arrange these four layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall with the innermost layer (the layer next to the lumen) at the top, followed by each outer layer. instructions choice 1 of 4. muscularis toggle button muscularis choice 2 of 4. mucosa toggle button mucosa choice 3 of 4. serosa toggle button serosa choice 4 of 4. submucosa toggle button submucosa

Answer:

It can clog water intakes, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.

Explanation:

This causes overstimulation in growth of aquatic plants and algae.

Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons are three types of neurons that make up the nervous system.

Sensory neurons: Sensory neurons are responsible for detecting stimuli, such as light, sound, touch, or temperature, and transmitting this information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).

These neurons have specialized receptors on their dendrites that respond to specific types of stimuli. For example, photoreceptor cells in the eye respond to light, while mechanoreceptor cells in the skin respond to touch and pressure.

Interneurons: Interneurons are located within the CNS and are responsible for processing and integrating information received from sensory neurons. They receive signals from sensory neurons and other interneurons, and then transmit this information to motor neurons or other interneurons.

Interneurons play a key role in the complex processing of information that occurs within the CNS, including memory, learning, and decision-making.

Motor neurons: Motor neurons are responsible for transmitting signals from the CNS to muscles or glands, resulting in movement or secretion. They receive input from sensory neurons and interneurons and then produce a response, such as contracting a muscle or secreting a hormone.

Motor neurons are classified into two types: somatic motor neurons, which control skeletal muscle movements, and autonomic motor neurons, which control involuntary responses, such as heart rate and digestion.

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1. Animals depend on plants to keep them alive is Plants are producers  they take energy from the sun, nutrients from the earth, and water to grow and have their flowers, seeds, and berries.

They also release oxygen, which all animals, including humans, need to stay. Animals are consumers and they all depend on plants for survival.

2. carbon dioxide and water reach the chloroplasts in leaves is Basically the roots consume the water and transports it up the xylem, which gets it to the leaves. Carbon dioxide contacts the chloroplasts in the leaves via a stomata

3. Two pieces of evidence that show that plants cannot make their own food without light. When plants lack light, they don't deliver chlorophyll (the green pigment in plants), and plants can turn pale green to yellow to white. Plant stems become “leggy,” meaning stems become long and thin and appear to be advancing toward the source of light.

The existence of starch in leaves can be tested by the Iodine test. When we remove chlorophyll from the leaf by cooking it in alcohol and then placing two drops of iodine solution, it is a color change to blue indicates the existence of starch.

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The niche available after extinction can lead to speciation because there would be an imbalance, making resources formerly occupied by extinct fishes vacant, providing the emergence of new species to take the place of the extinct species.

Speciation can be understood as processes that lead to the formation of new species. They occur due to differences in the genome of different populations of the same species that caused reproductive isolation and, consequently, the appearance of two different species.

With this information, we can conclude that Speciation is the process of formation of new species from lineage separation events from preexisting species.

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Answer:

you didn't post a picture of the question

Answer:

(1) topoisomerase I un-supercoils the DNA in the cytoplasm  

(2) single stranded binding proteins bind to the separated DNA to keep it from reforming the hydrogen bonds while it is being replicated    

(3) the RNA polymerase "primase" lays down a short stretch of RNA (RNA primer)    

(4) DNA polymerase III starts adding new nucleotides to the 3’ ends of the RNA primer on both the leading and lagging strands      

(5) Once the entire chromosome has been copied DNA polymerase I removes the RNA primers and replaces them with deoxyribonucleotides.  DNA polymerase I has exonuclease activity in the 5’ – 3’ direction, so it can remove and then replace nucleotides as it moves down the piece of DNA.    

(6) DNA ligase comes in to hook together any gaps in the nucleotides so that the newly synthesized DNA is one continuous strand and catalyzes the connection between the 5’ phosphate group and 3’ hydroxyl group  

(7) The nitrogenous bases reform hydrogen bonds to "re-zip" and then DNA gyrase helps the supercoils to reform.

Explanation:

See my comment

d. Differential gene expression affects the developmental process in animals.

g. Positional information controls pattern formation.

b. Homeotic genes code for transcription factors that control the development of segment-specific body parts.

c. Cells receive molecular signals that communicate their position in relation to other cells.

Pattern formation is the development of a multicellular organism's arrangement of tissues and organs. Cells receive molecular signals, collectively called positional information, that inform the cells about their location in relation to other cells and to the body axes. Positional information regulates pattern formation.

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Answer:

1. The six steps of research

These include identifying the area of study, choosing the topic, formulating a research plan, collecting and then analysing the data and then finally writing up the study.

2. A research proposal describes what the researcher intends to do in his research study and is written before the collection and analysis of data. A research report describes the whole research study and is submitted after the competition of the whole research project.

Explanation:

No explanation correct me if im wrong? pa brainlest tysm !:)

The reason why the crow is black can be traced to the presence of melanin pigments poduced by cells known as melanocytes.

The reason that explains why the corw's back is black is the presence of melanin pigments produed by the cells in their skin, hair, and feather. In humans, these pigments are also responsible for the balck color of individuals.

The amount of melanin produced by the body can determine how dark a peron or animal appears. So, melanin os the causative factor for blackness.

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The polarity of water molecules is crucial to the formation and stability of cell membranes. Without this polarity, water would not be able to form hydrogen bonds, interact with polar molecules, or form stable cell membranes .

Water molecules are composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, and they have a slight negative charge on one end and a slight positive charge on the other.

This arrangement is due to the unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms, with the oxygen atom having a stronger pull on the electrons than the hydrogen atoms. This phenomenon is called polarity, and it is crucial to the unique properties of water.

First, water molecules would not be able to form hydrogen bonds with each other, which are crucial for many of water's unique properties. Hydrogen bonds occur between the positive and negative ends of different water molecules and give water its high boiling point, high surface tension, and the ability to dissolve many substances.

Furthermore, the polarity of water molecules is crucial to the formation and stability of cell membranes. The hydrophilic, or water-loving, heads of phospholipids are attracted to the polar water molecules, while the hydrophobic, or water-fearing, tails face away from the water.

In summary, the polarity of water molecules is crucial to many of its unique properties and is essential to many biological processes. Without this polarity, water would not be able to form hydrogen bonds, interact with polar molecules, or form stable cell membranes.

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Answer:

Explanation:

To solve this problem, let's represent the heterozygous yellow-seeded plant as "Yy" and the homozygous yellow-seeded plant as "YY."

i. When crossing a heterozygous yellow-seeded plant (Yy) with a homozygous yellow-seeded plant (YY), we can set up a Punnett square to determine the possible offspring genotypes:

    Y     Y

y   Yy  Yy

y   YY  YY

ii. The genotypic ratio is 2:2 or 1:1 for the possible offspring genotypes: Yy and YY.

The phenotypic ratio is also 2:2 or 1:1 for the possible offspring phenotypes: yellow-seeded (YY and Yy).

Question 2:

To determine the probability of specific outcomes, we need additional information about the parental genotypes and their inheritance patterns. Please provide the genotypes of the true breeder from F1 and the non-true breeding yellow-seeded plant for a more accurate calculation.

Answer:

Number of albino cockroaches = 486 cockroaches

Explanation:

Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and that albinism is recessive, the Hardy-Weinberg equation is used to determine the frequencies ofnthe different alleles in the population

According to the Hardy-Weinberg equation : p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Also p + q = 1

Where p² is the frequency of cockroaches having similar alleles for the dominant trait;

2pq is the frequency of individuals with the heterozygous allele, while q² is the frequency of the individuals having similar allele the recessive trait, albinism.

q² = 24/666

q² = 0.036

Since, the frequency of albinism in the population 0.036, number of individuals with the recessive allele, that is albino cockroaches in the next generation is obtained by multiplying the frequency with the number of individuals in the next generation.

Number of albino cockroaches = 0.036 × 13485

Number of albino cockroaches = 486 cockroaches

Answer:

If the gamete will get either G or g, the probability will be 1/2 of getting G.

Explanation:

all question 3 answer is that. Because all 3 of question are same. only repeated three times

In a parent pea plant with the allele pair Gg, the probability that one gamete will contain the G allele is 0.5. This is because there are two possible outcomes in which one must definitely fall. So, it is 1/2.

Alleles may be characterized as the alternative form or versions of a gene that are responsible for particular traits in living organisms. They carry a code of genetic sequences within generations.

In a parent pea plant with the allele pair GG, the probability that the gamete will contain the g allele is zero. This is because there is no presence of allele g that can be determined within any gametes. So, it is not possible to get g in the pair allele of GG.

In a parent pea plant with the allele pair gg, the probability that one gamete will contain the g allele is 1 or 100%. This is because both carry g alleles. So, the probability is 100%.

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Answer:

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have structures in common. All cells have a plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and DNA. The plasma membrane, or cell membrane, is the phospholipid layer that surrounds the cell and protects it from the outside environment.

Explanation:

i hope this helps you

When a person breathes in, the diaphragm contracts and the lungs expand, creating a vacuum that draws air into the lungs. The air is then circulated through the lungs, where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released.

The diaphragm is a vital muscle in inhaling (breath-in) and exhaling, separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves down. This increases the space in the chest cavity, which causes the lungs to expand. The lungs are elastic, so they expand when the space around them increases.

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Answer:

Rotifera- Microscopic animals with distinct head, neck, trunk, and foot

Bryozoa- Have a lophophore for feeding

Arthropoda- Have jointed appendages

Playthelminthes- Vibrantly colored flat-structured worms

Explanation:

Answer:

A control group setup in an experiment is used to see if there are other variables in play during the experiment. Say I was to test which type of blood is a shark's favorite, my control would be putting red paint in one of the set ups to see if the shark is just interested in the red color of blood, instead of the other types of blood.

Explanation:

Answer:

The control group does not receive the independent variable during the experiment.

Explanation:

The group that will receive the independent variable during the experiment is the experimental group. The dependent variable is what you will measure as a result. The control group is not receiving the independent variable during the group, as it is what you're measuring the experimental group to.

The following terms can be defined as:

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Answer:

It has 16 chromatids

Explanation:

Since each chromosome has 2 chromatids

Answer: 99% sure its 50

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

I think 100

Grafting is a process that unites two plants to create a single plant. In order for the tissue of both plants to grow together, a cut is typically made on one plant, and the other plant is then inserted into it.

Types of grafting -

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Answer:

True

Explanation:

Answer:

Too much questions

Explanation:

Your questions are very many,choose atleast 5

Answer:

The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again. Most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is stored in the ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms.

Answer:

founder effect

Explanation:

When a few individuals are isolated from the rest of the population and can have very different gene frequencies, it is called the Founder Effect. The founder effect is a type of genetic drift in which a small population is isolated. Due to this isolation, the population may have different gene frequencies than the rest of the larger population.

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Explanation:

In self-pollinating plants, there is less dependence on the external factors to cause pollination. These plants depend on wind or other smaller insects that visit the flower regularly. In self- pollinating flowers, the anthers, and stigma are of similar lengths to facilitate the transfer of pollen.

Answer:

The two types of Pollination are Self Pollination and Cross Pollination.

Explanation.

During the process of fertilizations in green plants ,mature gametes (pollen grains) are transferred from the male reproductive parts(flowers) of plants(anther) to the receptive female reproductive parts of the same plants or another plants of the same species(stigma) for fertilizations to take place .This process is called Pollination.

If the transfer takes place between the anther and stigma of the same plants, this is Self pollination. However if between the anther and stigma of another plants, but of the same species it is called cross pollination.

Therefore, the two types;

• Self-Pollination

• Cross pollination.

Self-Pollination.  

This is one of the process of  reproduction in hermaphrodite or monoecious Plants. Plants with male and female reproductive parts in their flowers.

• The reproductive parts(anther and filament) are naturally created close to one another in most cases.

• They are also of propionate  length to facilitate the the  reacceptance of pollen grains from anther on the stigma.

• The stamen and carpel usually mature at the same time to aid pollination.

.Its advantages are-

• No diversity of genes since there is no cross over at meiosis, therefore the genome is pure for progeny of similar traits to the parents.

•  

• Its allow the manifestation of the recessive allele, and therefore stability of the same type of parent plant from generation to generation.

• Does not depend on external factors or agents. therefore, pollen grains are not wasted. Pollination is usually 100% success rate.

• Disadvantages.

• Lack of variation leads to plants with loss of vigor. This affect the quality of offspring produced.  

• The progenies has low resistance to diseases leading to poor yield. This may lead to loss of the plant lineage with time because plants with high vigor may evolve with time, based on Darwin Theory.

• Cross pollination.

This occurs in Dioecious plants. That is plants with district male and female reproductive flowering parts.

It depends on the external factors or agents of wind, water, animals (including human) insects to take place. These factors transfer(i.e Cross) the mature pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of the another flower of another plants but of the same species. Based on the agent of pollination, cross pollination can be placed into different groups.

Advantages.

Since there is blend of traits among different plants of the same species, there is diversity of genes through variation. This ensures;

Progeny with characteristics different from each of the parents Hybrid). The beneficial effects of these are;

High vigor.

High resistant to diseases.

High yield.

Evolution of new species over time.

However, wastage of pollen in transition and loss of good traits through the agents are few disadvantages. Although plants make up for this with large amount of pollen produced.

Because cross pollination allow genetic diversity through blending of genes from different plants of the same species, it ensure survival of the plants with better vigor more than self pollination because the progeny becomes weak and later edged out by the more dominant progeny from the cross palliation.

This is the survival of the fittest by natural selection.

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