what trend exists between the molarmass and boiling point for compounds containing hydrogen bonded to a group 14 element

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While balancing the chemical equations, the sub scripts aren't changed because by changing sub script we actually change the compound formed, hence coefficients are changed so the compound remains the same.

for example : ( for understanding )

in balancing the given reaction,

H2 + O2 =》H2O

if we change Oxygen's sub script in " H2O "

we get,

H2O + O2 =》H2O2

but here the compound formed isn't water, it is "H2O2" (hydrogen peroxide), so we can't change the sub script.

but by changing the coefficient, we get :

2 H2 + O2 =》2 H2O

Answer:

Explanation:

15 moles of NaCl will be obtained from 15 moles of Na.

Answer:

concentration = mol/volume = 4/2 = 2M

Balanced equation: Fe(NO₃)₂(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq) Ionic equation:  Fe²⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq) + 2Na⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2Na⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq).

An equation for a chemical reaction is said to be balanced if both the reactants and the products have the same number of atoms and total charge for each component of the reaction.

It is typical to balance chemical equations for both mass and charge in aqueous solutions. Equal numbers and types of atoms are produced on both sides of the equation when balancing for mass.

When the charge is balanced, there is no net charge on either side of the equation. Only the ions are depicted in the equation's state of matter (aq), which denotes that they are in water.

Therefore, Balanced equation: Fe(NO₃)₂(aq) + Na₂CO₃(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2NaNO₃(aq) Ionic equation:  Fe²⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq) + 2Na⁺(aq) + CO₃²⁻(aq) ----> FeCO₃(s) + 2Na⁺(aq) + 2NO₃⁻(aq).

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To calculate the total amount of steam that enters the tank during the filling process, we need to determine the initial and final masses of water in the tank.

Given:

Volume of the tank (V) = 60 m^3

Initial volume of liquid water (V_water) = 200 L

= 0.2 m^3

Initial temperature of water (T_water) = 75 °C

Pressure of spent process steam (P_spent) = 2 bar

Quality of spent process steam (x_spent) = 90%

= 0.9

To find the initial mass of water (m_water), we can use the density of water at the initial temperature:

ρ_water = 1000 kg/m^3 (density of water at 75 °C)

m_water = ρ_water * V_water

To find the final mass of water (m_final), we can use the principle of conservation of mass:

m_final = m_water + m_steam

Since the steam in the tank is in equilibrium with the water, the pressure of the tank (P_tank) is equal to the pressure of the spent process steam (P_spent). We can use steam tables to find the corresponding enthalpy values.

Next, we can use the quality (x) to determine the amount of steam and the amount of water present in the tank at the final pressure (P_tank). The total mass of steam (m_steam) is then calculated as:

m_steam = x * m_final

Finally, to determine the fraction of liquid water present at the end of the process, we can use the specific volume (v) of the steam and the volume of the tank:

V_steam = (1 - x) * V_tank

V_water_final = V_tank - V_steam

The fraction of liquid water (f_water) is then given by:

f_water = V_water_final / V_tank

By following these steps and using the given data, you can calculate the total amount of steam that enters the tank during the filling process and the fraction of liquid water present at the end. Please note that specific enthalpy values from steam tables and further calculations are required to obtain the precise values.

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Answer:

the partial pressure of bromine gas is 0.186 atm

Explanation:

The answer is too long and I faced error while submitting the answer

So

I took screenshots of the answer and uploaded it as pics

the pictures are organized by numbers (1,2,3,4 and 5)

hope you find this easy to understand....

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The molecule (a) is a structural isomer of C₅H₁₂. Hence, A is the correct answer.

Generally a structural isomer, in other words defined as a constitutional isomer and it is specifically one in which two or more organic compounds have the exactly same molecular formulas but different structures. As we can see the two molecules given below have the same chemical formula, but they are different molecules because they differ in the location of their respective methyl group.

Basically Pentane is described as any or one of the organic compounds which have the formula C₅H₁₂. The properties of pentane are similar to the properties of butane and hexane.

Therefore, pentane has three structural isomers they are Normal pentane, Iso pentane and Neo pentane. Hence, A is the correct answer.

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Explanation:

What would be the new volume if the pressure on 600 mL is increased from 90 kPa to 150 kPa? V = Pu V₂ = 360 mL ~ 400 mL 6.

The solubility product constant (Ksp) of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) and the idea of ion product may be used to determine the solubility of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) in 0.30 M aqueous sodium sulfate.

(Na2SO4). The calcium ion (Ca2+) concentration in the solution. may be estimated as follows: [Ca2+][SO42-] = Ksp [Ca2+][SO42-] = 2.0 x 10^-5 When there is sodium sulfate present, part of the sulfate ions will originate from the sodium sulfate rather than the calcium sulfate. The total sulfate ion concentration (SO42-) in the solution may be determined as follows [SO42-] = [Na2SO4] + [CaSO4] + x = 0.30 M (where x is the concentration of CaSO4) When we enter the values into the Ksp expression, we get: 2.0 x 10^-5 = [Ca2+] [0.30 M + x] x [0.30 M + x] = [Ca2+] x [0.30 M + x] [Ca2+] = (2.0 x 10^-5) / (0.30 M + x) We may substitute [Ca2+] in the Ksp equation since [Ca2+] = [CaSO4]: ([CaSO4])2 / (0.30 M + [CaSO4]) = 2.0 x 10-5 This equation may be solved for [CaSO4,] which yields the calcium sulfate solubility in 0.30 M aqueous sodium sulfate solution.

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The following have thickest layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall : gram-positive bacteria

Thickened peptidoglycan layer in Gram positive cells allows them to retain the stain ( and hence remaining 'stain positive' or 'Gram positive) where as thin layer seen in Gram negative cells cannot prevent the stain from leeching out (and hence stain and Gram negative).

Gram-positive organisms have thicker peptidoglycan cell wall as compared to gram-negative bacteria. It is 20 to 80 nm thick polymer whereas peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with outer lipid bilayer membrane.

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Use of low-nitrogen fuels is one way to reduce NOx emissions. Altering combustion needs is another way to reduce NOx production. NOx can be eliminated using flue gas treatment methods like selective catalytic reduction technologies.

Two gases with molecules consisting of nitrogen and oxygen atoms are nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These nitrogen oxides play a part in the development of smog and acid rain, adding to the issue of air pollution. Nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, the nitrogen oxides that are most important for air pollution, are referred to collectively as NOx in atmospheric chemistry. These gases also have an impact on tropospheric ozone and contribute to the development of smog and acid rain.

In the course of burning fuel, nitrogen compounds contribute to the production of nitrogen oxides, but the main source is the direct reaction between air oxygen and nitrogen in flames. Natural sources of nitrogen oxides include lightning and, to a lesser extent, microbiological activity in soil.

These six contaminants include sulfur oxides, ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particle pollution (also known as particulate matter).

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19 ml of a 5m solution of sodium borate must be added to a 200 ml solution of 50mm boric acid in order for the ph to be 9.6

Here pH=Pka-log[A]/[B]

= 9.6=9.24-log[A]/[B]

= log[A]/[B]=-0.36

Here for ml molarity formula is used

Molarity=mass/volume here mass of sodium borate is 381g/mol and volume of solution is 200ml

mass/volume=381/200=1.905/5.0×50=19ml

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For a real gas to approach the properties of an ideal gas, the pressure should be low, the attraction between the molecules should be high, and temperature should be high.

Ideal gas conditions are:

         PV =nRT

The real gas conditions are:

       (P +αn²) (V - nb) = nRT

             V²

Thus, real gases behave ideally at high temperatures and low pressures.

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A molecule's three-dimensional structure, with simple lines representing plane links, wedge-shaped lines representing bonds facing the observer, and dashed lines representing bonds Stereochemistry facing the viewer's opposite.

Stereochemistry is the study of a molecule's three-dimensional structure. The only structural difference between cis and trans isomers, which are types of stereoisomers, is where the molecule's elements are located three dimensionally. The chemical and physical properties of these stereoisomers may differ. Stereochemistry is a branch of chemistry concerned with "the study of the various spatial configurations of atoms in molecules." The systematic presentation of a specific area of science and technology, known as

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In nature, the structure of an object is often related to its function or properties because the shape of an object can affect how it interacts with other objects or substances.

This is true for molecules as well, where the arrangement of atoms and bonds can impact the molecule's chemical and physical properties.

For example, the shape of proteins is crucial to their function in biological systems. The three-dimensional structure of a protein determines its ability to interact with other molecules in the body, such as enzymes, hormones, or receptors. Even small changes in the protein's shape can have significant effects on its function, leading to diseases or disorders.

In summary, the shape of an object can have a significant impact on its function or properties, and this is true for molecules as well. Understanding the relationship between molecular shape and function is essential for many fields, including biochemistry, pharmacology, and materials science.

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Answer:

n = 0.288 moles

Explanation:

Given mass = 32 g

The molar mass of CaCl₂ is:

M = 40.078 + 2(35.453)

= 110.98 g/mol

We need to find the number of moles in 32 g of CaCl₂. Let there are n no of moles.

\(n=\dfrac{\text{Given mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}\\\\=\dfrac{32}{110.98}\\\\=0.288\)

So, there are 0.288 moles in 32 g of CaCl₂

2. 12 grams of waste per 6g of H₂ is produced by the Steam Reforming Reaction.

3.  54.18 grams of waste per 6g of H, is produced by the reduction of water with aluminum.

The steam reforming reaction is used at large scales because it is more economical and efficient for the production of hydrogen gas.

4. Two Principles of Green Chemistry from the American Chemical Society website are Prevention of Waste and Atom Economy.

2. The balanced chemical equation for the steam reforming reaction is given by:

CH₄ + 2H₂O → CO₂ + 4H₂

The mole ratio of CH₄ to H₂ is 1:4.

Therefore, for every 6g of H₂ produced, the mass of CH₄ required is:

(6g H₂) x (1 mol/2 g H₂) x (1 mol CH₄/4 mol H₂) x (16 g CH₄/1 mol CH₄) = 6g H₂ x 0.5 x 0.25 x 16 = 12g

This implies that 12g of waste is produced per 6g of H₂.

3. The balanced chemical equation for the reduction of water with aluminum is:

2Al + 3H₂O → Al₂O3 + 3H₂

The mole ratio of Al to H₂ is 2:3.

Therefore, for every 6g of H₂ produced, the mass of Al required is:

(6g H₂) x (1 mol/2 g H₂) x (2 mol Al/3 mol H₂) x (27 g Al/1 mol Al) = 6g H₂ x 0.5 x 0.67 x 27= 54.18g

This implies that 54.18g of waste is produced per 6g of H₂.

4. The reaction that is likely used at large scales to produce hydrogen is the Steam Reforming Reaction. This reaction is commonly employed in large-scale industrial processes for hydrogen production due to its efficiency and high yield of hydrogen gas. It involves the use of hydrocarbons, such as natural gas or methane, as the starting material. The abundance of these hydrocarbons, their relatively low cost, and the ease of scalability make the Steam Reforming Reaction the preferred choice for large-scale hydrogen production.

5. Two principles of Green Chemistry are:

a) Prevention: It is better to prevent waste generation rather than treating or disposing of it after it is formed. This principle focuses on designing chemical processes and products to minimize or eliminate the generation of hazardous substances, waste, or byproducts. By considering alternative reaction pathways, using more efficient catalysts, and optimizing reaction conditions, the goal is to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainability.

b) Atom Economy: Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product. This principle emphasizes the efficient utilization of raw materials by minimizing the production of waste. Reactions with high atom economy aim to maximize the conversion of starting materials into desired products, reducing the need for excessive purification steps and minimizing the overall environmental impact.

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The molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.

To determine the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution, we need to convert the given percentage concentration into molarity.

First, we need to understand that the percentage concentration refers to the mass of the solute (sodium chloride) relative to the total mass of the solution.

In this case, a 12% sodium chloride solution means that there are 12 grams of sodium chloride in 100 grams of the solution.

To convert this into molar concentration, we need to consider the molar mass of sodium chloride, which is 58.5 g/mol.

We can start by calculating the number of moles of sodium chloride in 12 grams:

Moles of sodium chloride = mass of sodium chloride / molar mass of sodium chloride

Moles of sodium chloride = 12 g / 58.5 g/mol = 0.205 moles

Next, we calculate the volume of the solution in liters using the density of the solution. Since the density is not provided, we assume a density of 1 g/mL for simplicity:

Volume of solution = mass of solution / density

Volume of solution = 100 g / 1 g/mL = 100 mL = 0.1 L

Finally, we calculate the molar concentration (Molarity) by dividing the number of moles by the volume in liters:

Molar concentration = moles of solute / volume of solution

Molar concentration = 0.205 moles / 0.1 L = 2.05 M

Therefore, the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.


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Answer

The Ozone Layer

Explanation

Higher up, in the stratosphere, the ozone layer absorbs solar ultra-violet radiation and affects how much of the Sun's heat is radiated back into space. The ozone layer shields us from the harmful effects of excessive UV radiation, which can lead to sunburn, skin cancer and eye damage.

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The temperature of the gas stream leaving the throttling valve will be equal to the temperature in the tank, which is 22°C (295 K). If the tank is isothermal, the pressure in the tank will decrease over time according to the equation P = (4.5t * R * 295) / 0.2.

(1) If the tank is well insulated, the pressure in the tank will remain constant at 15 bar. This is because there is no heat transfer between the tank and the gas, so the energy of the gas is conserved. However, the temperature of the gas stream leaving the throttling valve will decrease due to the expansion of the gas.

To determine the temperature of the gas stream leaving the throttling valve, we can use the adiabatic throttling equation:

\((P1/T1)^{(y-1)}= (P2/T2)^{(y-1)}\)

Where P1 and T1 are the initial pressure and temperature in the tank, P2 is the final pressure, T2 is the final temperature, and γ is the heat capacity ratio of helium (γ = Cp/Cv).

Since the tank is at 15 bar and 22°C, we convert the temperature to Kelvin (22 + 273 = 295 K) and substitute the values into the equation:

\((15/295)^{(y-1)} = (1/1)^{(y-1)}\)

Simplifying the equation, we find:

\((15/295)^{(y-1)}\) = 1

Taking the logarithm of both sides, we have:

(γ-1) * log(15/295) = 0

Since log(15/295) is negative, we can conclude that (γ-1) must be zero. Therefore, γ = 1, which means helium behaves as a monoatomic ideal gas.

For a monoatomic ideal gas, the heat capacity ratio (γ) is 5/3. Substituting γ = 5/3 into the adiabatic throttling equation, we can solve for T2:

\((15/295)^{(5/3 - 1)}\) = 1

Simplifying the equation, we find:

\((15/295)^{(2/3)}\) = 1

Taking the cube root of both sides, we have:

15/295 = 1

Solving for 15, we find:

15 = 295

This implies that

Summary: If the tank is well insulated, the pressure in the tank will remain constant at 15 bar, and the temperature of the gas stream leaving the throttling valve will be equal to the temperature in the tank, which is 22°C (295 K).

(2) If the tank is isothermal, the pressure in the tank will decrease over time due to the continuous supply of helium at atmospheric pressure. This is because the tank is being used to supply helium at a faster rate than it can be replenished.

To determine the pressure in the tank as a function of time, we can use the ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

Where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles of gas, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.

Since the tank is isothermal, the temperature (T) will remain constant at 22°C (295 K). The volume of the tank is given as 0.2 \(m^3\).

The number of moles of gas (n) is given as 4.5 moles per minute. To express this as a function of time, we can use the equation:

n = 4.5t

Where t is the time in minutes.

Substituting the values into the ideal gas law, we have:

P * 0.2 = (4.5t) * R * 295

Simplifying the equation, we find:

P = (4.5t * R * 295) / 0.2

The pressure in the tank as a function of time is given by this equation.

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Answer:

They all produce H+ ions in solution, making them acids.

Answer:

8. the formula of the products are CO2(g) , H2O (l) and NaCl (aq)

Explanation:

s- solid

g- gas

l- liquid

aq- aqueous, means acid

These are the products of the equation, you can balance this by searching up a video on how to do so, or use a balance equations calculator online. Balancing is very easy tho.

Answer:

it is blury

Explanation:

The balanced chemical reaction will be;Ba3N2 + 6H2O → 3Ba(OH)2 + 2NH3. The values of w, x, y, and z are w = 2z and w = y = 3x.

The given chemical reaction is unbalanced. So, we have to balance it. Let the coefficient of Ba3N2 is w, the coefficient of H2O is x, the coefficient of Ba(OH)2 is y, and the coefficient of NH3 is z. So, the balanced chemical reaction is: wBa3N2 + x6H2O → y3Ba(OH)2 + z2NH3

Coefficient of Ba: 3w = 3y  => w = y

Coefficient of N: 2z = w => w = 2z

Coefficient of H: 6x = 2z  => z = 3x

Coefficient of O: 2y = 6x  => y = 3x

So, the final coefficients are: w = y = 3x and w = 2z

The balanced chemical reaction is; Ba3N2 + 6H2O → 3Ba(OH)2 + 2NH3. Hence, the values of w, x, y, and z are w = 2z and w = y = 3x.

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Explanation:

Chromatography is a physical method of separation that distributes components to separate between two phases, one stationary (stationary phase), the other (the mobile phase) moving in a definite direction. The mobile phase is the phase that moves in a definite direction