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The best reason that supports the conclusion of the courts in Leichtman v. WLW Jacor Communications, Inc. that smoke can be offensive contact under battery was based on two main factors intent and offensiveness.
Leichtman v. WLW Jacor Communications, Inc. is a court case that took place in Ohio in 1996.
The case involved a woman, Leichtman, who was exposed to secondhand smoke while working at a radio station owned by WLW Jacor Communications. Leichtman suffered from asthma and claimed that the smoke aggravated her condition, causing her physical harm.
She sued the radio station for battery, among other claims. In this case, the court found that the smoke could be considered offensive contact under the tort of battery. The court based its decision on:
1. The intent to cause harmful or offensive contact. The court determined that the radio station knew or should have known that the smoke would cause harm or offense to Leichtman.
2. The court found that the smoke was highly offensive or objectionable to a reasonable person in Leichtman's position. The court determined that the smoke interfered with Leichtman's use and enjoyment of her workplace and was a substantial and unreasonable interference with her personal space.
Based on these factors, the court concluded that the smoke could be considered offensive contact under battery. This decision was significant because it recognized that secondhand smoke could be considered a form of harmful or offensive contact in certain circumstances, even if there was no physical contact between the parties.
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Related Questions
the congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration.True/False
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The statement the congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration. is true as This statement is directly quoted from the 16th Amendment of the United States Constitution, which was ratified in 1913.
The 16th Amendment to the US Constitution gives Congress the authority to levy income taxes without having to divide them up among the states according to population or any other factor. The following is th amendment's complete text:
Without considering any census or enumeration and without apportioning income among the various States, the Congress shall have the authority to levy and collect taxes on incomes from any source.
Congress put forth the 16th Amendment in 1909, and the necessary number of states ratified it in 1913. It marked a significant change from earlier constitutional interpretations that had maintained that direct taxes needed to be distributed among the states based on population. The amendment gave Congress a lot of power.
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Which type of antitrust violation occurs when real estate firms agree to divide their market so they don't compete with one another?
a. group boycotting
b. market allocation
c. price fixing
d. tie-in arrangements
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The antitrust violation that occurs when real estate firms agree to divide their market so they don't compete with one another is called market allocation. Market allocation occurs when businesses conspire to divide territories or markets.
Antitrust violations, also known as anti-competitive practices, are business practices that go against the competition laws established by antitrust authorities, particularly in the United States, to ensure that businesses compete fairly and do not engage in anti-competitive practices.
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 are two of the most significant antitrust laws in the United States. Antitrust laws aim to promote fair competition, regulate monopolies, and protect consumers from predatory business practices.
Market allocation is an antitrust violation that occurs when businesses conspire to divide territories or markets and refrain from competing with one another in those regions. Market allocation reduces competition, which leads to higher prices and fewer alternatives for consumers. It is a violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, which prohibits businesses from engaging in anticompetitive conduct.
The following are some of the most common antitrust violations:
Price fixing is a type of antitrust violation in which businesses agree to fix prices, rather than compete with one another.Tie-in arrangements are another type of antitrust violation in which a business's products or services are sold in combination with another business's products or services. This is a way for one company to force customers to use their products or services.Group boycotting is a type of antitrust violation in which businesses conspire to boycott a competitor or group of competitors, making it impossible for them to compete. It is also referred to as a concerted refusal to deal.To know more about antitrust laws visit: brainly.com/question/13800256
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Is it illegal to sell counterfeit goods (shoes, handbags etc) in the UK?
If so, what is the punishment?
Answers
Answer:
Yes it is illegal as it greatly affects the people in poorer countries who are having to make these products as nobody is buying the items they are making and buying the fake ones. I don't know exactly, but using counterfeit money can result in up to 10 year sentence.
substantive law: sets the rules by wehich one may enforce his rights under the law. None of these choices. defines, regulates, and creates a legal relationship or prohibits certain conduct. is the same thing as procedural law.
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Substantive law is a type of law that defines, regulates, and creates legal relationships, as well as prohibits certain conduct.
It sets the rules by which one may enforce their rights under the law. This is different from procedural law, which focuses on the processes and procedures involved in the legal system.
Substantive law helps to establish and maintain a just and orderly society by clearly outlining the rights and responsibilities of individuals and organizations.
In summary, substantive law is essential for defining and regulating legal relationships and conduct, while procedural law ensures that the legal system operates effectively and fairly.
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Specialized courts (such as drug courts) are popping up all over the country. What is your assessment of this trend
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Specialized courts are primarily focused on a single jurisdiction and perform every essential regarding that particular topic.
Specialty courts are particular courts that concentrate primarily on a single jurisdiction. This court manages all matters pertaining to a specific jurisdiction. The judges in this court are specialists or experts in the legal discipline. They exclusively take on civil and criminal cases within a certain region.
Drug courts are specialized court docket programs that cater to people with alcohol and other drug dependency issues who are adults who have been charged with or convicted of a crime, young people who are involved in the juvenile justice system, and parents who have open cases involving child welfare.
Participants in drug court who successfully complete the course of treatment may have their original criminal charges dropped or expunged. The traditional justice system is used to handle a participant's case if they don't finish the program.
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Complete question is:
Specialized courts (such as drug courts) are popping up all over the country. What is your assessment of this trend? Why do you feel this way?
Happy Law Offices has total assets of $880 million. Its total liabilities are $293 million and its revenue is $112 million. Calculate the debt ratio in decimal format to 2 places; for example, 19.5% would be .20).
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The debt ratio for Happy Law Offices is approximately 0.33.
The debt ratio is a financial metric that measures the proportion of a company's total assets that are financed by debt. It is a measure of the company's leverage or the extent to which it relies on borrowed funds to finance its operations.
Debt Ratio = Total Liabilities / Total Assets
Total Assets = $880 million
Total Liabilities = $293 million
Debt Ratio = $293 million / $880 million
Debt Ratio = 0.333 (rounded to three decimal places)
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TREC promulgated contracts allow the buyer to have the property inspected:
a. By anyone personally selected by the buyer
b. By inspectors licensed by TREC or otherwise permitted by law
c. No more than three times
d. At any time by any person selected by the buyer's agent
Answers
TREC promulgated contracts allow the buyer to have the property inspected "By inspectors licensed by TREC or otherwise permitted by law."
The governmental entity in charge of overseeing real estate activities in the state of Texas is called the Texas Real Estate Commission. The organization's main office is located in Austin at 1700 North Congress. TREC is made up of nine people who the governor appoints with the support of the Texas Senate.Three members' tenure expire every two years, while the members are selected for six-year terms. Six members must be licensed real estate brokers who have spent the five years prior to their appointments working primarily in the real estate brokerage industry. Three of the members must be from the general public and not work for or be employed by organizations governed by the Commission or that receive funding from it.Thus the correct answer is Option B.
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Should it be more difficult or easier to impeach public officials and why
Answers
Answer:
it indeed should be harder.
Explanation:
So every people can be sure who they need to choose and vote
The police are investigating a crime that occurred at Shoprite. They find a red umbrella in the store where a man was assaulted by an unknown person. Three blocks away from Shoprite, investigators find a wallet with the same fingerprints on them as the umbrella. The place where the umbrella was found is called the...
A) Primary Crime Scene
B) Secondary Crime scene
C) Tertiary Crime scene
D) Accomplice
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primary Crime scene because the criminal escaped
What type of intent is necessary to violate the provisions of the Deadly Weapons Control Law? Are there exceptions? Under what conditions is the possession of a dirk or dagger a crime under the provisions of PC 12020?
Answers
Answer:
Are you just trying to get free points?
Explanation:
if the authorized mode of communication is the mail, then an acceptance becomes valid when it is dispatched (placed in the control of the u.s. postal service). this is called:
Answers
In the context where the authorized mode of communication is mail, an acceptance becomes valid when it is dispatched, or placed in the control of the U.S. Postal Service. This principle is known as the "dispatch rule."
The dispatch rule is a legal principle that governs the timing of acceptance in contracts when mail is the authorized mode of communication.
According to this rule, once an acceptance is properly prepared and placed in the control of the U.S. Postal Service, it becomes legally effective. In other words, the acceptance is considered valid and binding at the moment it is dispatched, even if it hasn't been received by the other party yet.
This rule is based on the idea that when parties agree to use mail as a method of communication, they implicitly agree that acceptance occurs upon dispatch, as long as the acceptance is properly addressed, stamped, and handed over to the postal service.
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Why are techniques or rules to interpret the meaning of statutes necessary?
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The techniques or the rules that are used to interpret statutes are very necessary given the fact that they help to justify the decisions that are made by the judges that preside over cases.
What is a statute?The term statute has to do with the enactment that is established by the legislative arm of a nation as a legal document that has to do with the ways that the policies of the nation would have to be carried out as well as the laws and the regulations that are necessary in the area.
The use of statutes is very necessary because it is wha tis used to decide cases by the law courts. The judge would have to base jis decisions based on what the law expects him to do at the moment.
It is necessary to know the statutes so that a person would be able to know the true meaning of the terms that are contained in that statutes.
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If one of the outstanding class-action lawsuits against a Canadian gig employer were to be found in favour of the plaintiffs (i.e. in favour of the gig workers suing their employers), the employer would likely be responsible for paying retroactively for various rights these workers had that were not fulfilled. Briefly describe the types of payments these employers would find themselves owing to their workers.
Answers
The types of payments employers would have to make if they were found liable in a class-action lawsuit in favour of their gig workers would vary, depending on the specific employment terms it violated.
The employer could be responsible for calculating and paying back wages for the hours worked, since typically gig workers are paid “by the job” or project completion without taking accrued vacation time or overtime into account.
They might be on the hook for unpaid overtime or vacation pay, as well as for other entitlements such as holiday pay, employer-paid contributions to pension plans, and medical and/or dental benefits. If the employer had been in violation of health and safety laws, they could also be out of pocket for medical expenses, as well as for any damages suffered by the employee, such as pain and suffering or loss of income.
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True or false commercial banks tend to keep mortgage loans in their portfolio through maturity.
Answers
Answer:
The answer is True.
Explanation:
They keep track through this proccess.
Alex wants to sell his family farm in Maryland to pay off his credit cards and get a fresh start in California. Breonna wants to buy it. The law that will govern this transaction comes from
a Statutory law
b. Uniform Commercial Code
c Common law
d. Agency law
e. All of the above
Answers
The law that will govern the transaction between Alex and Breonna in the sale of the family farm in Maryland depends on various factors. In this case, the applicable law would likely be a combination of options (a) Statutory law and (c) Common law.
Statutory law refers to laws enacted by legislative bodies, and there may be specific statutes in Maryland that govern the sale of real estate. Common law, on the other hand, refers to legal principles and precedents established through court decisions.
The sale of real estate typically involves common law principles, such as contract law and property law. However, it's important to consult with a legal professional to determine the specific laws and regulations that apply to the sale of real estate in Maryland.
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What major legislation encouraged thousands of immigrants to settle land in the western united states?.
Answers
The primary piece of legislation that attracted tens of thousands of immigrants to buy land in the Western United States was the Homestead Act.
What all acts were introduced to set the Western region of the US?It was said that the act was carried out or passed in order to promote economic progress and the expansion of the American West.
It should be noted that the Homestead Act of 1862, which Congress is said to have passed, granted 160 acres of federal land to anyone who would agree to farm the land.
Due to the 160 acres of land that the Homestead Act gave settlers, it is known to have promoted significant migration to the West.
The Homestead Act was therefore a key piece of legislation that encouraged numerous immigrants to buy land in the western United States.
Therefore, the primary piece of legislation that attracted tens of thousands of immigrants to buy land in the Western United States was the Homestead Act.
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a learning style through which a skill is acquired when a student learns through experience is called
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do young people have any political and economic "power"? explain.
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T/F : the celebration of independence day soon became the most popular public ritual in the united states.
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True, the celebration of Independence Day soon became the most popular public ritual in the United States.
Following the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, Independence Day quickly gained significance and popularity among the American population. The annual commemoration of this historic event became a cherished tradition, celebrated with great enthusiasm and patriotism throughout the country.
As the years went by, Independence Day evolved into a widely observed public ritual, marked by various activities and customs. These include parades, fireworks displays, picnics, barbecues, concerts, and other festive events. Communities across the nation come together to honor the nation's founding, express their pride in being American, and reflect on the values and principles enshrined in the Declaration of Independence.
The popularity of Independence Day stems from its symbolic significance as a representation of freedom, liberty, and national identity. The holiday serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by the founding generation to establish a free and independent nation. It also provides an opportunity for people of all backgrounds to celebrate their shared heritage and values.
The widespread observance of Independence Day can be attributed to several factors. The accessibility of public celebrations, which often include family-friendly activities, contributes to its popularity. Additionally, the sense of unity and camaraderie fostered by the holiday strengthens the social fabric of the nation.
Moreover, the cultural significance of Independence Day is reinforced through media coverage, educational programs, and historical narratives. Schools teach students about the founding of the nation, and patriotic symbols and imagery are prominently displayed in public spaces. This collective effort to promote and celebrate Independence Day has helped establish it as the most popular public ritual in the United States.
In conclusion, it is true that the celebration of Independence Day soon became the most popular public ritual in the United States. The holiday's deep-rooted symbolism, the shared sense of patriotism, and the range of festivities associated with it have contributed to its widespread popularity and enduring significance in American culture.
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Is a security officer justified to use force in response to verbal provocation alone?
Answers
A security officer is not justified to use force in response to verbal provocation alone.
A security officer is a professional who is trained to secure and protect individuals and property. Security personnel may be found in a variety of settings, including corporate offices, malls, hospitals, and other locations. These professionals are tasked with ensuring the safety of individuals and property under their supervision.
Provocation is a situation in which an individual engages in actions or makes statements that are intended to provoke or incite another person. This may include insults, threats, and other forms of verbal or physical aggression.
A reaction to a stimulus is referred to as a response. This may include a variety of physiological, emotional, and cognitive changes. In terms of behavior, a response is the way in which an individual responds to a particular situation. The response to verbal provocation by a security officer may differ based on the situation and the level of provocation.
A security officer is not justified to use force in response to verbal provocation alone. This is due to the fact that the use of force is only allowed when it is reasonable and necessary to prevent harm to oneself or others. When verbal provocation occurs, a security officer should attempt to defuse the situation verbally before resorting to the use of force.
Furthermore, if a security officer uses force in response to verbal provocation, they may face legal consequences, including charges of assault or battery. As a result, it is recommended that security personnel receive training on conflict resolution and effective communication to deal with potentially difficult situations.
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What is the difference between a misdemeanor and a felony? What determines whether a crime is classified as one or the other?
Answers
When the same officer takes complaints and gives crime prevention tips, this is called
a. impersonal service.
b. indirect service.
c. personal service.
d. direct service.
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Answer: Personal Service ✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔✔
When the same officer takes complaints and gives crime prevention tips, this is called personal service. Hence, option C is correct.
What is personal service?Personal service requires that the court papers be delivered to the opposing party personally by someone who is NOT a party to the action. When serving someone personally, the server hands the papers to the recipient.
The term "personal service company" (PSC) has no legal definition, but it is generally understood to refer to a limited company whose director is also its sole or major shareholder and who, rather than working directly for clients or accepting employment with other businesses, conducts business through their own company.
Personal Services are defined as "the performance of any work or labor, including serving as an independent contractor, offering consulting counsel or help, or otherwise acting as an agent under a contractual arrangement."
Thus, option C is correct.
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Can someone please answer this
Answers
Answer:
B) by lending money at interest
Explanation:
Is the study of politics scientific
Answers
Politics and power have long been studied, but political science as a field is relatively young. Political scientists conduct their research objectively, logically, and methodically, just like other social scientists do. This is known as a "scientific" approach.
What is the most important part of the trial proceedings? Why?
Answers
Answer:
Jury selection is the most important aspect of any jury trial, yet it is also the more frequently misunderstood aspect, for which the least amount of time is dedicated towards. There are no “rules” for jury selection, and very little, if any, guidelines offered by the judge.
Explanation:
Discuss how reserve officers could be a benefit to investigative work.
Answers
Answer:
Brainliest please
Explanation:
For police departments that decide to use reserve officers, the added help can condense full- time police officers but also pose arrears. The key is to minimize the pitfalls and duly manage the reserves.
State law extends the authority to use reserve officers to cosmopolises. All of theS.C. Criminal Justice Academy's Reserve Officer Program Norms must first be met.
A reserve police officer is an overdue levy who assists a law enforcement agency in administering the law. The agency head, with the blessing of the governing body or its principal operating officer, appoints reserve officers. Just like their full- time counterparts, reserve officers are concentrated on the weal of the people, the protection of property in their community, and the just and indifferent enforcement of the law.
child support
child support laws in Washington
Answers
The mayor and city council have a secret meeting to pass a law requiring citizens to pay a special tax for new sewer lines. Which characteristic of rule of law was violated in this situation?
Accountability to the law
Transparency of institutions
Decisions based on the law
Consistent application
Answers
Answer:
b
Explanation:
Transparency of institutions
What agency(ies) and regulation(s) govern advertising of consumer products such as bottled water? What is the purpose of consumer protection as it relates to truthful advertising? What are the consequences for non-compliance with federal and/or state regulations (students should use their own state of residence regulations) around consumer products and services? What recommendations would you offer that comply with regulations and could still promote the product for the company?
Answers
The correct answers to these open questions are the following.
The government agency that regulates advertising of consumer products such as bottled water is the FDA, The Food and Drug Administration.
What is the purpose of consumer protection as it relates to truthful advertising?
The purpose is that companies really and truthfully inform American consumers over the components of the food or medicines they are about to take. It is of the utmost importance that the American people are informed and protected when they are consuming food or medicines, so they know what they are having.
What are the consequences for non-compliance with federal and/or state regulations around consumer products and services?
FDA has the power to enforce its regulations nationwide. If companies do not comply, the FDA can enforce the regulations and companies have to pay fines from 100,000 to more than 250,000 dollars.
What recommendations would you offer that complies with regulations and could still promote the product for the company?
My recommendation is that companies are honest when making advertisements to promote their products. Many times, companies lie to attract more consumers to defeat their competitors, cheating the people on some benefits that are not true.
That is not honest or ethical.
Clear communication and honesty is my best advice.
Can somebody help me
