Answer:
\(\s\frac{143}{18}\)
Step-by-step explanation:
Fractions are easier to add when in improper form.
2 1/2 = 5/2
3 2/3 = 11/3
1 7/9 = 16/9
Now, we need to find a common denominator for these fractions.
18 is a multiple of 2, 3, and 9, so we can use it.
Convert all the fractions to have 18 as denominator:
5/2 = 45/18 (multiply by 9)
11/3 = 66/18 (multiply by 6)
16/9 = 32/18 (multiply by 2)
Now that all the fractions are converted to having the same denominator, we can add them.
\(\frac{45 + 66 + 32}{18}\) = \(\s\frac{143}{18}\)
Answer:
7 51/54, find simplest form on your own.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sorry, I can't explain right now. I might edit my post later.
A red candle is 8 inches tall and burns at a rate of 7/10 inches per hour.
A blue candle is 6 inches tall and burns at a rate of 1/5 inches per hour.
After how many hours will both candles be the same height?
Answer:
8 - (7/10)t = 6 - (1/5)t
Step-by-step explanation:
This figure has how many right angles?
The Solution.
The correct answer is 2 right angles.
I need help with these
The 15 and 9 units side lengths of the parallelogram ABCD, and the 36° measure of the acute interior angle, A indicates the values of the ratios are;
1. AB:BC = 5:3
2. AB:CD = 1:1
3. m∠A : m∠C= 1 : 4
4. m∠B:m∠C = 4:1
5. AD: Perimeter ABCD = 3:16
What is a ratio?A ratio is a representation of the number of times one quantity is contained in another quantity.
The shape of the quadrilateral ABCD in the question = A parallelogram
Length of AB = 15
Length of BC = 9
Measure of angle m∠A = 36°
Therefore;
1. AB:BC = 15:9 = 5:3
2. AB ≅ CD (Opposite sides of a parallelogram are congruent)
AB = CD (Definition of congruency)
AB = 15, therefore, CD = 15 transitive property
AB:CD = 15:15 = 1:1
3. ∠A ≅ ∠C (Opposite interior angles of a parallelogram are congruent)
Therefore; m∠A = m∠C = 36°
∠A and ∠D are supplementary angles (Same side interior angles formed between parallel lines)
Therefore; ∠A + ∠D = 180°
36° + ∠D = 180°
∠D = 180° - 36° = 144°
∠D = 144°
m∠A : m∠C = 36°:144° =1:4
m∠A : m∠C = 1:4
4. ∠B = ∠D = 144° (properties of a parallelogram)
m∠B : m∠C = 144° : 36° = 4:1
5. AD ≅ BC (opposite sides of a parallelogram)
AD = BC = 9 (definition of congruency)
The perimeter of the parallelogram ABCD = AB + BC + CD + DA
Therefore;
Perimeter of parallelogram ABCD = 15 + 9 + 15 + 9 = 48
AD:Perimeter of the ABCD = 9 : 48 = 3 : 16
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Partial Derivative Applications, Vectors and Matrices
If z = F(u, v, w) where u = r 2 , v = −2s 2 , and w = lnr + lns,
find ∂z/∂r and ∂z/∂s.
The values of ∂z/∂r and ∂z/∂s. These partial derivatives will depend on the specific function F(u, v, w) provided.
To find ∂z/∂r and ∂z/∂s, we need to differentiate z = F(u, v, w) with respect to r and s.
Given that u = r^2, v = -2s^2, and w = ln(r) + ln(s), we can substitute these values into z = F(u, v, w).
So, z = F(r^2, -2s^2, ln(r) + ln(s)).
To find ∂z/∂r, we differentiate z with respect to r while treating s as a constant. This gives us:
∂z/∂r = ∂F/∂u * ∂u/∂r + ∂F/∂w * ∂w/∂r.
Similarly, to find ∂z/∂s, we differentiate z with respect to s while treating r as a constant. This gives us:
∂z/∂s = ∂F/∂v * ∂v/∂s + ∂F/∂w * ∂w/∂s.
Since we don't have the specific function F(u, v, w) mentioned in the question, we cannot determine the values of ∂z/∂r and ∂z/∂s. These partial derivatives will depend on the specific function F(u, v, w) provided.
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Vector field Fˉ(xy,z)=(xz+ye^z)i + (−2yz+ze^z)j + (xy+e^y)
Compute divergence of, Fˉ i.e. compute div F using dive theorem
∫∫∫ f.dy
X^2 + y^2 + z^2= 1;z≥0
To compute the divergence of the vector field F, we need to apply the divergence theorem. However, before applying the theorem, we need to find the outward unit normal vector to the surface.
The surface is defined by the equation\(x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1\), with z ≥ 0, which represents the upper half of the unit sphere.
The outward unit normal vector is given by \(n = (x, y, z)/|r|\), where \(r = (x, y, z)\) represents the position vector on the surface.
Calculating the magnitude of the position vector, we have \(|r| = sqrt(x^2 + y^2 + z^2) = 1.\)
Therefore, the outward unit normal vector becomes \(n = (x, y, z).\)
Now, we can calculate the divergence using the divergence theorem:
\(∫∫∫ div F dV = ∫∫ F · n dS,\)
where \(F = (xz + ye^z)i + (-2yz + ze^z)j + (xy + e^y)\) and dS is the outward-directed differential surface area element.
The divergence of F is given by \(div F = ∂(xz + ye^z)/∂x + ∂(-2yz + ze^z)/∂y + ∂(xy + e^y)/∂z.∂(xz + ye^z)/∂x = z∂(-2yz + ze^z)/∂y = -2z + ze^z∂(xy + e^y)/∂z = x\)
Therefore, the divergence of F is \(div F = z - 2z + ze^z + x = -z + ze^z + x.\)
Since the region is the upper half of the unit sphere, the integral becomes:
\(∫∫ F · n dS = ∫∫ (-z + ze^z + x) dS.\)
We can evaluate this integral using spherical coordinates with limits 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ φ ≤ π/2.
Integrating with respect to θ and φ, we obtain:
\(∫∫ F · n dS = ∫₀^(π/2) ∫₀^(2π) (-cos(φ) + cos(φ)e^cos(φ) + sin(φ)) R^2 sin(φ) dθ dφ,\)
where R is the radius of the unit sphere.
Evaluating this double integral will give us the divergence of F.
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Find the volumes of each solid, help me please :)
Step-by-step explanation:
you did not find the formulas on the internet and/or don't have a calculator ?
the volume of any regular 3D object is
base area × height
so, the volume of the triangular prism is
triangle area × 10
a triangle area is
baseline × inner height / 2
and if I see this right, the triangle is right-angled. so the legs enclosing the 90° angle can be seen as baseline and inner height.
so, for the volume again, we get
baseline × inner height /2 × height = 3×8 /2 × 10 =
= 24 × 5 = 120 units³
the volume of a cone is
pi×r²×height/3
so, in our case
pi×5²×6/3 = pi×25×2 = 50pi = 157.0796327... units³
the volume of a cylinder is again base area ×height
pi×r²×height
so, in our case
pi×5²×8 = pi×25×8 = 200pi = 628.3185307... units³
the volume of a pyramid is
length×width × height / 3
so, in our case
3×4 × 6 / 3 = 12 × 2 = 24 units³
Help me with three questions a brainlist!
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
First question
1 solution
6p-12= - 5p Take 6p from both sides-12 = -5p - 6p Combine-12 = - 11p Divide by - 11-12/-11 = p1.09 = pSecond Question
Infinitely many solutions.5p + 10 = 5p + 10No matter what value you use for p, the right side of the equation always equals the left side.Third question
y = 25 - 2xx = 6y = 25 - 2*6y = 25 - 12y = 13There are 13 more stops to make.
Question 2(Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)
(Translating Algebraic Expressions MC)
Which of the following could represent the cost of 7 t-shirts and a $6 tax?
07n+6
07n-6
On+6(7)
07(6) + n
Answer:
07n + 6
Step-by-step explanation:
Given: The cost of 7 t-shirts and a $6 tax
Let n represent the cost of 1 t-shirt.
Then, the total cost of 7 t-shirts would be 7n.
Adding the $6 tax gives a total cost of 7n + 6.
Therefore, the correct option is:
07n + 6
The answer choice which could represent the cost of 7 t-shirts and a $6 tax as in the task content is: 7n + 6.
What is the best representation of the statement in the task?It follows that the cost of 7 t-shirts and a $6 tax is the statement which is to be represented algebraically.
On this note, it follows that the if the cost of each t-shirts is taken to be: n.
Therefore, the required representation of the total cost would be:
\(\rightarrow\bold{7n + 6}\)
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Tamara wants to find the distance from (2, –10) to other points. For which points in the same quadrant as (2, –10) could Tamara use a number line to find the distance? Check all that apply.
(2, –2)
(10, –10)
(3, –2)
(2, –9)
(7, –10)
(9, –2)
(10, –2)
(12, –1)
Check the picture below.
The monthly incomes for 12 randomly selected people, each with a bachelor's degree in economics, are shown on the right. Complete parts (a) through (c) below. 4450.49 4596.49 4366.97 4455.94 4151.21 3727.69 4283.76 4527.94 4407.02 3946.86 4023.93 4221.46
Assume the population is normally distributed.
The median is the mean of \($4151.21$\) and \($4221.46$\)
=\(\frac{4151.21+4221.46}{2}\\\)
=\(4186.34\end{aligned}$$\)
Therefore, the median of the given data is \($4186.34$\).
Given monthly incomes for 12 randomly selected people, each with a bachelor's degree in economics are:
$$4450.49, 4596.49, 4366.97, 4455.94, 4151.21, 3727.69, 4283.76, 4527.94, 4407.02, 3946.86, 4023.93, 4221.46$$
Assume that the population is normally distributed. The required information is to find the mean, standard deviation, and median of the given data.
Mean is given by the formula:
\($$\overline{x}\)
=\(\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i}{n}$$\)
where \($x_i$\) is the value of the \($i^{th}$\) observation, and \($n$\)is the total number of observations.
Using the above formula we get:
$$\begin{aligned}\overline{x}&
\(=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i}{n}\\ &\)
=\(\frac{4450.49+4596.49+4366.97+4455.94+4151.21+3727.69+4283.76+4527.94+4407.02+3946.86+4023.93+4221.46}{12}\\ &\)
=\(4245.49\end{aligned}$$\)
Therefore, the mean of the given data is \($4245.49$\).The standard deviation of the given data is given by the formula:
\($$s=\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i - \overline{x})^2}{n-1}}$$\)
where \($x_i$\) is the value of the \($i^{th}$\) observation, \($\overline{x}$\) is the mean of all observations, and\($n$\) is the total number of observations.
Using the above formula we get:
=\(\sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (x_i - \overline{x})^2}{n-1}}\\&\)
=\(\sqrt{\frac{(4450.49 - 4245.49)^2 + (4596.49 - 4245.49)^2 + \cdots + (4221.46 - 4245.49)^2}{11}}\\&\)
=\(244.98\end{aligned}$$\)
Therefore, the standard deviation of the given data is \($244.98$\).
Median is the middle value of the data. To find the median we arrange the data in order of magnitude:
\($$3727.69, 3946.86, 4023.93, 4151.21, 4221.46, 4283.76, 4366.97, 4407.02, 4450.49, 4455.94, 4527.94, 4596.49$$\)
Since the total number of observations is even, the median is the mean of the middle two numbers.
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2x\(2x^{2}-3x-5\)
Answer:
2x²-3x-5
=2x²-3x-5
=2x²-5x+2x-5
=2x(x-5)+2(x-5)
=(x-5)(2x+2)
Answer:
(x + 1)(2x - 5)
Step-by-step explanation:
Assuming you require the expression factorised.
2x² - 3x - 5
Consider the factors of the product of the x² term and the constant term which sum to give the coefficient of the x- term.
product = 2 × - 5 = - 10 and sum = - 3
The factors are + 2 and - 5
Use these factors to split the x- term
2x² + 2x - 5x - 5 ( factor the first/second and third/fourth terms )
= 2x(x + 1) - 5(x + 1) ← factor out (x + 1) from each term
= (x + 1)(2x - 5) ← in factored form
12/18/2020
Scale Drawings
Question #6
Amanda made a scale drawing of a square garden, which has a side length of 25 feet. She used the scale
2 inches = 5 feet.
What will be the area of the scale drawing?
Answer:
,twenty five divided by five
Determine how many feet each member of Lola's family walked.
Lola's pet turtle walked 10 feet, and then half that length again.
Lola's baby brother walked 3 feet, and then half that length again.
Lola's hamster walked 6.5 feet, and then half that length again.
Lola's mom walked x feet, and then half that length again.
Step-by-step explanation:
Lola's pet turtle walked 10 feet, and then half that length again. This means that Lola's pet turtle walked:
= 10 + (1/2 × 10) = 10 + 5 = 15 feet
Lola's baby brother walked 3 feet, and then half that length again. Total length walked will be:
= 3 + (1/2 × 3) = 3 + 1.5 = 4.5 feet
Lola's hamster walked 6.5 feet, and then half that length again. Total length walked will be:
= 6.5 + (1/2 × 6.5) = 6.5 + 3.25 = 9.75
Lola's mom walked x feet, and then half that length again. Total length walked will be:
= x + (1/2 × x) = x + 0.5x = 1.5x
Total feet walked by the whole member of the family will be:
= 15 + 4.5 + 9.75 + 1.5x
= 29.25 + 1.5x
Answer:
turtle: 10 + 5 = 15
brother: 3 + 1 1/2 = 4 1/2
hamster: 6 1/2 + 3 1/4 = 9 3/4
Mom: x + 1/2x = 1 \(\frac{1}{2}\)x
Step-by-step explanation:
A total of 100 students play on the Sports Academy’s soccer, track, or basketball teams. No student plays on more than one team. 61 of the students are boys. There are 36 students on soccer teams, 19 are on the girls’ soccer team. There are 35 students on basketball teams, 18 are on the boys’ basketball team. How many boys are on the track team?
I hope this helps you
Answer:
26 boys.
Step-by-step explanation:
You know that there are 36 students on the soccer team, and 19 are girls. 36 - 19 = 17. There are 17 boys on the track team.
There are 18 boys on the basketball team.
To find out how many boys are on the track team, all you need to do is...
61 - (17 + 18) = 61 - 35 = 26.
There are 26 boys on the track team.
Hope this helps!
Find the 50th derivative of y = cos 2x.
The 50th derivative of y=cos2x is \(& y^{50}(x)=-2^{50} \cos (2 x)\).
Consider y=cos 2x
Derivative: The rate of change of a function with respect to a variable. Derivatives are fundamental to the solution of problems in calculus and differential equations.
Finding the nth derivative means to take a few derivatives (1st, 2nd, 3rd…) and look for a pattern. If one exists, then you have a formula for the nth derivative. To find the nth derivative, find the first few derivatives to identify the pattern. Apply the usual rules of differentiation to a function, then find each successive derivative to arrive at the nth.
The first derivative is
\($$\begin{aligned}& y^{\prime}=-2 \sin 2 x \\& =-2\left[\cos \left(2 x+\frac{\pi}{2}\right)\right]\end{aligned}$$\)
The second derivative is
\($$y^{\prime \prime}=-2^2\left[\cos \left(2 x+2 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\right]$$\)
Similarly, we get the \(n^{th}\) derivative
\($$y^n(x)=-\left[2^n \cos \left(2 x+n \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\right]$$\)
When n=50
\($$\begin{aligned}& y^{50}(x)=-\left[2^{50} \cos \left(2 x+50 \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\right)\right] \\& y^{50}(x)=-2^{50} \cos (2 x)\end{aligned}$$\)
Therefore, the \(50^{th}\) derivative of y = cos 2x is \(& y^{50}(x)=-2^{50} \cos (2 x)\).
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1. Which number is located at Point A on the number line?
A number line is shown from negative 10 to 10 with each interval mark on the number line representing one unit. Point A is labeled one interval mark to the right of negative 5. (1 point)
–4
4
–6
6
2. Which number is the opposite of Point B on the number line?
A number line is shown from negative 20 to 20 with each interval mark on the number line representing two units. Point B is located two interval marks to the left of 10. (1 point)
6
–6
3
–3
3. Find │7│. (1 point)
1 over 7
–7
7
0
4. Find │–14│. (1 point)
14
–14
start fraction 1 over 14 end fraction
0
5. If two integers have the same absolute value, which of the following is true about the integers? (1 point)
They must be the same integer.
They must be opposite integers.
They could be the same or opposite integers.
There is not enough information to answer this question.
1. Point A on the number line is one interval mark to the right of -5, which means it is located at position 4 on the number line.
What is Number line?A number line is the visual representation of different numbers.
It is a straight line with numbers marked at equal intervals.
It can be used to represent both positive and negative numbers, with zero as the center point.
2. Point B on the number line is two interval marks to the left of 10, which means it is located at position -14 on the number line. Therefore, the opposite of Point B is 14.
3. The absolute value of a number represents its distance from zero on the number line, regardless of whether the number is positive or negative. The absolute value of 7 is simply 7.
4. The absolute value of -14 is the distance between -14 and 0 on the number line, which is 14 units. Therefore, │-14│ is equal to 14.
5. Two integers that have the same absolute value could either be the same integer or opposite integers. For example, 3 and -3 have the same absolute value of 3, while 4 and -4 have opposite values but the same absolute value of 4. Therefore, the answer is they could be the same or opposite integers.
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Which measure of variability is most general, and hence least useful? a). Median b). Range c). s d). Median Deviation.
As range doesn't reveal anything about the distributive property of the data, it is the least helpful measure of variability because it is the most generic.
1. Sort the data either ascendingly or descendingly.
2. Determine how many items are in the data set.
3. The median is the number in the middle of the list if the number of items is odd.
4. The median is the average of the two middle numbers in the list if the number of items is even.
To figure out the range:
1. Sort the data either ascendingly or descendingly.
2. To determine the range, deduct the smallest number from the largest.
As range does not reveal anything about the distribution of the data, it is the least useful measure of variability because it is the most generic. Range does not indicate where the values fall within the range; rather, it measures the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data collection.
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surface area does anyonr know it im confused on the formula
Answer:
131.92ft²
Step-by-step explanation:
okay, so we have to find the area of both circles, and the circumference then multiply that with the height, it's confusing, so:
3² x 3.14 = 28.26 x 2 = 56.52 so that the area of the bases
3 x 2 x 3.14 = 18.85 x 4 = 75.4
75.4 + 56.52 = 131.92
So the surface area of the cylinder is 131.92ft²
Someone help please
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Vertics= 6
Faces=6
Bases=1
Edges =10
a study of 1000 randomly selected flights of a major airline showed that 769 of the flights arrived on time. what is the probability of a flight will not arrive on time?
The probability of a flight will not arrive on time is 231/1000
What is probability?Probability is the function that measures the chances that an outcome of a random event will be as expected. In this way you can measure how likely it is that an event will happen.
Probability requested is equivalent to:
Flights arrive on time= 769
Total flights = 1000
P(arrive on time) = Flights arrive on time / Total flights
P(arrive on time) = 769/1000
P (not arrive on time) = 1 - 769/1000
P (not arrive on time) = (1000 - 769)/1000
P (not arrive on time) = 231/1000
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Victoria and Margaret left their apartment at
the same time traveling in the same direction.
Victoria drove at 55 mph and Margaret drove
at 70 mph. How many hours was it before
Margaret was 30 miles ahead of Victoria?
Margaret is gaining on Victoria at a rate of 70 mph - 55 mph = 15 mph. To find how long it will take for Margaret to be 30 miles ahead of Victoria, we can set up an equation:
30 miles / 15 mph = 2 hours
Therefore, it will take 2 hours for Margaret to be 30 miles ahead of Victoria.
To solve this problem, we need to use the concept of relative motion. Since both cars are traveling in the same direction, Margaret's speed relative to Victoria's is 70 mph - 55 mph = 15 mph. This means that Margaret is gaining on Victoria at a rate of 15 miles per hour.
To find how long it will take for Margaret to be 30 miles ahead of Victoria, we can set up an equation using the formula:
distance = rate x time
Let's let "t" be the time it takes for Margaret to be 30 miles ahead of Victoria. Then, using the relative speed of 15 mph, we can set up the following equation:
30 = 15t
Simplifying the equation, we get:
t = 2
Therefore, it will take 2 hours for Margaret to be 30 miles ahead of Victoria.
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if in a certain population, people are born at an average rate of 9 people every 2 seconds and people die at an average rate of 3 people every 2 seconds, by approximately how many people does the population increase in 1 day?
The population is estimated to increase by approximately 38,880 people in 1 day.
To calculate the population increase in 1 day, we first need to convert the birth and death rates to a per-day basis. Since there are 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour, there are 60 x 60 = 3600 seconds in an hour, and 24 x 3600 = 86,400 seconds in a day. Therefore, in a day, the population will increase by: [(9 people/2 seconds) x (86,400 seconds/day) / 2] - [(3 people/2 seconds) x (86,400 seconds/day) / 2] = 38,880 people/day.
We multiply the per-second rates by the number of seconds in a day (divided by 2 since we are counting births and deaths separately) to get the per-day rates. We subtract the death rate from the birth rate to get the net population increase per day.
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double a number plus 54 equals 8 times the number
2x+54=8x
So. The Answer is 7
it cost paisley $9.20 to send 92 text messages how much would it cost to send 110 text messages
Answer:
$11.00
Step-by-step explanation:
Since 92 texts cost her 9.20, each text cost her 10 cents. 110*10 =1100
Solve for the value of x.
(4x+6)°, 44°
Answer:
x=10
Step-by-step explanation:
4x+4=44
or 4x=44-4
or 4x=40
or X=40/4
or X= 10
CAN SOMEONE PLZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ HELP ME ON THIS!!! I HAVE BEEN ASKING FOR THREE HOURS NOW!! PLZ HELPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP
and dont guess, show me how u got the answer plz
Answer:
2x + 3y = 10
Step-by-step explanation:
What we know:
Triangle ABC has Segment AB included in the equation 2x + 3y = 5.
Saying that this is scaled up, Segment A'B' has be included in an addition equation. As a result, Choices 1 and 4 are out. Second, the two terms on the left side have to be the same, so Choice 3 is also out.
This leaves Choice 2, which is 2x + 3y = 10
In case you're confused with the pic below:
eq1's line is 2x + 3y = 5
eq2's line is 2x + 3y = 10
poly1 is the triangle formed on eq1's line
poly2 is the triangle formed on eq2's line
3). A cylindrical tank, 5 m in diameter, discharges through a horizontal mild steel pipe 100 m long and 225 mm in diameter connected to the base. Find the time taken for the water level in the tank to drop from 3 to 0.5 m above the bottom.
The time taken for the water level in the tank to drop from 3 to 0.5 meters above the bottom cannot be determined without additional information.
To calculate the time taken, we need to know the flow rate or discharge rate of the water from the tank. This information is not provided in the question. The time taken to drain the tank depends on factors such as the diameter of the outlet pipe, the pressure difference, and any restrictions or obstructions in the flow path.
If we assume a known discharge rate, we can use the principles of fluid mechanics to calculate the time. The volume of water that needs to be drained is the difference in the volume of water between 3 meters and 0.5 meters above the bottom of the tank. The flow rate can be determined using the pipe diameter and other relevant factors. Dividing the volume by the flow rate will give us the time taken.
However, since the discharge rate is not given, we cannot perform the calculation and determine the time taken accurately.
Without knowing the discharge rate or additional information about the flow characteristics, it is not possible to calculate the time taken for the water level in the tank to drop from 3 to 0.5 meters above the bottom.
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What two numbers will give me 4 multiplied and -5 added together?
Answer:
-1 and -4
Step-by-step explanation:
-1 * -4 = 4
-1 + -4 = -5
The sale price of last year's hottest game is 45% off the retail price. the game sold last year for 92.00. What is the sale price?
A. 41.40
B. 50.60
C. 87.86
D. 133.40
Answer: The answer is 50.60
Step-by-step explanation:
Discount = Original Price x discount %/10Discount = 92 x 45/100 Discount = 92 x 0.45You saved = $41.40let g be a prg (pseudorandom generator) with expansion factor l(n) > 2n. in each of the following cases, explain whether g’ is necessarily a prg. if yes, give a proof; if not, show a counterexample.
Given a pseudorandom generator (PRG) g with an expansion factor l(n) > 2n, we need to determine whether g' is necessarily a PRG in each of the following cases.
To answer this question, let's consider each case separately:
Case 1: If l(n) = 2n+1
In this case, the expansion factor l(n) is greater than 2n. Therefore, g' is necessarily a PRG. This can be proven as follows:
Proof:
Since l(n) = 2n+1 > 2n, it means that the length of the output of g is larger than 2n.
By definition, a PRG expands the length of the seed and produces a longer pseudorandom output. Since g is a PRG, it means that for any input seed of length n, g produces an output of length greater than 2n.
Now, let's consider g', which is defined as g'(x) = g(x) || 0, where || denotes concatenation and 0 is a constant bit.
For any input seed x of length n, g' produces an output of length greater than 2n+1 (since g outputs length is greater than 2n and we append one extra bit 0).
Therefore, g' is a PRG as its output length exceeds the expansion factor of 2n+1.
Case 2: If l(n) = 2n
In this case, the expansion factor l(n) is exactly 2n. We need to show a counterexample where g' is not necessarily a PRG.
Counterexample:
Let's assume g is a PRG with a seed of length n and an output of length 2n. Now, consider g' defined as g'(x) = g(x) || 0, where || denotes concatenation and 0 is a constant bit.
In this counterexample, g' is not a PRG.
The reason is that the expansion factor of g' is exactly 2n, which is equal to the length of its output. Thus, g' fails to expand the length of the seed. The last bit 0 that is appended to the output of g does not contribute to expanding the length.
Therefore, g' is not a PRG in this case.
In conclusion, for the case where l(n) = 2n+1, g' is necessarily a PRG, as its output length exceeds the expansion factor. However, for the case where l(n) = 2n, g' is not necessarily a PRG, as it fails to expand the length of the seed.
- For l(n) = 2n+1, g' is necessarily a PRG.
- For l(n) = 2n, g' is not necessarily a PRG.
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