It is beneficial to use an adjacency matrix over an adjacency list : when the graph is sparsely connected or when the graph represents a large city with each vertex as an intersection and each edge connecting intersections.
On the other hand, an adjacency list is preferred when |VI + |E| cannot fit in memory or when |El approaches its maximum value |V|^2.
When the graph is sparsely connected, meaning it has relatively few edges compared to the number of vertices, an adjacency matrix can be more efficient. In this case, the matrix would have many entries with a value of 0, indicating the absence of an edge. Storing these 0 values in the matrix is more space-efficient than maintaining a list of empty adjacency entries for each vertex in an adjacency list.
When the graph represents a large city with each vertex as an intersection and each edge connecting intersections, an adjacency matrix can be advantageous. This scenario typically involves a dense graph with a high number of edges. Using an adjacency matrix allows for constant-time access to determine the existence of an edge between any two intersections.
On the other hand, an adjacency list is preferred when the total number of vertices and edges, denoted as |VI + |E|, cannot fit in memory. An adjacency matrix requires |V|^2 memory space, which can become impractical for large graphs. In such cases, an adjacency list, which only requires memory proportional to the number of edges, is a more efficient choice.
Additionally, when |El approaches its maximum value |V|^2, meaning the graph is nearly complete, an adjacency list becomes more efficient. In a complete graph, most entries in the adjacency matrix would be non-zero, resulting in significant memory wastage. An adjacency list, on the other hand, only stores the existing edges, optimizing memory usage.
To know more about memory click here: brainly.com/question/14829385
#SPJ11
What happens on a phone or tablet if it runs out of RAM to run processes? Is there additional storage?
Answer:
Ur phone/tablet starts to become laggy
Explanation:
Why is it essential to design an architecture before implementing the software? (1 point)
Designing the architecture first is important so future developers can use the architecture as a reference.
Designing the architecture first makes time use analysis for the product easier.
Architecture design beforehand is essential because it encapsulates the complete cost analysis before launch.
Having a designed architecture ensures things are planned well and allows for evaluation of and changes to the project before deployment.
The reason why it is essential to design an architecture before implementing the software is option d: Having a designed architecture ensures things are planned well and allows for evaluation of and changes to the project before deployment.
What is the importance of architectural design in software design?Architecture is known to be one that acts as the framework or the blueprint for any kind of system.
Note that it is one that tends to provide a form of an abstraction that can be used to handle the system complexity as well as set up some communication and coordination methods among parts.
Therefore, based on the above, one can say that The reason why it is essential to design an architecture before implementing the software is option d: Having a designed architecture ensures things are planned well and allows for evaluation of and changes to the project before deployment.
Learn more about architecture from
https://brainly.com/question/9760486
#SPJ1
clients can select their own operating systems, development environments, underlying applications like databases, or other software packages (i.e., clients, and not cloud vendors, get to pick the platform), while the cloud firm usually manages the infrastructure (providing hardware and networking)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
You are correct. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a cloud computing model.
What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a cloud computing model in which clients have the flexibility to select their own operating systems, development environments, and other software packages, while the cloud provider manages the underlying infrastructure, such as hardware, networking, and storage.
In this model, the client is responsible for deploying and managing their own applications and services, but the cloud provider takes care of the underlying infrastructure, including the physical servers, storage systems, and network devices.
This allows clients to have more control over their computing environment, while benefiting from the scalability, reliability, and security of the cloud provider's infrastructure.
To Know More About IaaS, Check Out
https://brainly.com/question/23864885
#SPJ1
Write a program with an array that is initialized with test data. Use any primitive data type of your choice. The program should also have the following methods:
• getTotal. This method should accept a one-dimensional array as its argument and return the total of the values in the array.
• GetAverage. This method should accept a one-dimensional array as its argument and return the average of the values in the array.
• GetHighest. This method should accept a one-dimensional array as its argument and return the highest of the values in the array.
• GetLowest. This method should accept a one-dimensional array as its argument and return the lowest of the values in the array.
Demonstrate each of the methods in the program using the data from the following four one-dimensional arrays.
// Some arrays of various types. int[] iarray = { 2, 1, 9, 7, 3 }; float[] farray = { 3.5F, 4.6F, 1.7F, 8.9F, 2.1F }; double[] darray = { 98.7, 89.2, 55.1, 77.6, 99.9 }; long[] larray = {100, 500, 200, 300, 400 };
Here's a Java program that includes the methods `getTotal`, `getAverage`, `getHighest`, and `getLowest` to perform calculations on different one-dimensional arrays:
public class ArrayOperations {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] iarray = { 2, 1, 9, 7, 3 };
float[] farray = { 3.5F, 4.6F, 1.7F, 8.9F, 2.1F };
double[] darray = { 98.7, 89.2, 55.1, 77.6, 99.9 };
long[] larray = {100, 500, 200, 300, 400 };
System.out.println("Total of iarray: " + getTotal(iarray));
System.out.println("Average of farray: " + getAverage(farray));
System.out.println("Highest value in darray: " + getHighest(darray));
System.out.println("Lowest value in larray: " + getLowest(larray));
}
public static int getTotal(int[] arr) {
int total = 0;
for (int num : arr) {
total += num;
}
return total;
}
public static float getAverage(float[] arr) {
float sum = 0;
for (float num : arr) {
sum += num;
}
return sum / arr.length;
}
public static double getHighest(double[] arr) {
double highest = arr[0];
for (double num : arr) {
if (num > highest) {
highest = num;
}
}
return highest;
}
public static long getLowest(long[] arr) {
long lowest = arr[0];
for (long num : arr) {
if (num < lowest) {
lowest = num;
}
}
return lowest;
}
}
This program demonstrates the four methods on the given arrays and prints the corresponding results. Each method performs the required calculations on the provided array type and returns the desired output.
Learn more about array here:
https://brainly.com/question/13110890
#SPJ11
While there is no formal rule, convention dictates that when reporting a dataset's mean we would also generally report its ____ . When reporting a dataset's median we would also generally report its
While there is no formal rule, convention dictates that when reporting a dataset's mean we would also generally report its standard deviation. When reporting a dataset's median we would also generally report its interquartile range.The mean and median are two measures of central tendency used in statistics.
The mean is the average of all the values in a dataset, while the median is the middle value of a dataset when it is arranged in order.In reporting a dataset, it is important to provide not only the central tendency measure but also the variability of the dataset. Convention dictates that when reporting a dataset's mean, we would also generally report its standard deviation.
The standard deviation is a measure of how far the values in the dataset are from the mean.On the other hand, when reporting a dataset's median, we would also generally report its interquartile range. The interquartile range is the range between the first and third quartiles of the dataset. It is a measure of how spread out the middle 50% of the dataset is.
Therefore, reporting both the central tendency measure and the variability measure provides a more complete understanding of the dataset and enables better comparisons between different datasets.
To know more about measures visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2384956
#SPJ11
what was tari's total standard machine-hours allowed for last year's output?
Tari's total standard machine-hours allowed for last year's output was not provided in the question. Therefore, I cannot give a specific number for the total standard machine-hours allowed. Standard machine-hours allowed refers to the number of hours allocated for a specific task or production process based on predetermined standards.
It takes into account factors such as machine capacity, labor requirements, and materials used. Without knowing the specifics of Tari's production process and standards, it is impossible to determine the exact number of standard machine-hours allowed for last year's output. To determine the total standard machine-hours allowed for last year's output, we would need to know the following information.
Tari's production process: What is the process for creating the output? This will help determine how many machine-hours are required to complete the task. Machine capacity: How many machines are available and what is their capacity? This will help determine the number of hours that can be allocated to each machine. Labor requirements: How many workers are needed to operate the machines and perform other tasks? This will help determine how many hours of labor are required. Materials used: What materials are used in the production process? This will help determine the amount of time required to process and handle the materials. Once we have this information, we can calculate the total standard machine-hours allowed for last year's output. However, since this information was not provided in the question, we cannot give a specific answer. To answer your question regarding Tari's total standard machine-hours allowed for last year's output, I will need some more information. Specifically, the standard machine-hours per unit and the total number of units produced last year. Once you provide that information, I can help you calculate the total standard machine-hours allowed.
To know more about allowed visit:
https://brainly.com/question/27281756
#SPJ11
Explain what will happen if we continue to use fossil fuels at the rate we are now and what impacts it will have on the planet.
Answer:
At the point when non-renewable energy sources are singed, they discharge carbon dioxide and other ozone depleting substances, which thusly trap heat in our air, making them the essential supporters of an Earth-wide temperature boost and environmental change. At the point when we consume oil, coal, and gas, we don't simply meet our vitality needs—we drive the current an unnatural weather change emergency also. Non-renewable energy sources produce huge amounts of carbon dioxide when consumed. Carbon discharges trap heat in the air and lead to environmental change.
Which is used to input information on a laptop?
Answer:
The keyboard.
Explanation:
You use the keyboard to input info in a computer.
Object-Oriented Analysis can be characterized by which of the following Selected Answer, Do the right thing Selected Answer, Emphasizes finding and describing the objects (or concepts) in the problem domain Selected Answer, An investigation of the problem (rather than how a solution is defined) Selected Answer, Defining software objects and how they collaborate to fulfill the requirements Answer, Designs are implemented in a programming language Selected Answer, Emphasizes a conceptual solution that fulfills the requirements Answer, Do the thing right
Answer:
Selected Answer, Emphasizes finding and describing the objects (or concepts) in the problem domain Selected Answer,
Explanation:
Based on what you know about the Sort and Find functions, return to the database file to determine the answers to these questions.
How many people in the database have a birthday on 3/3/92?
0
1
2
3
ZERO
Explanation:
EDG 2021
First question is 0
second is 2
When inputting an answer, round your answer to the nearest 2 decimal places (for VARIANCE round to 4 decimal places). If you need to use a calculated number for further calculations, DO NOT round until after all calculations have been completed. For the final answer, Round to 2 decimal places (for VARIANCE round to 4 decimal places). Q3) A stock has monthly retums of −22.28%,−04.25%,08.17%, and 25.95%. What is the stock's geometric average retum? (2 points)
The stock's geometric average return is approximately -0.2449, or -24.49% when rounded to two decimal places.
To calculate the geometric average return of a stock, we need to multiply all the individual returns and then take the nth root, where n is the number of returns.
Given the monthly returns of the stock:
Return 1: -22.28%
Return 2: -04.25%
Return 3: 08.17%
Return 4: 25.95%
To calculate the geometric average return, we perform the following steps:
1. Convert the percentage returns to decimal form:
Return 1: -22.28% = -0.2228
Return 2: -04.25% = -0.0425
Return 3: 08.17% = 0.0817
Return 4: 25.95% = 0.2595
2. Multiply all the decimal returns together:
Product = (-0.2228) * (-0.0425) * (0.0817) * (0.2595) = -0.0013816396
3. Take the fourth root (since there are four returns):
Geometric Average Return = Product^(1/4) = (-0.0013816396)^(1/4) ≈ -0.2449
Therefore, the stock's geometric average return is approximately -0.2449, or -24.49% when rounded to two decimal places.
Note that the negative sign indicates a negative return, which means the stock has experienced an average decrease in value over the given period.
Learn more about stock's geometric here:
https://brainly.com/question/33099564
#SPJ11
A security engineer analyzes network traffic flow collected from a database. The engineer uses the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) IETF standard as a resource for data collection, and notices a pattern in the data traffic for specific IP addresses at night. Evaluate the terminology and conclude what the IT engineer records
The security engineer is using the IPFIX standard to collect network traffic flow data from a database. They observe a consistent pattern in the data traffic involving specific IP addresses during nighttime.
IPFIX (IP Flow Information Export) is a standard defined by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) that allows network devices to export information about IP flows. It provides a structured format for recording details about network traffic, such as source and destination IP addresses, protocol, port numbers, and timestamps.
In this scenario, the security engineer is leveraging IPFIX to capture and analyze network traffic flow data. They notice a recurring pattern in the data traffic associated with specific IP addresses during nighttime. This pattern could indicate suspicious or abnormal activity occurring during those hours. By examining the collected information, the engineer can investigate further and potentially identify any security threats or anomalies that require attention.
Learn more about specific IP addresses here:
https://brainly.com/question/31786810
#SPJ11
Discuss how you would use the Interactive method of data gathering atAIT in developing a system which could be useful to the institution.
Answer:
We're no strangers to love
You know the rules and so do I
A full commitment's what I'm thinking of
You wouldn't get this from any other guy
I just wanna tell you how I'm feeling
Gotta make you understand
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
Never gonna run around and desert you
Never gonna make you cry
Never gonna say goodbye
Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you
We've known each other for so long
Your heart's been aching but you're too shy to say it
Inside we both know what's been going on
We know the game and we're gonna play it
And if you ask me how I'm feeling
Don't tell me you're too blind to see
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
Never gonna run around and desert you
Never gonna make you cry
Never gonna say goodbye
Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
Never gonna run around and desert you
Never gonna make you cry
Never gonna say goodbye
Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you
Never gonna give, never gonna give
(Give you up)
(Ooh) Never gonna give, never gonna give
(Give you up)
We've known each other for so long
Your heart's been aching but you're too shy to say it
Inside we both know what's been going on
We know the game and we're gonna play it
I just wanna tell you how I'm feeling
Gotta make you understand
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
Never gonna run around and desert you
Never gonna make you cry
Never gonna say goodbye
Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
Never gonna run around and desert you
Never gonna make you cry
Never gonna say goodbye
Never gonna tell a lie and hurt you
Never gonna give you up
Never gonna let you down
Never gonna run around and desert you
Never gonna make you cry
You are an IT technician for your company. Fred calls you complaining that every time he opens his internet browser, the default home page has been changed to a site he is not familiar with. You suspect this change is being caused by a malware infection on his system. However, after you run antimalware and antivirus software on Fred's system, it is still having the same issue. Which of the following would be the next BEST way to remove the malware?
a. Format Fred's disks and perform a clean installation of the operating system.
b. Fred's computer to a known good point.
c. Purchase a new disk and deploy a backup image of Windows.
d. Restore Fred's computer back to a previous restore point.
e. Perform an image deployment from a backup image to restore
Given that one is an IT technician for your company, and Fred calls you complaining that every time he opens his internet browser, the default home page has been changed to a site he is not familiar with. If one suspects this change is being caused by a malware infection on his system. However, after you run antimalware and antivirus software on Fred's system, it is still having the same issue, the next best thing to do is to "Restore Fred's computer back to a previous restore point." (Option D)
What is malware?Malware is any program that is purposely meant to disrupt a computer, server, client, or computer network, leak private information, obtain unauthorized access to information or systems, deny access to information, or interfere with the user's computer security and privacy.
System Restore creates Restore Points by taking a "snapshot" of some system files and the Windows registry. When an install fails or data is corrupted, Machine Restore can restore a system to working order without requiring you to reinstall the operating system.
Learn more about Malware:
https://brainly.com/question/22185332
#SPJ1
The culture of the Internet is interlinked in dependence between technological advances and the way in which ____.
humans increased personal capacity by using these advances
humans have become entirely dependent on digital technology
humans increased their processing knowledge with technology
humans have become interdependent on various technologies
Answer: humans increased personal capacity by using these advances.
Explanation:
The culture of the Internet is interlinked in dependence between technological advances and the way in which humans increased personal capacity by using these advances.
Technological advancement has to do with how information is being generated which brings about the improvement and inventions regarding technology.
Answer:
C) humans increased personal capacity by using these advances
what is the 48-bit ethernet address of your computer? 2. what is the 48-bit destination address in the ethernet frame? is this the ethernet address of gaia.cs.umass.edu? (hint: the answer is no).
gaia.cs.umass.edu is Not a ethernet address. It is a 12-digit hexadecimal number that occupies 6 bytes.
What is an Ethernet Hardware Address?Your Ethernet card's individual identification is known as the Ethernet hardware address (HW Address).It is a 12-digit hexadecimal number that occupies 6 bytes (12 digits in hex = 48 bits). MAC addresses have a length of 48 bits.They are divided into two halves: the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) formed by the first 24 bits and the serial number formed by the final 24 bits (formally called an extension identifier).An IP address is a 32-bit number that is typically displayed in dotted decimal format. This format displays each octet (8 bits) of the address in decimal format, with a period separating each value.To learn more about Ethernet address refer,
https://brainly.com/question/28930681
#SPJ13
gaia.cs.umass.edu is Not a ethernet address. It is a 12-digit hexadecimal number that occupies 6 bytes.
What is an Ethernet Hardware Address?Your Ethernet card's individual identification is known as the Ethernet hardware address (HW Address).It is a 12-digit hexadecimal number that occupies 6 bytes (12 digits in hex = 48 bits).MAC addresses have a length of 48 bits.They are divided into two halves: the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) formed by the first 24 bits and the serial number formed by the final 24 bits (formally called an extension identifier).An IP address is a 32-bit number that is typically displayed in dotted decimal format. This format displays each octet (8 bits) of the address in decimal format, with a period separating each value.To learn more about Ethernet address refer,
brainly.com/question/28930681
#SPJ13
What is the shortcut key for opening a new tab in a web browser.
Is the earth flat or round?
My cousin says it’s flat but my mom, his mom, and me keep telling him there is literal satellite proof that the earth is round and their are scientists literally 10000x smarter than he is and they say the earth is round but he told me to search it up on brainly so here I am
Is the earth flat or round?
Answer: The earth is round
Explanation: People have even gone to space and recorded it.
Answer: round
Explanation: satellite images show the earth is round
NEED THIS ASAP!!) What makes open source software different from closed source software? A It is made specifically for the Linux operating system. B It allows users to view the underlying code. C It is always developed by teams of professional programmers. D It is programmed directly in 1s and 0s instead of using a programming language.
Answer: B
Explanation: Open Source software is "open" by nature, meaning collaborative. Developers share code, knowledge, and related insight in order to for others to use it and innovate together over time. It is differentiated from commercial software, which is not "open" or generally free to use.
Computer _ rely on up to date definitions?
A. Administrators
B. Malware Scan
C. Firmware updates
D. Storage Drivers
Answer: The correct answer is B. Malware Scan
Explanation:
The word "definition" only applies to antivirus and malware removal applications that scan for patterns using the definitions. The other choices do not use definitions. Firmware updates rely on images, storage drives use drivers and administrators are user privilege type.
In 1838 after pressuring the Cherokee to sign treaties giving up their lands, the federal government
forced Cherokee resistors to adopt the lifestyle of white settlers.
O realized that it could not legally take land from unwilling Cherokee
O sent the US Army to force Cherokee resistors to march west.
filed a lawsuit against the Cherokee Nation to force its removal
The correct answer is C. Sent the US Army to force Cherokee resistors to march west.
Explanation:
In 1835 the U.S. government persuaded traditional Indian tribes including the Cherokee to sign a treaty that established the Cherokee would leave their land in exchange for money and other benefits. This treaty was signed by those that represented a minority in the tribe, and therefore it did not represent the opinion of all the tribe.
Additionally, after this treaty the government made the Cherokees leave their land and move to the Indian territory in the West. This was possible because the government sent the US Army, also, this forced displacement had a great negative effect in the tribe not only because they had to leave their land, but also because many died in the process.
Answer:
its C
Explanation:
I got 100 on my Quiz
HELP ASAP!! Prompt what is Columm
Answer:
A column prompt is the most common and flexible prompt type. A column prompt enables you to build very specific value prompts to either stand alone on the dashboard or analysis or to expand or refine existing dashboard and analysis filters.
Explanation:
:)
what is thesaurus?what do you mean by spell chek feature
Answer:
Thesaurous is a book that lists words in groups of synonyms and related concepts.
A Spell Checker (or spell check) is a Software feature that checks for misspellings in a text. Spell-checking features are often embaded in software or services, such as word processor, email client, electronic dictionary, or search engine.
You should name ranges for all input variables before creating your first scenario.a. true b. false
You should name ranges for all input variables before creating your first scenario is option b. false
What are the variables?It is not mandatory or obligatory to designate names for input variables prior to devising the initial scenario. Assigning labels to data ranges can be a useful tool in situations where organization and reference is necessary, however it is not a requisite.
Scenario analysis is a common technique employed in various software tools such as financial modeling software or spreadsheets to replicate diverse input sets and gauge their influence on outcomes.
Learn more about input variables from
https://brainly.com/question/1827314
#SPJ1
the word item referred to as a: A.value B.label C.Formula
how to find intersection point of two lines in excel
By following these steps, we can easily find the intersection point of two lines in Excel. The LINEST function is a powerful tool for performing linear regression calculations and can be used to solve a variety of mathematical problems.
To find the intersection point of two lines in Excel, we can use the LINEST function. The LINEST function is an array function that can perform linear regression calculations. By providing the two lines as the input to the LINEST function, we can determine the intersection point.
Explanation: Here are the steps to find the intersection point of two lines in Excel:
1. Enter the x and y coordinates for each line in separate columns.
2. Highlight the x and y columns for both lines.
3. From the Insert tab on the ribbon, select Scatter and then select a Scatter chart that displays each line separately.
4. Right-click on either line and select Add Trendline.
5. In the Trendline options, select Linear and display the equation on the chart.
6. Write down the slope (m) and y-intercept (b) of both lines.
7. Use the LINEST function to calculate the intersection point.
8. Type "=LINEST(y1:y2,x1:x2)" into a blank cell, replacing y1, y2, x1, and x2 with the cell ranges that contain the line data.
9. The result will be a two-row, two-column array that contains the slope and y-intercept for both lines.
10. Calculate the intersection point by dividing the difference in y-intercepts by the difference in slopes.
11. Type "=($C$2-$G$2)/($G$1-$C$1)" into a blank cell, replacing C2 and G2 with the y-intercepts for each line and replacing G1 and C1 with the slopes for each line.
12. The result will be the x-coordinate of the intersection point.
13. To find the y-coordinate, substitute the x-coordinate into either of the original line equations.
To know more about linear regression visit:
brainly.com/question/32505018
#SPJ11
Data ________ is important because it establishes an organization's rules for sharing, disseminating, acquiring, standardizing, and classifying data.
Data protection policy is important because it establishes an organization's rules for acquiring, standardizing and disseminating data.
What is Data protection policy?These are policies adopted by organizations that help to ensure data is adequately protected.
When data isn't protected , it could get to the hands of criminals which could use it for different types of cybercrime and also to ensure compliance with data protection laws in the country.
Read more about Data protection policy here https://brainly.com/question/26493645
6. A small design agency you are consulting for will be creating client websites and wants to purchase a web server so they can host the sites themselves. How will you advise them on this purchase?
Answer:
Explanation:
The best way to advise the agency in this matter would be to help them completely understand the total cost of ownership of the server. This includes the server itself but many other factors as well. Such as any and all server software and application software that they will need, an IT server manager, facility costs, security costs, backup features. These are some of the main costs that they will be incurring but there may be more unforeseen costs. Therefore the best way to advise them is by providing all of this information so that they can make the most informed decision possible.
the functional description of the transport layer in the osi model provides
d
5.
in the blanks. Compare your answers with your classmates' an
mnemonic codes
COBOL
1.
2. Assembly language is based on
3.
4.
Stat
SQL
is a language processor.
Compiler
is a high-level language.
number system consists of 10 digits.
is a fifth generation language.
Decimal
Answer:
1. COBOL: Common Business-Oriented Language
2. Assembly language is based on machine code.
3. Stat: Statistical Analysis System
4. SQL: Structured Query Language
5. Decimal: Decimal number system consists of 10 digits.
Mnemonic codes: Mnemonic codes are used to represent instructions or data in a more human-readable format, making it easier for programmers to remember and understand. Examples of mnemonic codes include ADD (addition), SUB (subtraction), and MOV (move). They are commonly used in assembly language programming.
Compiler: A compiler is a language processor that translates high-level programming code into machine code, which can be directly executed by a computer. It performs various tasks such as syntax analysis, optimization, and code generation.
High-level language: A high-level language is a programming language that is designed to be easier for humans to read, write, and understand. It provides a higher level of abstraction and is closer to natural language compared to low-level languages like assembly or machine code.
Fifth-generation language: A fifth-generation language (5GL) is a programming language that focuses on artificial intelligence and problem-solving using a high-level, declarative approach. It allows programmers to specify what needs to be done rather than how to do it. Examples of 5GLs include Prolog and OPS5.