Why do biologists believe that organisms are not designed for efficiency and perfection?

Answers

Answer 1

Biologists do not believe that organisms are designed for efficiency and perfection because they recognize that evolution is a gradual and ongoing process that is driven by natural selection.

Organisms have evolved over millions of years through a process of genetic mutation and natural selection, not purposely by a higher force.

Natural selection favours imperfect or efficient features over traits that increase an organism's capacity for survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

This means that rather than being completely optimised for a particular job, organisms are frequently the result of compromises between many functional demands and restrictions.

Furthermore, because random genetic variation is required for evolution to take place, features that are less advantageous than others may still exist in the population despite not having been chosen against.

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Related Questions

What would be a good, novel follow up experiment? I have a presentation for class about an article "Urban green roofs promote metropolitan biodiversity: A comparative study." By wooster et al. And I need help coming up with a novel follow up experiment. I struggle with these kinds of things but the hypothesis I believe to have found is "green roofs have greater organism abundance and diversity the conventional roofs in Sydney, Australia." The data supported the hypothesis and showed that there was an increased avian, gastropod and arthropod presence in the green roof vs. The conventional roof. I'm sure its really easy but I can't figure it out.

Answers

A possible follow-up experiment could be to investigate the effect of different types of vegetation on the abundance and diversity of organisms on green roofs.

The study by Wooster et al. found that green roofs promote metropolitan biodiversity, but did not investigate the effect of different types of vegetation on this biodiversity. A follow-up experiment could focus on comparing the abundance and diversity of organisms on green roofs with different types of vegetation, such as native plants versus non-native plants.

The experiment could involve setting up multiple green roofs with different types of vegetation, and monitoring the abundance and diversity of organisms on each roof over a set period of time. Data could be collected on the presence of avian, gastropod, and arthropod species, as well as other types of organisms such as insects and microorganisms.

The results of this follow-up experiment could provide insight into which types of vegetation are most effective at promoting biodiversity on green roofs, and could help inform the design and construction of future green roofs. Additionally, the experiment could contribute to our understanding of the role of urban green spaces in supporting biodiversity in urban environments.

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You are a scientist on the soloman islands. You are assigned with making recommendations

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Biodiversity Conservation: The Solomon Islands are home to rich biodiversity, containing singular environments and endangered class.

What is the recommendations?

It is important to plan out biodiversity preservation through system which controls organization and administration of protected fields, in the way that nationwide parks and sea reserves

Climate Change Adaptation: The Solomon Islands are vulnerable to the impacts of temperature change, containing climbing ocean levels, raised frequency of extreme weather occurrences, and sea acidification. It is main to expand and implement agreement actions that focus on marshy care, tenable land use preparation, and trend-resilient foundation

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What is deoxyribose?

Answers

Answer:

a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.

Explanation:

HELP ASAP
The following are the steps involved when you burn your foot on the hot sand at the beach.
Step 1: The sun heats the sand.
Step 2: Heat from the sand is transferred to your foot when you step on it.

Is step 1 an example of conduction, convection, or radiation?

Is step 2 an example of conduction, convection, or radiation?

Answers

Answer: step 1 is radiation step 2 is conduction

Explanation: step 1 is radiation because the sun is giving off heat radiation which is heating up the sand without the sun actually touching it


step 2 is conduction because your foot is actually touching the sand and the sand it hotter than your foot, so the sand transfers its heat to your foot until your foot is as hot as the sand

does anyone know how to do monohybrid crosses???

Answers

Answer:

no

Explanation:

A monohybrid cross is simple: you just put the males on the top and the females on the side. Then bring the letters on the top down and the ones on the side come across :) hope it helps

abiotic components of an ecosystem include a. only animal life b. only plant life c. living components only d. nonliving components only e. both living and nonliving components

Answers

The abiotic components of an ecosystem include:

D. Nonliving components only

Abiotic components are the nonliving factors that influence and shape an ecosystem. These can include temperature, sunlight, water, air, soil, and minerals. They play a crucial role in the functioning and dynamics of the ecosystem.  

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certain pathogens have what is known as a mutator phenotype ap bio quizlet

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Certain pathogens have what is known as a mutator phenotype. This means that they have a higher rate of mutation compared to other organisms.

The mutator phenotype is thought to contribute to the evolution of these pathogens by allowing them to adapt more quickly to changing environmental conditions. One way that the mutator phenotype can arise is through mutations in genes involved in DNA repair. Mutations in these genes can cause errors to accumulate during DNA replication, leading to an increased rate of mutation. This can give rise to new traits, some of which may be beneficial for the pathogen.


The mutator phenotype can also be induced by environmental factors such as exposure to antibiotics. Antibiotics can cause oxidative damage to bacterial DNA, which can lead to mutations. Bacteria with the mutator phenotype are more likely to develop resistance to antibiotics, which can pose a serious threat to public health.


In summary, the mutator phenotype is a characteristic of certain pathogens that allows them to evolve more rapidly. This can be beneficial for the pathogen, but can also contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance.

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Character displacement differs from resource partitioning because character displacement ________.

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Because character displacement is directly linked to the evolution of genotypes that have allowed alternate resource use.

What is resource partitioning ?

Asset Apportioning alludes to the division of assets to keep away from interspecific rivalry for restricted assets in a biological system. A transformative variation assists different species with coinciding in an environmental local area.

Asset parceling concentrates on help in deciding the impact of the expansion or expulsion of an animal categories in a specific natural surroundings and the working of a biological system.

In a biological system, life forms require assets, for example, supplements and territories to develop, repeat and live. There are restricted assets present in a territory for which all organic entities contend.

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What’s the labels in the boxes

Whats the labels in the boxes

Answers

mouth or oral passage
salivary gland
oesophagus
stomach
pancreas
gall bladder
duodenum
small intestine
large intestine
rectum

calculate the minimum length of time required for e. coli rna polymerase to synthesize an mrna that encodes a 100 kda protein. the molecular weight of an amino acid is approximately 110 da. e. coli rna polymerase has a transcription rate of approximately 50 nucleotides per second. round your answer to the nearest whole number.

Answers

The minimum length of time required for E. coli RNA polymerase to synthesize an mRNA that encodes a 100 kDa protein is 6 seconds.

To calculate the minimum length of time required for E. coli RNA polymerase to synthesize an mRNA that encodes a 100 kDa protein, we need to first determine the number of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule. Since one amino acid corresponds to three nucleotides in the mRNA molecule, we can calculate the number of nucleotides in the mRNA as follows:

100 kDa / 110 Da/amino acid * 3 nucleotides/amino acid = 273 nucleotides

Now that we know the number of nucleotides in the mRNA, we can use the transcription rate of E. coli RNA polymerase to calculate the minimum length of time required for the transcription process:

273 nucleotides / 50 nucleotides/s = 5.46 s

Rounding the result to the nearest whole number, we find that the minimum length of time required for E. coli RNA polymerase to synthesize an mRNA that encodes a 100 kDa protein is 6 seconds.

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which of the following are components of the peripheral nervous system? select all that apply. the spinal cord skeletal muscles motor neurons sensory neurons

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The peripheral nervous system consists of:

Skeletal muscles.Motor neurons. Sensory neurons.

Skeletal muscles are the muscles that are attached to the bones of the body and are responsible for movement. Motor neurons are nerve cells that send signals from the brain to the skeletal muscles, telling them to move. Lastly, sensory neurons are nerve cells that send signals from the body to the brain, carrying information about pain, temperature, and other sensations. These components are essential for our body's ability to receive and process signals from the environment and sends signals to our muscles to control movement.

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when charles darwin set sail on his five year journey on the hms beagle most scientists at the time thought that

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When Charles Darwin set sail on his five-year journey on the HMS Beagle, most scientists at the time believed that the earth and its inhabitants were created during a relatively short period of time according to the Old Testament of the Bible.

Charles Darwin discovered various plant and animal species on his journey. He is famous for his work on the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin studied the variation in plants and animals throughout the world, and he believed that over time, species that were better adapted to their environment would survive and pass on their traits to their offspring. This process is known as natural selection, and it is a fundamental concept in the field of biology. Darwin's discoveries helped to revolutionize the study of life on earth.

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in the past 150 years the classification of life has changed thought the addition and restructuring of kingdoms and domains this system is always changing because ___

Answers

Answer:

c

Explanation:

name two species of staphylococcus that are part of our normal microbiota

Answers

Answer:

Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci

Explanation:

Two species of staphylococcus that are part of our normal microbiota are Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci.

Which feature of the model represents stored chemical energy

Answers

The sugar molecule represents the most stored chemical energy. Thus, the correct answer is Option B.

Sugar (glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆) is a biological molecule that stores energy in its chemical bonds, not the molecule that initiates the process of cellular respiration During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in a series of chemical reactions to produce energy ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

The process of cellular respiration begins at the stage of glycolysis, where glucose in the cytoplasm of the cell is partially broken down into pyruvate molecules and then the pyruvate molecules are broken down again in the presence or production of oxygen (aerobic respiration). fermentation in the absence of oxygen depending on whether oxygen is present

During aerobic respiration, pyruvate enters mitochondria and undergoes the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) and the electron transport chain These processes release energy from glucose chemical bonds to produce more ATP.

Therefore, sugar (glucose), although it stores energy in its chemical bonds, is not the molecule that initiates cellular respiration. Instead, during cell respiration, glucose is broken down and energy is released in the form of ATP.

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Complete question:

Which feature of the model represents the most stored chemical energy?

A. The oxygen gas molecule

B. The sugar molecule

C. The water molecule

D. The carbon dioxide molecule​

Which feature of the model represents stored chemical energy

select all of the following molecules whose functions are pro-apoptotic (function to increase the likelihood that apoptosis will occur). group of answer choices

- IAP
- Bad
- Bcl-2
- Cytochrome c
- Bax
- Fas
- Bak
- SMAC/DIABLO

Answers

The molecules Bad, Bax, Fas, and SMAC/DIABLO are pro-apoptotic, meaning they function to increase the likelihood that apoptosis will occur.

Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells in multicellular organisms. Various molecules play a role in either promoting or inhibiting apoptosis. Among the given options, the molecules Bad, Bax, Fas, and SMAC/DIABLO are pro-apoptotic, meaning they promote or enhance the occurrence of apoptosis.

Bad is a pro-apoptotic molecule that inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and its family members, thereby promoting apoptosis. Bax is another pro-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 protein family that triggers the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, initiating the apoptotic cascade. Fas, also known as CD95, is a cell surface receptor that, when activated by its ligand, triggers a signaling pathway leading to apoptosis. SMAC/DIABLO is a mitochondrial protein released during apoptosis that antagonizes the activity of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), promoting cell death.

On the other hand, Bcl-2 and Cytochrome c are not pro-apoptotic molecules. Bcl-2 is an anti-apoptotic protein that inhibits apoptosis by preventing the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Cytochrome c, a component of the electron transport chain in mitochondria, is released into the cytoplasm during apoptosis, but its function is not directly pro-apoptotic.

In summary, the molecules Bad, Bax, Fas, and SMAC/DIABLO are pro-apoptotic, promoting the likelihood of apoptosis occurring, while Bcl-2 and Cytochrome c have functions that are not pro-apoptotic.

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What do you think an AIR QUALITY ALERT is??​

Answers

Answer:

It discusses Pollution levels in the Air

Explanation: Air can be hazardous to those lungs that are weak. They have something called an Air Quality Alert to warn those with weak lungs to take precautions. Hope this helped!

Which of the following types of mutations does not belong with the others?

Answers

Answer:

options please

Explanation:

Theres nothing to pick from

how do photosynthesis and cellular respiration affect the CO2 and O2 in our atmosphere?

Answers

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are important parts of the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere. While cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide into the environment, photosynthesis pulls carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

Name four ways synthetic fibers are different from each other?

*forensic science*

Answers

Synthetic fibers can vary greatly from one another. The main reason they can have such varying characteristics is that they can be of four distinct types.

Synthetic fibers are those that cannot be found in nature, but rather are created by man. They can be of four types:

Nylon RayonPolyesterAcrylic

Rayon is one of the types of synthetic fibers created by man. One of the weaker fibers, It is commonly referred to as synthetic silk, having many properties similar to those of silk. It is the result of wood pulp being fused with cotton or wool and is commonly used to create beddings and other home decorations, in varying colors.

Nylon shares few, if any, characteristics with rayon. It is a strong and elastic synthetic fiber. In fact, nylon is stronger than steel wire, even though it is created from water, coal and air. Nylon can be found in tents, climbing equipment, toothbrushes, and many more everyday appliances.

Polyester is a stranger form of synthetic fiber. As its name implies, it is formed from the repetition of esters. Polyester is often used for dressing, given its wrinkle-free properties and resistance. However, many kinds of polyesters exist, leading to its use in bottles, wires and more.

Finally, Acrylic is the final kind of synthetic fiber. Acrylic is a fiber which is normally used to replace wool. Acrylic can be seen used in blankets and sweaters. It is also often used to create panels that will imitate glass, which shows exactly how flexible and useful synthetic fibers can be.

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how and what can affect the stability of ecosystems, and how changes in the environment may affect the types and number of living things in an ecosystem

Answers

Environmental changes can disrupt ecosystem stability and impact the types and numbers of living organisms within it.

What factors affect the Stability of Ecosystems?

The stability of ecosystems can be affected by a range of factors, including natural disasters, human activities such as habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, and the introduction of invasive species.

Alterations in environmental conditions like temperature, rainfall patterns, and resource availability can have substantial consequences for the variety and population sizes of living organisms, resulting in shifts in species composition, changes in population sizes, and the potential for extinctions, ultimately disrupting the delicate balance within the ecosystem.

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many biologists think the current rate of species extinction indicates that a sixth mass extinction is underway. life has endured numerous mass extinctions and has always bounced back. how might the impact of human activities make this sixth mass extinction different from previous mass extinctions?

Answers

The 6th mass extinction is likewise known as the Anthropocene extinction and it's miles one-of-a-kind from the preceding 5 due to the fact it's miles especially resulting from humans.

This extinction is one hundred to one thousand instances quicker than the ultimate 5 extinctions and if it progresses withinside the following charge 1/2 of of the world's species could be wiped out.

Unlike preceding extinction activities resulting from herbal phenomena, the 6th mass extinction is pushed through human activity, primarily (aleven though now no longer restrained to) the unsustainable use of land, water and electricity use, and weather change.

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which of the following are not vertebrates? a. fishes b. reptiles c. mammals d. amphibians e. arthropods

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Arthropods is not a vertebrate. The correct option is e.  

Arthropods, which include insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other related organisms, are invertebrates. Invertebrates are animals that lack a vertebral column or backbone. Instead of a vertebral column, arthropods have an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and jointed appendages. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda, which is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom.

On the other hand, options a, b, c, and d (fishes, reptiles, mammals, and amphibians) are all vertebrates. Vertebrates are animals that possess a vertebral column or backbone, which is an internal skeletal structure that provides support and protection to the spinal cord.

Fishes are aquatic vertebrates with gills and fins, and they include a wide range of species such as bony fish and cartilaginous fish.

Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates characterized by their scaly skin, laying of amniotic eggs, and typically having four legs or being legless.

Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that have mammary glands for milk production, hair or fur, and a specialized internal system for regulating body temperature.

Amphibians are vertebrates that typically undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larval forms to terrestrial adults, and they have moist skin and usually lay eggs in water.

Therefore, the correct answer is e.

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what allows for differences between individuals due to differences in inherited DNA?
a. genetic variation
b. meiosis
c. interphase
d. mitosis

Answers

I looked at my notes and it seems to be A) Genetic variation, but I’m really sorry if it’s wrong

Set a point number of chromosomes in a human skin cell as 46 how many chromosomes are and a human egg cell?

Answers

THERE ARE 23 CHROMOSOMES

What is carbon emissions responsible for?

Answers

Carbon emissions are responsible for the global warming crisis. More specifically they are responsible for bad air quality. Greenhouse gases. Sometimes also cancers

Answer:

Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up the vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions from the sector, but smaller amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are also emitted. These gases are released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to produce electricity.

Explanation:

What can Carbon do?

Carbon emissions affect the planet significantly, as they are the greenhouse gas with the highest levels of emissions in the atmosphere. This, of course, causes global warming and ultimately, climate change. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels — coal, natural gas, and oil — are burned.


Which two systems are most likely interacting when a person experiences itching caused by a skin irritant?

Answers

Answer:

circulatory and excretory

Explanation:

The two systems that are most likely to interact when a person feels itchy from a skin irritant are the nervous system and the immune system.

What is the physiological explanation of itching?

In general, itching is a signal sent by nerves from the skin to the brain after the immune system releases substances - such as histamine - in response to irritation.

With this information, we can conclude that the two systems that are most likely to interact when a person feels itchy from a skin irritant are the nervous system and the immune system.

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a glomerular disease characterized by a marked loss of protein in the urine is

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A glomerular disease characterized by a marked loss of protein in the urine is known as proteinuria.

This condition occurs when there is damage or dysfunction in the glomeruli, which are tiny blood vessels in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste products from the blood. When these vessels become damaged, they may allow excess protein to leak into the urine, resulting in proteinuria. Some of the common causes of glomerular disease and subsequent proteinuria include diabetes, hypertension, infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. The severity of proteinuria can vary depending on the underlying cause and the extent of damage to the kidneys. If left untreated, proteinuria can lead to more severe complications such as kidney failure. Treatment options for proteinuria may include medications to control blood pressure, managing underlying health conditions, and lifestyle changes such as a healthy diet and exercise. Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare provider are crucial in managing this condition.

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which would most likely result in an increase in generic variation in a population?
a) an increase in predators and a decrease in food
b) an increase in predators and an increase in food
c) a decrease in predators and an increase in food
d) a decrease in predators and a decrease in food

Answers

Answer:

the smaller population would grow

Explanation:

a) Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek is considered to be the first microbiologist. His work was completed before Pasteur's. He was the first to use microcscopes to observe and describe single-celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. How did Van Leeuwenhoek's work provide the basis for Pasteur’s work on disproving the theory of spontaneous generation? (4 points)

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The spontenous genrration theory states that living organisms can be spwan without descent of similar organisms; so in other words, it is possible for living creatures could arise from nonliving matter such as water. Similarily in 1676 Van Leeuwenhoek discovered tiny organisms living in his cup of water- the first bacteria observed by man. Pasteur's spontenous generation theory came into the limelight after his most noteable experiment in 1859; in which he boiled meat broth in down ward tipped flasks. It is importnat to note that the tip of the flask (the neck) is what prevented particles to fall freely and instead the bent neck allowed air to travel through the flask- if the flask were to be tilted on its side the particles would seep into the broth and create a cloud within the flask. Pastuer further decided to boil the broth to possible create bacietia. Boiling the broth exposed the contents to air vessels which contained a filter to stop the particles from seeping thorugh into the broth.  What Pastueru concurred from his experminet was that flasks with filters and no filters that did not allow the particles to pass into the medium of the flask, were unsucessful with createing bacteria life. Thus, Pasteur found that noithing  grew in the flasks unless they were broke open, disapproving that living organisms could be spotenously generated within the broth, was instead created from outside the inards of the flask- and were created as spores or dust.

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