when did bilaterians evolve? what traits do they have in common?

The circulatory body system involves vascular lesions.

The vascular system in the body of humans is made up of a network of vessels that carry blood throughout the bodies of humans. When this system becomes compromised, an individual can develop vascular lesions in the form of tumors, sores, ulcers, skin marks, or wounds. These forms of vascular lesions might be appeared on the surface of one's skin, just below, or deep in vein tissue. In simple terms, vascular lesions refer to the common abnormalities of the skin and underlying tissues because of the issues in the circulatory body system.

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Answer:

oh man, this one can possibly be two correct answers, Either C or D. Can you ask maybe a teacher to help you out? if I had to answer I would probably lean towards D. But I'm not 100% sure. :) Let me know if you get it correct or incorrect :D

Explanation:

From an evolutionary perspective, enzymes are important because they allow organisms to catalyze the chemical production of a range of macromolecules and metabolites that aid in their evolutionary success.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate and accelerate chemical reactions within organisms. They play a fundamental role in metabolism by enabling the synthesis of essential molecules required for growth, development, and survival. Enzymes act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, thus increasing the efficiency and speed of these reactions.

Through their catalytic activities, enzymes enable organisms to efficiently produce various macromolecules and metabolites, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules are essential building blocks for cellular structures, energy storage, signaling, and genetic information. By facilitating the synthesis of these molecules, enzymes contribute to an organism's ability to adapt, reproduce, and evolve in response to changing environments.

Enzymes also enable organisms to carry out specific biochemical pathways and metabolic processes necessary for their survival. These processes include energy production, nutrient utilization, and waste elimination. The efficiency of enzymatic reactions allows organisms to maximize the utilization of resources and optimize their physiological functions.

While enzymes are not primarily responsible for conferring antibiotic resistance or forming physical barriers like keratin or muscle fibers, they do play a critical role in facilitating the biochemical mechanisms that organisms employ to defend against external threats. Enzymes are involved in the production of defense molecules, such as antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, and detoxification enzymes, which aid in combating pathogens and toxins.

In summary, enzymes are of utmost importance from an evolutionary perspective because they allow organisms to catalyze the production of various macromolecules and metabolites. This enables them to efficiently utilize resources, adapt to changing environments, and carry out essential biochemical processes that contribute to their evolutionary success and survival.

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Answer:

translation; mRNA --> protein.

It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

Explanation:

After the mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation occurs at the ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins

Wild type and mutant are recessive alleles. The allele that is not expressed when there is heterozygosity. untamed type a person with a typical phenotype.

the trait that is typically present in an organism's natural population. mutant a person who deviates from the typical phenotype in some way. The terms "wild type" and "mutant" refer to people with normal phenotypes shared by the bulk of the natural population, while "mutant" refers to those whose phenotypes deviate from those of the normal population. Melanocytes, a kind of cell, are responsible for producing the protein melanin. Melanin has a crucial role in shielding the skin from the sun's UV rays, which may damage DNA and lead to skin cancer. Albinism is brought on by both alleles of the gene being autosomal recessive. Recessive mutant alleles are those that result in proteins with diminished or nonexistent function.

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Both mutant and wild-type alleles are recessive. the allele that is silenced in a heterozygote situation. a person with a characteristic phenotype is the untamed type.

A characteristic that is frequently seen in an organism's natural population. a mutant is a person whose phenotype differs in some manner from the norm. "Wild type" and "mutant" refer to individuals whose phenotypes are similar to those of the majority of the natural population.

"Mutant" describes individuals whose phenotypes differ from those of the normal population. The cell type called melanocytes is in charge of making the melanin protein. Melanin is essential for protecting the skin from UV radiation, which can harm DNA and cause skin cancer.

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Answer:

The amniotic sac and its filling provide a liquid that surrounds

and cushions the fetus . It is a site of exchange of essential

substances, such as oxygen, between the umbilical cord and the

fetus. It allows the fetus to move freely within the walls of the

uterus. Buoyancy is also provided

Answer:The ratios between their number of genes and their genome sizes are generally larger than those in eukaryotes. So, as the number of genes increase, usually the genome size increases too.

Explanation:

Paragraph 1:

Genetics is the scientific study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It involves understanding how traits are passed from one generation to another and how genes contribute to the development and functioning of organisms.

Paragraph 2:

Genetics has had a profound impact on society, particularly in the field of medicine. One notable example is the development of genetic testing and screening.

Paragraph 3:

Another significant impact of genetics on society is in the field of agriculture and food production.

Paragraph 1:

Genetics is the scientific study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It involves understanding how traits are passed from one generation to another and how genes contribute to the development and functioning of organisms.

The field of genetics began to take shape in the mid-19th century with the work of Gregor Mendel, who conducted experiments on pea plants and established the principles of inheritance. The discovery of DNA's structure by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953 provided a significant breakthrough, as DNA is the genetic material that carries the instructions for building and maintaining living organisms.

Paragraph 2:

Genetics has had a profound impact on society, particularly in the field of medicine. One notable example is the development of genetic testing and screening. These techniques allow individuals to assess their genetic predisposition to certain diseases or conditions.

For instance, testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations can indicate an increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. This information enables individuals to make informed decisions about their health, such as pursuing preventive measures or early detection.

Genetic testing has also been used in prenatal screenings to identify genetic disorders in fetuses, empowering parents to make decisions regarding the continuation of the pregnancy or to prepare for the challenges ahead.

Paragraph 3:

Another significant impact of genetics on society is in the field of agriculture and food production. Genetic engineering and modification have allowed scientists to enhance crop traits such as pest resistance, drought tolerance, and nutritional content.

An example of this is the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), such as Bt corn and herbicide-resistant soybeans. These genetically modified crops have the potential to increase agricultural productivity, reduce the use of pesticides, and address food security concerns.

However, the use of GMOs also raises ethical and environmental concerns, as the long-term effects of introducing modified genes into ecosystems are still being studied. It highlights the need for careful regulation and consideration of the potential risks and benefits associated with genetic modifications in agriculture.

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The most common complication of pregnancy among all the choices is severe nausea and weight loss caused by hyperemesis gravidarum.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is a type of nausea and vomiting that occurs during pregnancy. It is like a severe version of morning sickness, with symptoms including severe nausea and feeling faint and dizzy, especially when waking up.

When it happens, the patient usually needs to be hospitalized and treated with IV fluids and anti-nausea medication. That's because persistent vomiting can lead to dehydration and weight loss. If not treated, hyperemesis can have long-term effects on both the mother and the child.

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Converting the genes to mRNA and using the table of genetic codes:

Gene 1: Leu   Phe   Arg   Cys   (stop codon)

Gene 2:   (stop) Arg   (stop) Ala

The genetic codes, otherwise known as codons, are codes containing 3 nucleotide bases with each code specifying an amino acid. The nucleotide bases are mRNA bases.

Thus, for each gene, the mRNA bases would be the complementary bases.

Using the genetic code table:

For the first mRNA sequence: CUG UUC AGG UGU UAG

                                                  Leu   Phe   Arg   Cys   (stop codon)

For the second mRNA: UAA  CGU  UAG  GCC

                                       (stop) Arg   (stop) Ala

In other words, the amino acid for the first gene would be Leucine, Phenyline, Arginine, Cysteine, and a stop codon.

For the second gene, the amino acids would be a stop codon, Arginine, a stop codon, and Alanine.

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Thymine is the nitrogenous base that is found in DNA but not in RNA.

There are four nitrogenous bases found in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

In RNA, uracil (U) replaces thymine. Therefore, thymine is the nitrogenous base that is found in DNA but not in RNA.

Thymine forms a complementary base pair with adenine in DNA, which helps to maintain the structure and integrity of the DNA molecule.

The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA is the basis of genetic information, and the arrangement of these bases in a particular order codes for specific traits and characteristics.

Understanding the structure and function of DNA and its nitrogenous bases is essential for many areas of biology and genetics, including DNA sequencing, genetic engineering, and gene therapy.

In summary, thymine is the nitrogenous base that is unique to DNA and is not found in RNA.

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When doing activities that fall under USDA pain categories B, C, or D on the same animal, the animals utilized in the experiment should be placed in USDA category D.

The level of pain that an animal employed in testing and research may experience is categorized using the USDA pain categories. These are the categories:

USDA B: The animal won't experience any type of suffering.

USDA C: The animal may experience sporadic little pain.

USDA D: Excruciating processes that medication will lessen.

USDA E: Excruciating processes that cannot be eased.

According to Category B, the animal won't experience pain. These animals are frequently utilized for breeding, which is a natural procedure that doesn't harm the animals.

In contrast to animals in category E, animals in category D undergo unpleasant or stressful operations and are given anaesthetics and other pharmacological agents to lessen or totally relieve the discomfort.

There is a rigid rule for these categories. Because the experiment will include USDA B, C, and D procedures, the animals must be classified according to the USDA category that will involve the most painful technique.

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Answer:

YyRR - YR, YR, yR, yR

YYRr - YR, Yr, YR, Yr

Explanation:

According to this question, the following genotypes of organisms are given; YyRR and YYRr. In order for sexual reproduction to occur, these genotypes must undergo meiotic division to produce gametes. Based on the law of independent assortment, alleles of each gene separates into gametes irrespective of independently of one another.

The combination of alleles in each gamete occurs in such a way that only one allele of each gene is present in each gamete. Based on this, the following parental genotype have the following four (4) gametic combinations:

YyRR - YR, YR, yR, yR

YYRr - YR, Yr, YR, Yr

The high concentration of salts in the fish's urine indicates that the fish is likely living in a saltwater environment. Saltwater fish excrete excess salt through their urine to maintain a proper balance of salt and water in their bodies.

Based on this information, it can be predicted that the fish's habitat is a saltwater environment, such as an ocean or a saltwater lake. These environments have high levels of salt, which is essential for the survival of saltwater fish. The high concentration of salts in the fish's urine is a natural adaptation that allows them to thrive in these environments.

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Translation is protein growth process. 1) a. AAC  ⇒ ASN, b. UCU ⇒ SER, c. GAU ⇒ ASP , d. CCC ⇒ PRO. 2) Leucine ⇒ CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG, UUA, UUG, Valine ⇒ GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG. 3) UAA, UAG, UGA. 4) ARG - TYR - SER. 5) TRP - ASN - GLY.

The translation is the stage of protein synthesis in which mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA interact to grow the protein.

The ribosome is in charge of reading mRNA from its 5' extreme to 3' extreme. Meanwhile, tRNA associates with the ribosome to build the polypeptidic chain. Molecule growing occurs according to the mRNA codon sequence.

A codon is a short sequence of three nucleotides that store the genetic information for the aminoacids' assembly.

Usually, there is a start codon where protein building begins, and a stop codon where protein building finishes.

1)

a. AAC  ⇒ ASN

b. UCU ⇒ SER

c. GAU ⇒ ASP

d. CCC ⇒ PRO

2)

Leucine ⇒ CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG, UUA, UUG

Valine ⇒ GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG

3) What are the m-RNA's stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

4) What amino acid sequence would be made from the mRNA sequence CGCUAUAGC?

ARG - TYR - SER

5) What amino acid sequence would be made from the mRNA sequence UGGAAUGGG?

TRP  ASN  GLY

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Answer:

The correct answer should be translation.

Hope this helps!!

Answer:

genetic drift

please mark as brainlest

The instructions for life are encoded in DNA. Our DNA code contains instructions for making proteins that are essential for our growth, development, and overall health.

DNA has two functions in the transmission of genetic information. It guides mRNA synthesis and hence communicates genetic information to the cell's protein synthesis machinery. DNA also transfers genetic information to the cells of the following generation.

The genetic information in DNA is replicated or transcribed into a complementary base sequence of RNA during the transcription process. The cell then uses the information stored in this RNA to produce particular proteins via the translation process. Protein production in eukaryotes and prokaryotes is compared.

The main function of DNA in cells is to store long-term information. It is sometimes compared to a blueprint since it carries the instructions for constructing other cell components such as proteins and RNA molecules. DNA is found in all known biological organisms and certain viruses.

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The most useful chemical change to track and identify for quantifying the amount of useful chemical energy generated from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration is the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid.

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This process occurs in all living cells and is essential for the survival and function of organisms.

There are three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation (also known as electron transport chain).

Glycolysis:

The process of glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first stage of cellular respiration. In glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, which results in the net production of two ATP molecules.

The glycolysis process can be broken down into several steps:

Glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is phosphorylated by two ATP molecules to form glucose-6-phosphate, a six-carbon phosphorylated sugar.

Glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged and converted to fructose-6-phosphate, a six-carbon phosphorylated sugar.

Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a six-carbon phosphorylated sugar.

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken down into two three-carbon sugars, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is dephosphorylated to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.

3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate.

2-phosphoglycerate is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is then converted to pyruvate. This step generates another ATP molecule.

Citric Acid Cycle:

The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria of cells and is the second stage of cellular respiration. In the citric acid cycle, the two molecules of pyruvate produced during glycolysis are further broken down into carbon dioxide, and energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 is produced.

The citric acid cycle can be broken down into several steps:

Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetyl-CoA.

Acetyl-CoA is combined with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a six-carbon molecule.

Citrate is converted into a five-carbon molecule and then into a four-carbon molecule, releasing carbon dioxide in the process.

The four-carbon molecule is converted back into oxaloacetate, generating another ATP molecule and more NADH and FADH2 molecules.

Oxidative Phosphorylation:

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria of cells and is the final stage of cellular respiration. In oxidative phosphorylation, the energy stored in the NADH and FADH2 molecules produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is used to generate ATP.

The oxidative phosphorylation process can be broken down into several steps:

NADH and FADH2 molecules are oxidized, releasing electrons.

The electrons are passed through a series of protein complexes in the electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, generating ATP.

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen, which combines with hydrogen

Here,

This is because the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate through glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration and results in the net production of two ATP molecules. In addition, the pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis can then enter the citric acid cycle, where they are further broken down to produce more ATP and other energy-rich molecules like NADH and FADH2. Therefore, tracking the conversion of glucose to pyruvate would provide important information on the amount of energy that can be generated through cellular respiration.

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Answer:

Independent variable

Explanation:

The independent variable is the one changed by the experimenter, it also causes the dependent variable. The other factors should be constants and should not change.

The correct answer is “No, because there has been no conviction or acquittal”, option b is correct.

The motion to dismiss the indictment on double jeopardy grounds should not be granted. Double jeopardy protects individuals from being tried multiple times for the same offense after an acquittal or conviction. However, in this case, neither an acquittal nor a conviction has occurred.

Jeopardy attaches when the jury is sworn in a jury trial or when the first witness is sworn in a non-jury trial. In this scenario, the preliminary hearing and the grand jury proceedings did not involve the sworn jury, and therefore, jeopardy did not attach. Since there has been no previous determination of guilt or innocence through a trial or other legally conclusive process, the defendant cannot claim double jeopardy as a basis to dismiss the indictment, option b is correct.

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A dysfunctional nervous system has many effects on other systems.

The nervous system is a system that carries out some critical functions.  It sends messages through the entire brain and the body. The brain controls all the functions in the human body, without which the body will shut.

A dysfunctional nervous system can affect every part of the human body. this includes disfunction of any part, weakness, and low functioning ability of the body or certain parts. This can eventually lead to the death of the person.

Problems like mood swings, depression, anxiety, etc, normally occur due to a dysfunctional nervous system.  

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Methane CH4 molecule can diffuse across the plasma membrane . So the correct answer is CH4.

Passive diffusion is a nonselective mechanism that allows any molecule that can dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer to traverse the plasma membrane and establish equilibrium between the inside and outside of the cell. It's crucial to note that only tiny, mostly hydrophobic compounds can diffuse significantly through a phospholipid bilayer.

Gases (like O2 and CO2), hydrophobic substances (like benzene), and tiny polar but uncharged substances (like H2O and ethanol) can all diffuse across the plasma membrane as a result. However, some biological molecules cannot dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic interior.

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Part A done, you will find the answers below.

Hope this helps!

Answer:

strength: it provides raw material for plants and major component of food.

weaknesses: it increases earth's temperature and change the habitat.

Explanation:

The diagram shows the carbon cycle which is important cycle present on the earth. This carbon is present in carbondioxide form which is used as a raw material by plants in order to make their own food. This carbon is also present in different organic compounds. When its concentration increases in the atmosphere, the temperature of the atmosphere increases and many areas are not suitable to live for many plants and animals.

Answer:

The model is easy to read and it shows how the carbon cycle interacts with all four spheres. But it doesn’t show the complete carbon cycle. It also doesn’t explain how long these processes take place.

Explanation:

Plato Answer

The three mechanisms (facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport) are essential for regulating the transport of molecules across cell membranes.

Hi! Your question is about the three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport. The three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport include facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport.

1. Facilitated diffusion: This is a passive transport mechanism where molecules move across the cell membrane through carrier proteins without requiring energy input. The molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

2. Primary active transport: This mechanism uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to move molecules against their concentration gradient. In this process, the carrier protein changes its conformation to transport the molecule across the membrane.

3. Secondary active transport: This process uses the energy stored in an ion gradient, created by primary active transport, to move other molecules against their concentration gradient. Secondary active transport relies on a carrier protein to simultaneously transport both ions and the target molecule.

These three mechanisms (facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, and secondary active transport) are essential for regulating the transport of molecules across cell membranes.

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Answer:

A liquid moving from an area of low concentration, to an area of high concentration through a semi-permiable membrane.

Explanation:

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