Why is it thought that glycolysis is the first catabolic pathway to have evolved in the metabolism of all cellular systems?
Glycolysis produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms. It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. Glycolysis is the first step that breaks down glucose and MUST be done before any further metabolic pathways can break down the glycolysis products. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm which mean it would have been able to be used before the bacteria that formed the mitochondria invade the cell that gave rise to all eukaryotes, indicating it must have been a very fundamental early pathway. Glycolysis does not require any of the membrane-bound organelles of the eukaryotic cell which evolved approximately 1 billion years after the prokaryotic cells. Before there was oxygen in the earth's atmosphere, there was only anaerobic processes - So they must have developed first. The primary method for anaerobic bacteria is glycolysis because it provides energy without oxygen. Aerobic processes require a huge number of specific proteins, whereas glycolysis has a minimal number of proteins involved. The oldest known fossils of bacteria date back 3.5 billion years when appreciable quantities of oxygen were not accumulated in the atmosphere -- so therefore since glycolysis does not require Oxygen and is thought to be the first catabolic pathway to have evolved.

Answer:

Microbial enzymes are the preferred source to plants or animals due to several advantages such as easy, cost-effective and consistent production. The present review discusses the recent advancement in enzyme technology for food industries.

Host-specific pertains to a parasitic organism or pathogen that exhibits the capacity to infect solely a solitary host species or a highly restricted array of host species.

Host-specificity describes the unique capacity of a parasite or pathogen to exclusively infect a solitary host species or an exceedingly limited spectrum of host species.

This indicates that the parasite or pathogen has developed specific adaptations to selectively exploit the biological characteristics of the host species, rendering it incapable of thriving or reproducing in alternative host species.

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Answer:

breathing is also known as respiration when you breathe in oxygen that your cells need for cellular respiration also when you breathe out carbon dioxide that your cells produce during the cellular respiration.

Explanation:

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Lack of oxygen would have little or no effect on these organisms in the Gulf of Mexico. The cellular process that is most affected by the lack of the oxygen is respiration.

We would have to know that the oxygen molecule is one the gases that is very important to the life of the organism. As such, oxygen is expected to be abundant in the environment. However, it should be known that the rate of the dissolution of the oxygen in water is quite slow.

As such, we could have some of the aquatic habitats that could be shown to be low in the amount of the oxygen that can be found in that water body and we can be able to say that such a water body is hypoxic.

An example of one of the water bodies that can be seen to be hypoxic in nature is the water body at the Gulf of Mexico.

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Missing parts;

Water is considered hypoxic (lacking oxygen) if it contains 2 mg/l or less dissolved oxygen. Think of the food chain that exists in the Gulf of Mexico: What are the types of organisms that likely live at the bottom of the Gulf, where the water is most hypoxic? How can a lack of oxygen affect them? Which cellular processes are affected by a lack of oxygen?

If there is no rain, the Arizona poppy would not be able to perform the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is a process that involves two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions.

Water is required in the light-dependent reactions to provide the electrons that are needed to generate ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the light-independent reactions to produce glucose.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option c, that is, yes, it would provide a copy of wild type of a tumor suppressor gene.

Explanation:

For delivering the wild-type copy of the gene in the cases of loss or decrease of the function of mutation the plasmids can be used efficiently. This makes sure that the wild type copy of the product of the gene is generated within the cell, which can further assist in overcoming the influence of a mutated gene.

A gene, which monitors a cell at the time of cell replication and division is known as an anti-oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene. If the growth of the cell takes place overwhelmingly, it will result in cancer. In case, if a mutation occurs in a tumor suppressor gene, it will lead to a reduction or loss in its function.

Answer:

The purpose of natural selection is not a conscious or intentional one, as it is not driven by a specific goal or purpose. Instead, natural selection is a fundamental process in biology that acts on heritable traits within populations over generations. It is a key mechanism of evolution.

Explanation:

The primary outcome of natural selection is the adaptation of organisms to their environment. Individuals with traits that are advantageous in a particular environment are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on those beneficial traits to their offspring. Conversely, individuals with traits that are disadvantageous are less likely to survive and reproduce, leading to a reduction in the frequency of those traits in the population over time.

Natural selection, therefore, acts as a filter that shapes the characteristics of populations, favoring traits that enhance an organism's survival and reproductive success in a given environment. Over many generations, this process can lead to the development of new species or the modification of existing ones, as populations accumulate adaptations that allow them to thrive in different ecological niches.

It's important to note that natural selection does not have an end goal in mind, nor does it necessarily lead to the "best" or most advanced organisms. Instead, it is a consequence of the interactions between organisms and their environment, constantly shaping and refining the traits of living beings based on their ability to survive and reproduce.

The control group is the set of non-scarified seeds. The experimental group is the set of scarified seeds. The independent variable is scarification process. The dependent variable. is the number of seeds that germinated in each group.

Controlled variables are the amount of water supplied daily, the constant temperature of the growing environment, the type of cherry seeds used and the size of the planting pots.

Quantitative data are the daily count of the number of seeds that germinated in each group over three weeks.

The study does not have qualitative data.

A scientific experiment needs to feature all of the elements represented above to be effective and reliable. This is because these elements prove that the experiment was carried out methodically, specifically, and with care in each variable and presented data.

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Answer:

The United States gets 81% of its total energy from oil, coal, and natural gas, all of which are fossil fuels. We depend on those fuels to heat our homes, run our vehicles, power industry and manufacturing, and provide us with electricity.

Explanation:

Answer:

Code

Explanation:

Answer:

C

Explanation:

found answer from "Bio-Chapter 49" quizlet-

https://quizlet.com/10652308/bio-chapter-49-flash-cards/

Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are the human activities associated with increased activity in the cerebrum. So, option C is correct.

Contemplation may be defined as studying or observing something carefully or thinking deeply about something.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It initiates and coordinates movements and regulates temperature. It also maintains and enables the thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving activities of humans.

Therefore, Calculation, contemplation, and cognition are the human activities associated with increased activity in the cerebrum.

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The area around a charge in which the electric force is experienced by other charged objects is the electric field.

The electric field is a property of the space around a charged object and is created by the presence of that charge. Any other charged object placed within the electric field will experience a force exerted on it due to the interactions between the electric charges.

The electric field can be thought of as a field of influence that extends throughout space, representing the force that would be experienced by a positive test charge placed at any given point within the field. The strength and direction of the electric field depend on the magnitude and sign of the charge creating the field. Electric field lines, which are used to visualize the electric field, point away from positive charges and towards negative charges.

The electric field plays a crucial role in understanding and describing the behavior of charged particles and the interactions between them. It is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism and has applications in various fields, including electronics, electrical engineering, and physics.

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Answer:

b

Explanation:

the kidneys clean out waste in your body

Answer:

The answer is B. The body will not be able to get rid of waste products made by cells.

Good luck :)

Answer:

D

Explanation:

glucose is produced a sugar water chemical

In this case, we must remember the last supercontinent Pangea, where Africa and South America were joined, not only the fossil record match but also physical borders too, therefore we can say that the statement is True.

The energy is related to the change of state represented by the model by: D. Atoms lose energy as a gas changes to a liquid.

A model of the transition from a gas to a liquid is shown in the accompanying image. It demonstrates how atoms or molecules change from being widely scattered as in a gas to being concentrated as in a liquid.

The atoms in this process move from a higher-energy state  to a lower-energy state releasing or losing energy in the process. The most common kind of energy loss is heat.

Therefore the correct option is d.

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Answer:

50%

Explanation:

Let's make a Punnett square to represent this, with X representing our dominant allele and x our recessive.

One homozygous dominant parent = XX

One heterozygous parent = Xx

      X    X

X   XX  XX  

x    Xx  Xx

So two out of our four outcomes are heterozygous for the trait. That means the answer is B. 50%.

The probability the offspring will be heterozygous for this trait is 50%

Heterozygous is the presence of two different alleles at a particular gene locus. A heterozygous genotype may include one normal allele and one mutated allele or two different mutated alleles.

If the two versions are different, you have a heterozygous genotype for that gene. For example, being heterozygous for hair color could mean you have one allele for red hair and one allele for brown hair.

To be heterozygous for a trait is to have different alleles for it. Being homozygous for a trait means that it will always turn out the same.

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Gel electrophoresis for proteins in Western blotting (Immunoblot). A method for analyzing individual proteins in a protein mixture is called Western blotting, commonly known as immunoblotting (e.g. a cell lysate).

kinds of gel. Agarose and polyacrylamide gels are the two forms of gel that are most frequently employed. Different sizes and types of analytes work well with each type of gel. Polyacrylamide gels offer a very high resolving capacity for tiny DNA fragments and are typically employed for proteins.

In proteomic research, where resolution of hundreds of proteins on a single gel is occasionally required, 2D PAGE offers the best resolution for protein analysis.

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Answer:

scientists may study and discuss organisms more easily

Explanation:

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Asexually reproducing aliens would be more susceptible to the NASA-created virus. Option A is correct.

This is due to the fact that asexual reproduction creates genetically identical offspring through the process of mitosis without the transfer of genetic material from one person to another. Because of this lack of genetic diversity, any mutation or genetic change caused by the virus would have an impact on the entire population. On the other hand, through meiosis and fertilisation, sexually reproducing aliens create offspring with distinctive genetic material. Due to the fact that different people would react to the virus differently due to genetic diversity, it would be more challenging for the virus to infect the entire population. As a result, the virus would spread more readily and have a greater effect on the asexually reproducing aliens.

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The two correct statements that relate RNA, amino acids, and proteins are C and D.

RNA is used to build the amino acid sequence: RNA molecules, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA), serve as templates for protein synthesis. During a process called translation, the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is read by ribosomes, and the corresponding amino acids are assembled in a specific order to form a protein.

Long amino acid sequences fold in a specific way to form proteins: Proteins are composed of long chains of amino acids. After the amino acids are synthesized and linked together, the resulting chain folds into a three-dimensional structure, which is critical for the protein's function. This folding process is driven by various interactions between the amino acid residues in the chain, allowing the protein to adopt its specific shape and perform its specific function.

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This is a problem in the field of ecology.

The problem of quagga mussels in the lake is an ecological issue that requires scientific assessment and management.

It falls under the discipline of ecology, which studies the relationships between organisms and their environment.

Ecologists investigate the impacts of invasive species on the ecosystem and devise strategies to control their spread and minimize their effects.

In this case, scientists will need to examine the size of the quagga mussel population, their distribution, and their ecological interactions with native species.

They will also need to recommend measures to prevent further introduction of quagga mussels and to manage their population growth, such as using chemical treatments or biological controls.

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Part 1: C. Urchins with short spines are extremely vulnerable to predators could be a premise to the conclusion that the urchins are undergoing natural selection.

Part 2: The vulnerability of urchins with short spines to predators implies that they are less likely to survive and reproduce compared to their counterparts with longer spines.

As a result, there is likely to be selection pressure favoring urchins with longer spines. This is an example of directional selection, where a specific phenotype is favored over the others, and the frequency of that phenotype increases in the population over time. Therefore, based on the information given above, it is reasonable to conclude that natural selection is occurring among the urchin population, specifically directional selection for longer spines.

What is phenotype?

Phenotype refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the interaction between its genetic makeup (genotype) and the environment. It is the expression of an individual's genes as traits or characteristics, which can be observed or measured.

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Answer:

d

Explanation:

Answer:

Probability sampling.

Questionnaires.

Rating scales.

Census

Explanation:

Answer:

Systematic.

Explanation:

Biological classification is important because it allows scientists to study organisms in a systematic way​.

In Science, this biological classification of living organisms based on similarities or characteristics such as eyes, number of legs, etc., is generally referred to as taxonomy.

Taxonomy can be defined as the process of naming, classification and description of living organisms such as plants and animals. The eight (8) biological classification (taxonomy) used for grouping and organizing organisms are; kingdom, domain, phylum, family, order, class, species and genus.

Hence, taxonomy helps scientist to have a good understanding and knowledge when studying various organisms.