One way in which these ideas influenced these regions was through the promotion of the concept of popular sovereignty or the idea that power ultimately rests with the people.
In Latin America, for example, the concept of popular sovereignty was central to the independence movements that emerged in the early 19th century. Leaders such as Simón Bolvar and José de San Martn embraced the idea of government by the people, which they believed could help overcome the legacy of colonialism and create more just and democratic societies.
Similarly, in Asia and Africa, the influence of Enlightenment ideas helped fuel movements for independence and self-rule. Nationalist leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi in India and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana invoked the ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty in their campaigns for independence from colonial powers. These movements ultimately helped to transform political structures in many regions, laying the groundwork for more democratic and representative systems of government.
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Your task is to analyse client information outlined in the three different case studies below and present the findings in three Statement of Advice (approximately 2,000 words). 1) You are required to provide advice to partners at J & D partners. 2) You are required to provide recommendations and tax calculations to Joanne Tran regarding the taxation implications and tax payable by the trustee for James and Lisa, the beneficiaries. 3) You are required to calculate the franking account and tax payable by Haufmann Pty Ltd. For each question you are expected to: 1) identify the facts and issues for each case 2) apply the relevant legislation and/or case law.
Statement of Advice 1 – Partnership net income & distribution Your client Jack and Dustin at J & D Partners have attended your office to have their 2022-year tax return prepared. Jack and Dustin are equal partners in J & D Partners partnership. Both have contributed equal amounts of capital ($50,000 each). Jack is a silent partner while Dustin spends most of the time working in the partnership business. In addition to the annual salary to Dustin, the partnership agreement provides the following: • Jack and Dustin will each receive interest at the rate of 15% per annum on their capital contribution. • Dustin will receive a salary of $35,000 per annum for the management of the business, and $4,000 per annum will be paid by the business into a superannuation fund for Jack. • All residual profits and losses will be shared equally between the Jack and Dustin. The bookkeeper has provided the following information in relation to the partnership for the 2021/22 tax year: Sales $500,000 Interest on capital constitutions – Jack and Dustin $15,000 Cost of Sales $200,000 Dustin’s Salary $35,000 Jack’s superannuation $4,000 Lease of car $9,000 Other operating expenses $60,000 Capital gain $120,000 Other Information 1) Capital gain on land: the land was purchased 6 years ago for $80,000 and sold for $200,000 2) A car was leased for the business and this car has been used solely by Dustin, who has used the car 90% for business and 10% for private use. Required Advise Jack and Dustin what is the ITAA36 s90 net income of the partnership and each partner’s taxable income for 2022. You must provide all workings (details) to determine the partnership net income as well as individual partner’s assessable income.
Statement of Advice 2 – Advice on Trust income and distributions Your client Joanne Tran has attended your office to have his 2022-year tax return prepared. Joanne is the trustee of an Australian resident trust estate created by a Trust Deed. She created the trust for the benefit of her sons, James aged 18 years and Lisa aged 16 years. They are both residents of Australia. Joanne provided the following information regarding the trust for the 2021/22 income tax year. • Net rental income from various investment $57,000 • Fully franked dividend received $4,300 Other information James stays home with Joanne and does not intend to go to university and received a job seeker payment of $8,890 from Centrelink during 2021/22 tax year. Lisa is a full-time high school student and earned $4,000 working at local restaurant during school holidays. Required Advise Joanne the taxation implications (base tax payable by the trustee and/or each beneficiary) if she distributes the trust net income to each beneficiary at 50% each. Do not need to include Medicare levy or any tax offsets.
Statement of Advice 3 - Calculate the franking account and tax payable by Haufmann Pty Ltd. Jerry Haufmann is a director of Haufmann Pty Ltd, an Australian resident private company, with a corporate tax rate for imputation purposes for the 2021/22 income year of 25%. Frank provided you with the following information regarding the company’s franking account: Date Transactions Amounts 1 July 2021 Opening balance $2,400 30 August 2021 Tax refund from 2021 company tax return $4,500 20 October 2021 PAYG instalment paid relating June quarter 2021 $1,900 11 November 2021 PAYG instalment paid relating September quarter 2021 $1,300 28 December 2021 Paid fully franked dividend $10,000 2 February 2022 Received fully franked dividend from Australian company $6,000 27 February 2022 PAYG instalment paid relating December quarter 2021 $1,300 25 May 2022 PAYG instalment paid relating March quarter 2022 $1,300 28 June 2022 Paid 60% franked dividend $10,000 Other information (1) Benchmark franking percentage for Haufmann Pty Ltd is 100% (2) Haufmann Pty Ltd’s final PAYG instalment for June quarter 2022 totalled $1,300 and this will be paid by 25 August 2022. (3) Haufmann Pty Ltd has a taxable income of $27,000 for 2021/22. Required 1) Prepare Haufmann Pty Ltd’s franking account for the 2021/22 tax year and explain/advise any consequences arising from the franking account balance at 30 June 2022. You must include relevant section numbers 2) Calculate net tax payable (refundable) for the company.
1) you will be able to determine partnership's net income and each partner's taxable income for 2022 tax year. 2) you will be able to advise Joanne Tran on taxation implications of distributing trust net income to each beneficiary. 3) net tax payable (refundable) for Haufmann Pty Ltd, use taxable income of 27,000 and corporate tax rate for 2021/22 income year of 25%.
In Statement of Advice 1, the task is to calculate the net income of the partnership and the taxable income for each partner. To do this, we need to consider the various income and expenses of the partnership as well as the partnership agreement.
Here are the steps to calculate the net income of the partnership and each partner's taxable income:
1. Calculate the partnership's net income:
- Start with the sales revenue: 500,000
- Deduct the cost of sales: 200,000
- Deduct other operating expenses: 60,000
- Add the capital gain: 120,000
- The result is the partnership's net income.
2. Calculate each partner's share of the net income:
- Since Jack and Dustin are equal partners, they will share the net income equally.
- Divide the net income by 2 to determine each partner's share.
3. Calculate each partner's assessable income:
- Start with each partner's share of the net income.
- Add the interest on capital contribution: 15,000 (for each partner)
- Add Dustin's salary: 35,000
- Subtract Jack's superannuation: 4,000
- The result is each partner's assessable income.
By following these steps, you will be able to determine the partnership's net income and each partner's taxable income for the 2022 tax year.
Now let's move on to Statement of Advice 2. In this case, the task is to advise Joanne Tran on the taxation implications if she distributes the trust net income to each beneficiary at 50% each.
To calculate the tax payable by the trustee and/or each beneficiary, follow these steps:
1. Calculate the trust's net income:
- Start with the net rental income: 57,000
- Add the fully franked dividend received: 4,300
- The result is the trust's net income.
2. Calculate each beneficiary's share of the net income:
- Since the net income is to be distributed equally, divide the net income by 2 to determine each beneficiary's share.
3. Calculate the tax payable by the trustee and each beneficiary:
- The tax payable by the trustee will be based on the trust's net income.
- The tax payable by each beneficiary will be based on their individual share of the net income.
- Use the individual tax rates to calculate the tax payable for each beneficiary.
By following these steps, you will be able to advise Joanne Tran on the taxation implications of distributing the trust net income to each beneficiary.
Finally, let's move on to Statement of Advice 3. Here, the task is to calculate the franking account and tax payable by Haufmann Pty Ltd.
To prepare the franking account for Haufmann Pty Ltd for the 2021/22 tax year, follow these steps:
1. Start with the opening balance of the franking account: 2,400.
2. Add the following transactions to the franking account:
- Tax refund from 2021 company tax return: 4,500
- PAYG instalment paid relating to June quarter 2021: 1,900
- PAYG instalment paid relating to September quarter 2021: 1,300
- Received fully franked dividend from an Australian company: 6,000
- PAYG instalment paid relating to December quarter 2021: 1,300
- PAYG instalment paid relating to March quarter 2022: 1,300
- Paid 60% franked dividend: 10,000
3. Subtract the following transaction from the franking account:
- Paid fully franked dividend: 10,000
The resulting balance in the franking account at 30 June 2022 will be the closing balance.
To calculate the net tax payable (refundable) for Haufmann Pty Ltd, use the taxable income of 27,000 and the corporate tax rate for the 2021/22 income year of 25%. Multiply the taxable income by the tax rate to determine the net tax payable (refundable).
By following these steps, you will be able to prepare Haufmann Pty Ltd's franking account and calculate the net tax payable (refundable) for the company.
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What was the main reason for regional differences that existed in the United States in the early 1800s?
Answer:
well this my not be right but what i think is because back in the 1800's that everybody did not have the right amount of knowledge and thought that what ever they believe if you did not do something right you might make the God's or God mad
Explanation:
? Make a list of any four and explain any two of them. 2. "Nepal is multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-religious country." Justify this statement 3. How has religious tolerance been maintained in Nepal? Mention with examples How is the gender identity maintained in our society? Mention in brief 5 List down the problems seen in gender identity in Nepal and mention the efforts made for its solution 6. How does our national flag glorify the nation's pride? 17. Why is the national anthem considered our national glory? 8. "Diverse and unique culture is our national pride." Justify with examples. 9 Janaki Temple and Pashupatinath Temple are increasing our pride. How? 10. How does Mount Everest preserve our national pride? Explain. 1 Al Community Work Visit some women leaders of your community and consult with them about the problems seen in gender identity and efforts made to maintain it in Nepal. Prepare a
Answer:
Nepal is a secular country. Every common people have right to choose their religion according to their desire. Nepal is a garden of different flowers. Newar, Brahmin, Chhetri, Rai, Magar…many ethnic people live here. Their language also differ like their caste. Every caste people have their own culture and tradition. Nepal have 125 castes and 126 language. Since so many castes people have different language and different culture. We can say that Nepal is a multi ethnic, multi religious and multi cultural coutry.
which of the following statements would be considered bias-free? you and your spouse are invited to the holiday party. you and your husband or wife are invited to the holiday party. you and your guest are invited to the holiday party. you and your husband or wife are invited to the christmas party.
The statement that would be considered the most bias-free is "You and your guest are invited to the holiday party."
This statement does not make any assumptions about the gender, relationship status, or sexual orientation of the individual, and instead uses neutral language that is inclusive of all types of relationships and individuals. It does not imply that the individual has a spouse or that they are in a romantic relationship, and it is also inclusive of individuals who may not celebrate Christmas.
In contrast, the statements "You and your spouse are invited to the holiday party" and "You and your husband or wife are invited to the holiday party" assume that the individual is in a heterosexual marriage and make no provision for individuals in same-sex relationships or those who are single. The statement "You and your husband or wife are invited to the Christmas party" also assumes a heterosexual relationship and focuses specifically on the Christmas holiday, which may not be inclusive of individuals who celebrate other holidays or have different religious beliefs.
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by my led floodlight some of the led individual squares call when it's plugged in but the light doesn't light what is wrong
The issue may be a faulty LED driver if some of the LED individual squares on your floodlight illuminate when plugged in, but the light as a whole does not light up. When an LED floodlight fails to light up despite certain squares illuminating, it often indicates a problem with the LED driver.
The LED driver is responsible for regulating the power supply to the LEDs. A malfunctioning driver may not provide sufficient power to light up the entire floodlight. To resolve the issue, you should consider replacing the LED driver or seeking assistance from the manufacturer or a qualified technician.
By addressing the faulty LED driver, you can rectify the problem and ensure that all the LED squares on your floodlight illuminate properly.
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Hakim just started the third grade. Compared to his 2-year-old sister Aliyah, Hakim's physical behavior is more ________.
Compared to his 2-year-old sister Aliyah, Hakim's physical behavior is more developed or advanced.
As a third-grader, Hakim is older and has had more time for physical growth and development compared to his 2-year-old sister. At this stage, Hakim is likely to have acquired better coordination, motor skills, strength, and overall physical abilities compared to Aliyah, who is still in the early stages of physical development. Physical activity is very important.
It is important to note that individual differences in physical development can exist within age groups, and there may be variations based on various factors such as genetics, environment, and personal experiences.
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Which central idea should be included in a paraphrase of this excerpt?
The men sent by Odysseus to investigate the land they had landed upon became forgetful after eating Lotus plants.
The Lotus-Eaters meant no harm and simply offered the Lotus plant to Odysseus’s men as a gesture of kindness.
The Lotus was a sweet plant that made men forget everything except the idea of obtaining and eating more Lotus plants.
The men sent ashore by Odysseus were swayed by the hospitality of the Lotus-Eaters and abandoned the idea of returning home.
The central idea that should be included in a paraphrase of this excerpt is that the men sent by Odysseus to investigate the land they had landed upon became forgetful after eating lotus plants.
What do you mean by a central idea?The central idea refers to the central, unifying element of the story that combines all the other elements of fiction.
The central idea that should be included in a paraphrase of this excerpt is the men sent by Odysseus to investigate the land they had landed upon became forgetful.
Therefore, A is the correct option.
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Answer:
A
Explanation:
Edge2022
Define bio-degradable and non-biodegradable waste
Answer: Biodegradable waste is decomposed and degraded by microbes. Non-Biodegradable waste cannot be decomposed by microbes.
Explanation: Hope this helps
true or false? for christians, feeding the hungry is one of the spiritual works of mercy.
It is correct, feeding the hungry is one of the spiritual works of mercy.
Hence, the correct answer is True.
Feeding the hungry is indeed considered one of the spiritual works of mercy in Christianity. It is seen as a way of demonstrating compassion, love, and care for those in need, following the teachings of Jesus Christ.
The concept of the spiritual works of mercy encompasses various actions that Christians are encouraged to perform, and feeding the hungry is a significant aspect of providing assistance to those who lack access to food and sustenance.
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Discuss two ways in which some cultural views that exist may affect a relationship negatively
Answer:
Here are two examples of how cultural beliefs can effect relationships negatively.
Explanation:
Cultural views: 'Cultural views are the views held by society in society to be reliable. We have individual views and also common beliefs.'
Example: 'Indians love hockey.' The comment can be dependable as many people do love hockey, but not everyone loves hockey.
The negative views of some beliefs.
Example 1: In many Asian nations, men holding hands is a mark of friendship. But in western nations that can be seen as a symbol of homosexuality.
The society is generally dominated by some sort of cultural views, ethics and beliefs. These beliefs may differ from person to person and are subjective depending on the culture.
Cultural views are nothing but what a society dominated by a particular culture believes about a particular aspect. We can also call cultural views as common belief.
Examples
"Afganistan is known for promoting terrorism". This statement cannot be said as completely correct because it is representing the whole country as a promoter of terrorism. However not everyone of Afganistan are in the favour of promotion of terrorism .
"Kashmir of India is famous for its natural beauty but is not safe for living a peaceful life" this statement is not completely correct as it reflects the belief of people which is not completely true.
Therefore cultural views may not be correct all the time and have a tendency to effect a relationship negatively.
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hich of the following make up the three factors that researchers focus on to evaluate the level of creativity?fluency, flexibility, innovationoriginality, agility, innovationfluency, flexibility, originalityagility, fluency, originality
The three factors that researchers focus on to evaluate the level of creativity are fluency, flexibility, and originality.(option c)
What do you mean by researchers?In order to investigate topics, find solutions to challenges, and forecast trends, researchers gather, organise, analyse, and evaluate data and opinions.
Most scientists take public opinion into account. Social scientists measure how the general public feels about various social concerns, services, political candidates, parties, and figures. Someone who performs research, or an organised and methodical examination of something, is referred to as a researcher.
Researchers frequently refer to scientists. The capacity to look for, find, extract, organise, assess, and use or present data that is pertinent to a given issue is referred to as having research abilities.
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Complete question: Which of the following make up the three factors that researchers focus on to evaluate the level of creativity?
a) fluency, flexibility, innovation
b) originality, agility, innovation
c) fluency, flexibility, originality
d) agility, fluency, originality
Two other project like CPEC which will help to boost Pakistan economy, national or international.
Two other project like CPEC which will help to boost Pakistan economy are :
1. Sahiwal Coal Power Project, Pakistan
2. The Australia Baluchistan Agri Business program (AusABBA II)
More about the projects:
Sahiwal Coal Power The power plant is being built as one of Pakistan's largest large-scale coal power plants, and it is situated 9.3 miles from Okara and 12 miles from Sahiwal. The power plant's maximum output is 1320 megawatts. The power plant is being built by China's state-owned China Huaneng Group, as it was announced back in April 2015. One of the project similar to this is CPEC.The Australia Baluchistan Agri Business program(AusABBA II) is financed by The Australian Government In order to boost their earnings, food security, and nutritional status, households in South Western Baluchistan involved in agriculture are receiving assistance from AusABBA in adopting profitable, diverse, and sustainable techniques.Know more about CPEC here:
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hast
c) What is the name of this item
archaic second person singular present of
although many intellectuals wanted to investigate the mentality of nazism, others simply wanted people to remember. many survivors of the concentration camps, such as_____ , wanted others to know what had happened and to not forget.
One survivor of the concentration camps who advocated for remembrance was Elie Wiesel. Wiesel was a Romanian-born Jewish writer and activist who was imprisoned in Auschwitz and Buchenwald during World War II.
He is best known for his memoir "Night," which describes his experiences in the concentration camps and has become a widely read account of the Holocaust. Wiesel believed that the horrors of the Holocaust should never be forgotten, and he spent much of his life speaking out against genocide and other forms of injustice. He saw remembering the past as a way to prevent similar atrocities in the future. In his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech in 1986, he said: "I have tried to keep memory alive...I believe that without memory, there is no future, and without a future, we are lost." Other survivors and their descendants have also emphasized the importance of remembrance, both as a way to honor those who were killed and as a means of educating future generations about the dangers of hatred and prejudice. By keeping alive the memory of the Holocaust and its victims, they hope to create a better world where such atrocities never happen again.
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Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of the mutual interaction of environment, person, and ...
A) heredity. B) learning. C) cognition. D) behavior.
Bandura believes that human functioning is a product of the mutual interaction of environment, person, and learning. He suggests that the way individuals interact with their environment is shaped by their previous experiences, social context, and their cognitive processes.
His theory of social learning emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling others' behavior, and the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior. According to Bandura, individuals have the ability to control their own behavior by self-regulation, which involves setting personal goals and monitoring one's progress towards achieving them. Therefore, the answer to the question is B) learning. Bandura's theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology, particularly in the areas of education, therapy, and social psychology. Overall, Bandura's theory emphasizes the importance of the interaction between individuals and their environment in shaping behavior.
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The tendency to perform tasks better in the presence of others is called _______. By contrast, the tendency to perform tasks more poorly in others' presence of others is termed _________.
Answer:
Social facilitation
Social Inhibition
How did the First Continental Congress signal change in the colonial approach to addressing their grievances with Britain?
Answer: They were aimed at isolating Boston, sentiment from most Anti British and other colonies
Explanation:
The British parliament in 1774 passed coercive arts which immediately became known in the North American colonies as the intolerable Acts. They were aimed at isolating Boston, sentiment from most Anti British and other colonies
A rancher grazes cattle in a forest reserve. The cattle selectively graze grasses, herbs, and small shrubs. After 10 years, the cattle are removed from the forest and the forest begins to change back to the way it was before the cattle were introduced. The changes in the forest would be an example of
a pioneer community
primary succession
secondary succession
a climax community
The changes in the forest after the cattle are removed would be an example of secondary succession.
Secondary succession occurs when a disturbance, such as the removal of cattle in this case, disrupts an existing ecosystem but leaves the soil intact.
The disturbance, new plant species begin to colonize the area, gradually leading to a reestablishment of the original community structure. In this scenario, the forest is reverting back to its previous state, indicating secondary succession.
On the other hand, primary succession occurs in areas where no soil or organic matter exists, such as newly formed land surfaces, volcanic eruptions, or glacial retreats. Pioneer communities are the initial stages of succession, where hardy and adaptable species colonize the disturbed area first, preparing the ground for the establishment of other plant species. A climax community refers to a stable and self-sustaining community that has reached the endpoint of succession and remains relatively unchanged over time.
Since the scenario describes the recovery of the forest after the removal of cattle, indicating the return of the original community, it aligns with the concept of secondary succession.
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How did the Meiji focus on manufacturing, shipbuilding, and construction affect Japan?
Group of answer choices
Japan failed to produce enough goods to make a profit.
Japan stopped making heavy machinery to build railroad networks.
Japan increased taxes on manufacturers to help other industries.
Japan became the first industrialized nation in Asia
Answer:
Japan became the first industrialized nation in Asia
Explanation:
Japan was the first Asian country to experience industrialization during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
This was largely due to the country's rapid modernization and westernisation in the Meiji era.
The government implemented policies that encouraged the growth of industries such as textiles, shipbuilding, and iron and steel production.
which president was unable to attend the launch of the first space shuttle from florida, as a result of recovering from an assassination attempt that left a bullet wound?
President Ronald Reagan was unable to attend the launch of the first space shuttle from Florida, as he was recovering from an assassination attempt that left a bullet wound.
On March 30, 1981, President Reagan was shot in an assassination attempt by John Hinckley Jr. As a result, he was unable to attend the launch of the first space shuttle, Columbia, on April 12, 1981. The President's injury was not life-threatening, but he remained in the hospital for several days to recover.
Vice President George H.W. Bush attended the launch in his place, becoming the first sitting Vice President to witness a space shuttle launch.
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All materials are made of ATOMS true or false
How can i put American Revolution in a sentence?
Answer:
The colonies fought for their independence and freedom from British rule.
hope this helps :)
Answer:
The American Revolution was fought between 1776 and 1781. The Daughters of the American Revolution is a lineage society of descendents of patriots from the Revolutionary War.
Explanation:
After being unexpectedly fired, you are careful not to show any emotion as you pack up your desk. Back at your apartment, though, you break down in tears with your dog. In Erving Goffman's terms, your behavior differs because it involved ____________ and ____________ regions, respectively.
There are a lot of theory. In Erving Goffman's terms, your behavior differed because it occurred in front and back regions.
What is Erving Goffman's behavior theory?Erving Goffman is known to be a Sociologist who stated the idea that a person is liken to an actor on a stage.
His theory is referred to as dramaturgy. Goffman stated that we can use “impression management” to bring out ourselves to others as we do want to be perceived or seen by them.
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In Erving Goffman's terms, your behavior differed because it occurred in ____________ and ____________ regions.
a. professional/personal
b. high/low
c. front/back
d. fake/real
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Explain how Literacy Rates can impact Life Expectancy and GDP. (4-5 sentences and Brainliest for best)
Answer:
Literacy is linked to life expectancy through a range of socioeconomic factors. and poor health behaviours, which in turn can be linked to lower life expectancy. behaviours, which in turn puts them at a higher risk of living a shorter life. people living in communities with the fewest literacy challenges.
Explanation:
Why do you think the Chinese were successful farmers in California?
Answer:
Chinese farm labor was essential to the development of various crops that required special skill and care, such as harvesting and processing olives. Chinese immigrants also provided essential labor for development of the wine industry in California.
Country X holds regular elections for a legislature, though most of its citizens have little faith in the validity of the results. Its powerful military operates largely outside of the control of the government, but it does not control the actions of the government. The government executive wields enormous power, but there is also a judiciary that occasionally rules on constitutional matters. A number of political parties compete with each other, but the government regularly restricts their campaigning activities. Based on this description, in which category could Country X most reliably be placed?
a. patrimonial regime
b. corporatist regime
c. clientist regime
d. illiberal regime
Answer:
Correct Answer:
d. illiberal regime
Explanation:
In the case of Country X, it could be classified to fall into illiberal regime due to the nature of the relationship between the central government, its military and its citizens.
For example, the central government fulfills its duty of holding an election for legislature while at same time limiting the activities of the election like specifying he number of political parties to contest the election. On the other-hand, the military ensures that there would be no dissident voice of oppositions to the activities of the government.
It also ensures that, absolute loyalty is maintained by the citizens towards the government. These actions go ahead to show that, Country X is not running a liberal government for the people but rather an illiberal regime.
what episode does tyler get assaulted in 13 reasons why?
the captain of a ship was telling this interesting story " we traveled the sea far and wide. At one time , two of my sailors were standing on opposite sides of the ship. One was standing west and the other one east. And at the same time they could see each other clearly how is possible?
Answer:
they were looking into mirrors or they were facing each other so that one was looking east and one was looking west
Explanation:
What religion did christianity and islam originate from?
Answer:
judaism
Explanation:
Christianity and Islam originated from a family of religions called Abrahamic religions. In fact, Abrahamic religions also include another progenitor religion called Judaism.
The Abrahamic Religions are marked by the presence of prophets. The prophet of Christianity is Jesus and that of Islam is Allah. Prophets are messengers that teach people to believe in one God and give up all sorts of idol worship.
All Abrahamic believe in the monotheistic principle of God. they are known to worship one ultimate messenger as an essence of the one God. Naturally, idol worship becomes a serious offense in both Christianity and Islam.
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How did the civil service examinations affect Chinese society