Answers
Answer:
The moon is 180 degrees from the sun. When the bright part is getting bigger, the Moon is waxing. When it is getting smaller, the Moon is waning. When the Moon is more than half-lit, it is called a gibbous Moon.
Explanation:
Related Questions
DNA sequence 90 nucleotide long, 31 is deleted, how many amino acids likely impact in the gene.
Answers
Assuming that the reading frame is not disrupted by the deletion, the deletion of 31 nucleotides will result in a frameshift mutation. This means that all of the codons downstream of the deletion will be shifted by one nucleotide, resulting in a completely different amino acid sequence.
Since each codon is made up of three nucleotides, the deletion of 31 nucleotides will result in the loss of 10 codons (31 / 3 = 10.33, rounded down to 10). Therefore, if the reading frame is not disrupted, we can expect that the deletion of 31 nucleotides will result in the loss of 10 amino acids.
However, if the reading frame is disrupted by the deletion, the impact could be much greater. In this case, the deletion could result in a completely different amino acid sequence downstream of the deletion, which could have significant functional consequences for the protein encoded by the gene.
Therefore, without more information about the reading frame and the specific gene in question, it is difficult to say exactly how many amino acids will be impacted by a 31 nucleotide deletion.
(Science) chemistry challenge WHATS THE ANSWERRRR
Answers
To do this, you can simply look on the periodic table, the atomic numbers are increasing from left to right.
80 is Hg, which is Mercury
29 is Cu, which is Copper
35 is Br, which is Bromine
2 is He, which is Helium
73 is Ta, which is Tantalum
Hope this helped!
Carlton and Vanessa are lab partners in their biology class. One of their labs was to run the smell test experiment on each other.
When performing the smell test, Vanessa was quite good at noticing a difference between the various intensities of vanilla and also
the various intensities of evergreen. Although Carlton could distinguish what the vanilla and evergreen smells were, he couldn't tell
there was a difference in the intensities in the vanilla or the evergreen. Based on the information presented in this scenario, which
of the following is true?
Vanessa has a more sensitive difference threshold than Carlton.
Carlton has an impaired absolute threshold.
Vanessa has a better absolute threshold than Carlton.
Carlton has the superior performance with respect to the difference threshold.
Vanessa has an impaired absolute threshold.
Answers
Vanessa has a better absolute threshold and more sensitive difference threshold than Carlton, and Carlton has an impaired absolute threshold.
Carlton and Vanessa were lab partners for a biology class and were asked to run a smell test experiment on each other.
Vanessa was excellent at noticing the difference between various intensities of vanilla and evergreen.
Carlton, on the other hand, couldn't distinguish the difference in the intensities of both vanilla and evergreen, though he could tell the smells of both.
Hence, based on the information provided in the scenario, it can be inferred that Vanessa has a more sensitive difference threshold than Carlton, and Carlton has an impaired absolute threshold.
The two significant aspects that are involved in the scenario are absolute threshold and difference threshold.
The absolute threshold is the smallest quantity of a stimulus that an individual can detect, whereas the difference threshold is the minimum difference in stimuli that an individual can detect.
Carlton could recognize the stimuli's smell but not the difference in the intensity of vanilla and evergreen.
This shows that Carlton has an impaired absolute threshold.
He could not detect the smallest quantity of a stimulus to differentiate between the smells.
Vanessa was quite good at noticing the difference in the intensities of vanilla and evergreen.
This means that Vanessa has a more sensitive difference threshold than Carlton. She could detect the minimum difference in stimuli required to differentiate between smells.
Vanessa also has a better absolute threshold than Carlton as she could detect the smallest quantity of stimulus required to detect the smells.
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The element can be identified through its
Answers
The brain is formed by a variety of nervous tissues and connective tissues. The tissues are highly organized and work together to complete a variety
of tasks
How is the brain classified?
А. tissue
B. organ <
C. organ system
D. organism
Answers
The brain is classified as an organ, and plays a role in every one of our functions such as memory, movements, speech, thoughts, etc. it also helps control many other organs.
QUESTION 1
When the cell begins producing more of a given gene than usual, we say that gene has been:
Pursued
enhanced
downregulated
O upregulated
Answers
Answer:
upregulated
Explanation:
dowregulated is the process of cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component such. as RNA. Upregulated is the complementary process that involves increases of such components
It takes the Earth _______ to complete one revolution around the Sun.
Answers
Answer:
365 days
Explanation:
Earth to go around sun=365 days
Hope it helps.
HELP
Name three carbohydrates that contain glucose as a monomer.
Answers
Answer:
Carbohydrates are classified into three subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Explanation:
. Mushroom is under............
i. Genus
ii. Donail
iii. Taxonomy
iv. Species
Answers
Answer:
Mushrooms are classified under the categories of "Genus" and "Species" in taxonomy. The genus refers to a group or category that includes closely related species, while the species represents a specific type or kind of organism. So, the correct options for mushrooms would be "i. Genus" and "iv. Species."
Which of the following statements about chemical reactions is false?
O Chemical reactions result in the formation of new elements not previously in the reaction mixture.
O Chemical reactions in biological systems are accelerated by enzymes.
O Products of chemical reactions can have very different properties than the reactants.
O Chemical reactions involve changes in bonds between atoms.
Answers
Answer:
A is incorrect.
Explanation:
Enzymes speed up/assist in chemical reactions by DECREASING the activation energy needed for a reaction. This is what C is saying.
State one substance that leaves the blood as it flows through the tissues of the small intestine.
Answers
Answer:
Superior mesenteric artery.
The primary source of energy for the body is a form of sugar called glucose. It travels to cells all throughout the body after being absorbed into circulation from the small intestine.
Other chemicals that enter the circulation through the small intestine include the following:
Proteins' building components are amino acids.
The lipids' building components are fatty acids.
minerals and vitamins
Water
In an adult, the small intestine is a muscular tube that is roughly 20 feet long. It is situated in the belly, above the large intestine, and below the stomach. The bulk of digestion and nutritional absorption from meals occurs in the small intestine.
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A bird cell with 10 chromosomes goes through the cell cycle. How many daughter cells are created at the end of 3 cell cycles AND how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell if none of them die?
Answers
Answer:
At the end of one cell cycle, a cell with 10 chromosomes will divide into two daughter cells, each with 10 chromosomes.
After 2 cell cycles:
One cell divides into two, so there are now 2 cells.
Each of those two cells divide into two, so there are now 4 cells.
Each of those four cells divide into two, so there are now 8 cells.
After 3 cell cycles:
One cell divides into two, so there are now 16 cells.
Each of those 16 cells divide into two, so there are now 32 cells.
Each of those 32 cells divide into two, so there are now 64 cells.
So at the end of 3 cell cycles, there are 64 daughter cells.
Each daughter cell will have 10 chromosomes, since the number of chromosomes did not change during the cell cycles.
Explanation:
In the food web below what organisms does organism A eat
Answers
Answer:
hop this hepl
Explanation:
What is division of labor?
Answers
ʕ•ᴥ•ʔ Hey There!
Definition of division of labor : the breakdown of labor into its components and their distribution among different persons, groups, or machines to increase productive efficiency (First Known Use of division of labor.)
☺ Hope this Helps!☺
Division of Labour is the process in which Labour is divided into parts among the workforce in order to enhance productivity and efficiency.
What is Labour?Labour refers to the workforce that is used to complete a task.
Labour can also refer to the work to be done.
In order for Labour to be completed on time, it is divided among the workforce.
Division of Labour is the process in which Labour is divided into parts among the workforce in order to enhance productivity and efficiency.
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explain the difference between self pollination and cross pollination
Answers
Answer:
Self pollination occurs when there's a transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or different flower of the same plant whereas cross pollination occurs when pollen grains are transferred from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant but of the same species.
A graph of predicted species diversity and extinction rates on different islands is shown here. Assume that a group of island forms off of the mainland from volcanic eruptions, creating Islands of bare rock
Which of these describes the processes that provide for the greatest species diversity after an island forms?
Answers
Answer:
The larger islands closest to the mainland will have the highest species diversity and lowest extinction rate.
Explanation:
Since larger islands can support a bigger community of plants and animals, they will have more biodiversity. Since closer islands will have more migration from the mainland, they will have more colonization and fewer extinctions. Therefore, primary succession will happen and result in a larger, more species-rich community on the closest and largest islands.
Does Evolution Exist?
Answers
Answer:
yes evolution do exist in nowadays also.
NEED HELP NOW!!!!!!! WILL GIVE BRAINLEIST!!!!!!
In this project, you will make a graphic to help you understand who the producers and consumers are. You can make your graphic in any way that makes sense to you; a bulleted list, a pyramid, a Venn diagram, etc. Your graphic should be clear and easy to understand. You can create it in a Word document, Power Point Presentation, Publisher, or any other graphics program that you are familiar with. Do additional research if you need to find out about any words on the list.
Click here to make a printout of a pyramid.
From the following list, Separate out the producers. Make sure you have clearly labeled this group.
acorns
deer
mice
apple
trees
eagles
owls
cabbage
frogs
potatoes
carrots
grains
rabbits
chickens
grass
squirrels
corn
horses
wolves
cows
lettuce
worms
Next, separate out the plant eating consumers. These are the ones that eat only producers. Make sure to label this group clearly. Last, separate out the predators, making sure to label this group clearly in your presentation. After completing the lab, respond to the following questions:
Were there more producers than consumers and more consumers than predators on your pyramid? Why or why not? Were there any that could have fit in more than one category?
A mouse eats 100 times his own weight in grain in a lifetime. You can see that plants must produce a great amount of food for just one mouse. What do you think would happen if grain was no longer available for the mouse to eat? How would it affect other organisms in your ecosystem?
Answers
Answer:
Producers:
Acorns (produced by oak trees)Apples (produced by apple trees)Cabbage (a leafy green vegetable cultivated as an annual plant)Potatoes (tubers produced by the potato plant)Carrots (root vegetables, usually orange in color)Grains (wheat (produced by wheat plants), barley (produced by barley plant), etc.)Grass (produces seeds and is a primary food source for many herbivores)Corn (a cereal plant that yields large grains, or kernels, set in rows on a cob)Lettuce (a leafy green plant grown for its often-crunchy leaves)Trees (producing oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis and also yielding food items like fruit and nuts)Plant-eating Consumers (Herbivores):
Deer (eat various plants and fruits, they are herbivores)Rabbits (eat grass, roots, and leafy greens; they are herbivores)Horses (eat grass and grains; they are herbivores)Cows (eat grass and grains; they are herbivores)Squirrels (primarily eat acorns, grains, seeds, and fruits)Mice (eats mainly plants, seeds, grains, fruits, and vegetables)Chickens (often fed grains, vegetables, and fruits)Predators (Carnivores):
Eagles (predatory birds that feed on smaller animals; they are carnivores)Owls (nocturnal birds that prey on small mammals, birds, and insects; they are carnivores)Wolves (carnivorous mammals that prey on deer, rabbits, and other smaller animals; they are carnivores)Frogs (amphibians with a carnivorous diet, eating insects, small mammals, small fish, spiders, and worms)Detritivores (although not mentioned in the question, they are crucial in every ecosystem):
Worms (in general, worms are classified as detritivores).To answer your questions:
In this bulleted list, there are more producers than consumers and more consumers than predators. This is typical of most ecological pyramids because each level depends on the one below it for food. There are always fewer organisms at the top of the pyramid because energy is lost at each level due to the laws of thermodynamics.For example, squirrels can be considered both plant-eating consumers (as they eat acorns, tree bark, and fruits) and potential predators (as they can be omnivorous, eating small insects and bird eggs). Similarly, mice can be categorized as plant-eating consumers, but they can also be omnivorous, consuming insects and occasionally the remains of deceased animals.If grain was no longer available, the mouse population would be significantly affected. Mice rely heavily on grains for their energy and nutrition. If this food source were suddenly unavailable, the mice would either need to find another food source, like fruits or vegetables, or their population would likely decrease due to starvation. This change would also impact other levels of the ecosystem. Predators who rely on mice as a food source, like owls and snakes, would find fewer prey available, which could lead to a decrease in their populations as well. Conversely, without mice consuming as much grain, the grain population might increase. However, other herbivores who also eat grains might proliferate, taking advantage of the increased food source and maintaining a balance. This hypothetical situation demonstrates the delicate balance of ecosystems and the potential cascading effects that can occur from changes at any level of the food web.what tissue breaks down food for energy
Answers
Answer:
When the stomach digests food, the carbohydrate (sugars and starches) in the food breaks down into another type of sugar, called glucose. The stomach and small intestines absorb the glucose and then release it into the bloodstream.
Thymine in DNA occurs as the result of thymidylate synthase creating _______, which then undergoes _______ to _______, then to _______, and incorporated into D N A by _______. Thymine in tRNA arises ________, by an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent _______ of a ______ residue in RNA.
a. UMP
b. translocation
c. post-translationally
d. dTDP
e. post- transcriptionally
f. hydroxylation
g. DNA synthase
h. phosphorylation
i. methylation
j. GMP
e. CMP
Answers
Answer:
Thymine in DNA occurs as the result of thymidylate synthase creating deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), which then undergoes phosphorylation to deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP), then to Deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP), and incorporated into DNA by the DNA polymerase (DNA pol). Thymine in tRNA arises post-transcriptionally, by S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation of a uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) residue in RNA.
Explanation:
Thymidylate synthase is an enzyme involved in de novo DNA synthesis. This enzyme (thymidylate synthase) catalyzes the transfer of the one-carbon group from 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate (5,10-CH2-THF) to deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) and subsequent methylation to produce deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), which is then phosphorylated to deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) by kinases and incorporated into DNA. On the other hand, specific tRNA methylases catalyze the methylation of transference RNA (tRNA) by using S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor. Since tRNA methylation is a post-transcriptional modification, this chemical reaction is considered an epitranscriptomic modification on the RNA molecule.
All energy comes from the sun. In 2-3 sentences, explain how it is transferred from one organism to another.
Answers
Answer:
When the sun rays come down into the atmosphere and the plants on the ground use photosynthesis to reproduce and eat. If an animal, for example, a bunny, eats grass the energy will be transferred to the bunny. If a fox eats the bunny, the energy transfers to the fox. the amount of energy will be reduced each time something is eaten because it keeps being consumed over and over.
Explanation:
how do Euglena reproduce?
Answers
For each item below, specify the independent and dependent variables, as well as constants.
1. The time it takes to run a mile depends on the person's running speed.
2. A study was done to find if different tire treads affect the braking distance of a car.
3. The height of bean plants depends on the amount of water they receive.
4. The higher the temperature of the air in the oven, the faster a cake will bake.
5. Lemon trees receiving the most water produced the most lemons.
6. An investigation found that more bushels of potatoes were produced when the soil was
fertilized more.
7. Students measured the temperature of the water at different depths in Lake Skywalker and
found that the temperature varied.
8. The amount of pollution produced by cars was measured for cars using gasoline containing
different amounts of lead.
9. Four groups of rats are first massed and then fed identical diets except for the amount of
vitamin A they receive. Each group gets a different amount. After 3 weeks on the diet, the rats
masses are measured again to see if there has been a decrease.
Answers
For each of the given items, the independent and dependent variables, as well as constants are those variables that produce a change in another, the variable that depends on another to change, and that which does not change respectively.
What are dependent and independent variables?In a scientific experiment, an independent variable is a variable that is altered or controlled to see how it affects the dependent variable. In a scientific experiment, the variable under test and being measured is known as the dependent variable.
A constant in an experiment does not vary but remains unchanged at the end of the experiment.
Considering the given items, the independent and dependent variables, as well as the constants are as follows:
Independent variable: running speed; Dependent variable: the time it takes to run a mile; Constant: distance of the runIndependent variable: tire treads; Dependent variable: braking distance of a car; Constant: speed of the carIndependent variable: the amount of water; Dependent variable: height of bean plants; Constant: type of bean plantIndependent variable: temperature of the air in the oven; Dependent variable: the time it takes for a cake to bake; Constant: type of cakeIndependent variable: the amount of water; Dependent variable: the number of lemons produced; Constant: type of lemon treeIndependent variable: the amount of fertilizer; Dependent variable: number of bushels of potatoes produced; Constant: soil typeIndependent variable: depth of the water; Dependent variable: temperature of the water; Constant: time of dayIndependent variable: the amount of lead in gasoline; Dependent variable: the amount of pollution produced by cars; Constant: type of carIndependent variable: the amount of vitamin A; Dependent variable: change in rat mass; Constant: type of rat, diet composition, feeding schedule, etc.Learn more about dependent and independent variables at: https://brainly.com/question/25223322
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Place the following terms or examples with the correct category terms may be used more than once
Answers
The categories are as follows;
Storage - Adipose
Transport - Blood
Physical protection - Dense regular
Support - Bone
Binding structure - Cartilage
Immune protection - Areolar
What is the function of bone and blood?Bones provide the structural framework for the body, giving it shape, stability, and support. They act as a rigid framework to support the muscles, organs, and other soft tissues.
Bones protect vital organs and delicate tissues from external forces and injuries. For example, the skull protects the brain, the ribcage protects the heart and lungs, and the vertebral column protects the spinal cord.
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An A/a; B/b dihybrid is testcrossed, and about ¾ of the progeny phenotypically resembles the dihybrid parent, while ¼ resembles the tester parent. If the dihybrid parent was selfed, what would be the expected phenotypic ratio in the progeny?
a. 9:3:4
b.12:3:1
c. 9:3:3:1
d. 9:7
f. 15:1
e.13:3
Answers
Answer:
The expected phenotypic ratio in the population will be 15:1
Explanation:
Due to technical problems, you will find the complete explanation in the attached files.
This is marine science I don’t understand
Answers
Marine biologists conduct intriguing research on the diverse marine flora, fauna, and microorganisms. In the oceans below the surface, 80% of all life is thought to exist! The effects of human actions on the environment, such as pollution and climate change, are reflected in plants and animals.
What does a marine biologist do?Diverse challenges and issues are investigated by marine biologists. Typical areas of concern are listed below:
The global stock of some fish species has decreased as a result of overfishing.More than 12 million tones of plastic have been released into the ocean as a result of pollution, with devastating effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and food security.Coral cover loss and coral bleaching have significantly increased as a result of ocean acidification and warming.The ocean's biological balance has been changed by the emission of hot water and other effluents from numerous enterprises.Ecosystems and wildlife in the area are permanently damaged by oil spills.Human water-borne illnesses have increased as a result of pollution.Food chains have suffered major effects as a result of the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers in farming.In fish, shellfish, and other aquatic creatures, chemicals may result in "gender-bending" and problems with reproductive.To Learn more About Marine biologists Refer To:
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Temperatures in the
Gobi Desert reach -40°F in the winter
and 90°F in the summer. Find the range
of the temperatures.
Answers
The range of temperature is 130 degree.
Here, highest temperature is 90 °F
Lowest temperature is -40°F
The range of temperature is given as
⇒ highest temperature - Lowest temperature
=90-(-40)
=130 °F
Temperature range is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures or between the highest and lowest mean temperatures during a specific time interval, for example, daily, monthly, or seasonal.
There are three temperature scales used today, Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.Fahrenheit temperature scale is a scale based on 32 for the freezing point of water and 212 for the boiling point of water,
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Which of the following is not a concern associated with fossil fuel dependence?
a. global warming
b. rising prices
c. increased competition
d. increased development
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answers
Increased development is not a concern associated with fossil fuel dependence. The correct answer is option D.
Decomposing plants and other organisms, buried beneath layers of sediment and rock, have taken millennia to become the carbon-rich deposits we now call fossil fuels. These non-renewable fuels, which include coal, oil, and natural gas, supply about 80 percent of the world’s energy. They provide electricity, heat, and transportation, while also feeding the processes that make a huge range of products, from steel to plastics. When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which in turn trap heat in our atmosphere, making them the primary contributors to global warming and climate change.
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Consider this animal cell. The organelles in an animal cell are labeled. Part i is the round structure at the center of the cell. Which organelle is labeled i?cell membraneribosomeendoplasmic reticulumnucleus.
Answers
Take a look at this animal cell. An animal cell's organelles have labels. The spherical object in the cell's center is the part I. The organelle that is labeled is the nucleus. The correct answer is option(d).
Animal cells are conventional of the eukaryotic container, middle from two points a body tissue sheath and holding a sheet-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a container divider.
Animal cells are the construction blocks that constitute all living animals in the animal world. They present party structure, consume fibers to convert to strength and help mammals move. They further hold all the inherited material of a creature and can form copies of themselves. The core is an organelle about most eukaryotic cells, the irregularity being rose ancestry cells. In animal cells, it is two together the best and stiffest organelles and is surely capable of being traced by light microscopy. The average carnal core has a width of ~6µm and seizes about 10% of the total container capacity.
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The complete question is:
Consider this animal cell. The organelles in an animal cell are labeled. Part i is the round structure at the center of the cell. Which organelle is labeled I?
a) cell membrane
b) ribosome
c) endoplasmic reticulum
d) nucleus.
Answer:
D: nucleus
Explanation:
I just did it
What is phloem?
What does phloem carries?
Explain the function of sieve tubes and their association with companion cells.
What is translocation?
Explain how pressure and water potential aid translocation.
How can aphid stylets be used to measure phloem transport rates?
How can radioactively-labelled CO2 be used to measure phloem transport rates?
What are meristems?
What are apical meristems?
What is special about these regions/ why are they important?
What process causes the growth of new plant issue?
What is meant by the term ‘tropism’?
Identify 2 tropisms and state how the plant responds to them.
Name the main group of plant hormones.
What are the main functions of plant hormones?
Explain how auxin influences gene expression
What is micropropagation?
How is it done?
Why is it done?
What external factors can affect gene expression and flowering?
Explain how phytochrome triggers flowering in short and long plants.
What is pollination?
What is fertilization?
What is seed dispersal?
How can flowering be induced out of season?
What is germination?
What conditions are required for germination?
Gibberellins are synthesized at the start of germination. What is their role?
Answers
Phloem carries sugars, amino acids, and other organic molecules from photosynthetic and storage tissues to other parts of the plant.
Sieve tubes are long, narrow tubes that transport organic materials in plants. They are associated with companion cells that help them perform their functions, such as loading and unloading substances and providing energy for transport.
Translocation is the movement of organic molecules through the phloem from source to sink.
Pressure and water potential aid translocation by creating a pressure gradient that drives the movement of materials from source to sink. Water moves from areas of high potential to low potential, and pressure is created by the buildup of solutes in the phloem.
Aphid stylets can be used to measure phloem transport rates because they are thin, flexible structures that can penetrate plant tissues and extract sap without damaging the phloem.
Radioactively-labelled CO2 can be used to measure phloem transport rates by tracing the movement of labeled carbon through the phloem.
Meristems are regions of actively dividing cells in plants that give rise to new tissues and organs.
Apical meristems are located at the tips of roots and shoots and are responsible for primary growth.
These regions are important because they generate new plant tissues and organs that are necessary for growth and development.
Cell division causes the growth of new plant tissue.
Tropism refers to the growth or movement of a plant in response to an external stimulus, such as light or gravity.
Two tropisms are phototropism, where the plant responds to light, and gravitropism, where the plant responds to gravity. In phototropism, the plant grows towards the light source, and in gravitropism, the plant responds by growing either towards or away from gravity.
The main group of plant hormones are auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
The main functions of plant hormones are to regulate growth and development, coordinate responses to environmental cues, and maintain physiological homeostasis.
Auxin influences gene expression by binding to a receptor and activating a signaling pathway that leads to changes in gene expression and cellular function.
Micropropagation is a method of asexual reproduction in which small pieces of plant tissue are used to produce new plants.
It is done by culturing the plant tissue on a nutrient-rich medium under sterile conditions to promote growth and development.
Micropropagation is done to produce large numbers of genetically identical plants for research, commercial purposes, or conservation.
External factors that can affect gene expression and flowering include temperature, light intensity and quality, and photoperiod (the duration of day and night).
Phytochrome triggers flowering in short-day plants by promoting the expression of flowering genes when the night is longer than a critical length. In long-day plants, phytochrome promotes flowering when the night is shorter than a critical length.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the male to the female reproductive structures of a flower.
Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
Seed dispersal is the process by which seeds are spread from the parent plant to new locations.
Flowering can be induced out of season by manipulating photoperiod or by using chemicals such as gibberellins.
Germination is the process by which a seed begins to grow into a new plant.
The conditions required for germination include moisture, oxygen, and appropriate temperature.
Gibberellins are synthesized at the start of germination and promote seed germination, stem elongation, and fruit development.