale?A scale drawing is a sketched model that has been meticulously prepared so that every measurement in the sketch may be conveyed to the site or actual measurement through the scale with very little or no mistake.
A weighing apparatus or equipment with two pans of equal weight hung from its ends —usually used in the plural, either pan or tray of a balance scale.
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Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response?
Question 5 options:
a) repeated pairing of minor electric shock followed by immune enhancing drug
b) repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a puff of air into the eye
c) repeated pairing of lemonade with the immune enhancing drug
d) repeated pairing of immune enhancing drug followed by a tone
Answers
Option c is accurate. The most likely cause of this reaction is regular consumption of lemonade combined with immune-boosting medication.
Our immune-boosting are negatively impacted by a poor diet high in saturated fats, sugar, and salt, drinking alcohol and smoking, exercising too much or too little, not washing your hands properly, stress, and not having fun and relaxing enough. Smoking, drinking, and eating poorly can all impair your immune system. Classical conditioning is the process of learning that takes place when a neutral stimulus, like a tone, starts to be linked to a stimulus that naturally produces a behavior, like food. The formerly neutral stimulus is now sufficient to cause the behavior after the association has been learned. During the conditioning phase, neutral and unconditioned stimuli are frequently paired. The conditioned stimulus eventually replaces the neutral stimulus.
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