It is safe and beneficial to include both multi-joint and single-joint workouts in your training regimen since they both contribute to strength and muscular growth. Since they are the most difficult, programme your complex exercises first (after your warmup).
The optimum order to train the muscles for a total-body strength workout is to start with the hip and leg muscles, then the upper back and chest muscles, then the arms, abdomen, low back, and neck muscles. Improvement will happen as long as all muscle groups are worked out at the right intensity. Prior to attempting isolation exercises, it is preferable to employ compound exercises to develop strong overall strength. However, if you do want to do isolation exercises, be sure to balance them out by working the opposite muscle group as well. The reasons why training frequently and regularly is crucial if you want to enhance your performance are due to the concepts of specificity, progression, overload, adaptability, and reversibility.
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5. What are virus hoaxes? Why are the hoaxes sometimes more dangerous than an actual virus?
Answer:
An actual computer virus is a malicious software, often known as malware, that can harm a computer and its users.
Virus hoaxes are false or misleading information about viruses that circulate through various communication channels.
They can be more dangerous than actual viruses due to their ability to spread quickly, cause panic, and undermine effective public health measures.
Virus hoaxes are deceptive messages or claims that often exaggerate the severity or impact of a particular virus. They can be spread through social media, email chains, or word of mouth. These hoaxes may include misinformation about symptoms, transmission methods, or false remedies, leading people to take ineffective or even harmful actions.
What makes virus hoaxes particularly dangerous is their potential to create panic and misinformation at a rapid pace. The viral nature of social media and other communication platforms allows these hoaxes to reach a wide audience within a short period. As a result, people may make decisions based on false information, such as avoiding necessary medical treatment, taking unnecessary precautions, or spreading fear and misinformation to others.
Moreover, virus hoaxes can undermine public health efforts by diverting attention and resources from legitimate preventive measures. They can erode trust in healthcare authorities and disrupt the dissemination of accurate information, making it harder for individuals to make informed decisions and follow recommended guidelines.
This can have severe consequences, especially during outbreaks or pandemics, where timely and accurate information is crucial for public safety. Therefore, it is essential to verify the credibility of information and rely on trusted sources to mitigate the risks associated with virus hoaxes.
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Which statement is true about Earth's outer core? A. It is believed to be made mostly from copper deposits. B. It is the outermost layer of the planet. C. It is composed of liquid metal. D. It is the thinnest layer of the planet.
Answer: c
Explanation: makes sense
The Earth's outer core is mainly composed of the liquid metals such as iron and nickel. Thus, the correct option is C.
What is the outer core of the Earth?The outer core begins approximately in the range of 2,889 km or 1,795 miles beneath the Earth's surface at the core-mantle boundary of the Earth and ends at 5,150 km or 3,200 miles beneath the Earth's surface at the inner core boundary of the Earth.
The outer core of the Earth is mostly composed of liquid iron and nickel. The Nickel and Iron alloy of the outer core is very hot, between 4,500° and 5,500° Celsius temperature. The outer core of the Earth is mostly made up of iron and nickel elements. This alloy is often written as NiFe because it is a combination of their chemical element symbols.
Therefore, the correct option is C.
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Correctly identify each structure and process in the central dogma theory below A, B, C represent a macromolecule, and 1,2,3 represent a process. A: DNA
B:mRNA
C:Protein
1:Replication
2:Transcription
3:Translation
In central dogma theory, copying of DNA to form another daughter DNA is (1) replication, conversion of DNA to RNA is (2) transcription and conversion of RNA to protein is (3) translation.
Transcription is the process where information from DNA is used to synthesize RNA. The location of transcription in eukaryotes is the nucleus. This process is accomplished in three steps: initiation, elongation and termination. The enzyme used for this RNA polymerase.
Translation is the process of the formation of proteins from RNA. This process occurs in the ribosome present in the cytoplasm. Information for making proteins is present in the m-RNA. But t-RNA and r-RNA are also required for the process.
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when a sperm cell enters a secondary oocyte, what event in the oocyte is immediately triggered? when a sperm cell enters a secondary oocyte, what event in the oocyte is immediately triggered? ovulation meiosis i meiosis ii cytokinesis mitosis
The meiosis II event is immediately triggered as soon as a sperm cell enters a secondary oocyte.
The oocyte is stopped in its tracks as the main oocyte during the first meiotic division. Each menstrual cycle, the gonadotropin hormone (also known as a luteinizing hormone) encourages the completion of meiosis 1 on the day before ovulation. Two haploid daughter cells are produced following meiosis: one develops into a secondary oocyte and the other becomes the first polar body. Meiosis 2 begins in the newly created secondary oocyte, stops during metaphase and continues after fertilization.
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How does the amount of nitrogen in inhaled air compare to the amount of nitrogen in exhaled air?
A. There is no nitrogen in either
OB. The nitrogen stays the same in both
C. There is more nitrogen in exhaled ait:
D. There is less nitrogen in exhaled air
Answer:
from my understanding your body doesn't do anything with the nitrogen so the answere would be B
How can you tell from looking at a nuclear reaction that fusion has taken place? (1 point)
O The total number of protons and neutrons will increase.
O The nucleus with the largest mass will be on the left side of the equation.
The nucleus with the largest mass number will be on the right side of the
equation.
O The total number of protons and neutrons will remain constant.
You can tell from looking at a nuclear reaction that fusion has taken place by an increase in the total number of protons and neutrons which is denoted as option A.
What is Nuclear fusion?
This is referred to as a form of reaction which involves the fusion of two or more light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
We are ware that the nucleus comprises of subatomic particles such as proton and neutron which therefore means that a heavier nucleus being formed will lead to an increase in the total number of protons and neutrons hence option A was chosen.
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Burrows, Inc. issued 200, 3-year, 5%, $1,000 bonds that pay interest annually for $194,652 when the market rate of interest was 6%. The carrying value of the bond will be ______ $194,652 after the 1st interest payment using the effective -interest method of amortization.
The carrying value of the bond after the first interest payment using the effective-interest method of amortization will be $196,331.
Burrows, Inc. issued 200 bonds with a 5% coupon rate, a $1,000 face value, and a 3-year maturity. The bonds were sold for $194,652 when the market interest rate was 6%. The carrying value of the bond after the first interest payment using the effective-interest method of amortization can be calculated as follows:
First, we determine the interest payment: 5% x $1,000 = $50 per bond, and for 200 bonds, it's $50 x 200 = $10,000 total interest payment.
Next, we calculate the interest expense using the market interest rate of 6%: $194,652 x 6% = $11,679.
Now, we find the amortization of the bond discount: $11,679 (interest expense) - $10,000 (interest payment) = $1,679.
Finally, we adjust the carrying value after the first interest payment: $194,652 (initial carrying value) + $1,679 (amortization of bond discount) = $196,331.
Therefore, the carrying value of the bond after the first interest payment using the effective-interest method of amortization will be $196,331.
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Embryology is the study of the development of an , which is a fertilized egg attached to the wall of the mother's uterus.
I know I copied and pasted this but I’m time on a unit test!! Please help!
Answer: true
Explanation:
Which interest group opposed the U.S. Clean Water Act?
A) citizens of small towns that lacked water treatment facilities
B) mayors of large cities such as New York and Chicago
C) duck hunters
D) owners of printing companies in Tennessee
None of the interest groups mentioned opposed the U.S. Clean Water Act. In fact, the Clean Water Act was passed with broad support from a variety of stakeholders, including environmental groups, industry, and government agencies.
What is the Clean Water Act?The Clean Water Act (CWA) is a federal law enacted in 1972 with the aim of regulating and protecting the nation's waters from pollution and contamination. The CWA established a framework for controlling and limiting the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters, including rivers, lakes, and coastal areas, and set water quality standards to ensure that waters are safe for human use and aquatic life.
The Act provides a regulatory framework for permitting discharges of pollutants, sets water quality standards for contaminants, and establishes a program for regulating the discharge of pollutants from stormwater runoff. The CWA has been amended several times to strengthen its provisions, and it remains a critical tool for protecting water resources and public health in the United States.
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arsenic poisoning can lead to organ failure and death. though arsenic can inhibit or interfere with a number of cellular enzymes, arsenic poisoning is thought to be mainly due to indirect inhibition of enzymes involved in both pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle. as a result, this compound must be able to enter which cellular compartment?
A rise in lactic acid circumstances, Poisoning with arsenic can cause organ failure and death.
Although arsenic may interfere with or inhibit a variety of biological enzymes, it is accepted that pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle enzymes play a significant role in arsenic poisoning. Arsenic has been demonstrated to vitiate cellular respiration when used to produce acutely toxic substances by converting mitochondrial enzymes and rupturing oxidative phosphorylation.
Nearly all cellular processes are impacted by the operating drop in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) conditions, which might be deadly. Aconitase is inhibited by fluoroacetate, nascence-ketoglutarate by arsenite, and succinate dehydrogenase by malonate. One of the essential processes for producing energy is the Krebs cycle, with the liver serving as its focal point.
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The Threatened Specie Act prohibit trade or product made from threatened or endangered pecie. True
Fale
The given statement is TRUE. A foundation for the conservation and protection of threatened species and endangered species, as well as their habitats, both domestically and overseas, is provided under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.
In accordance with ESA, critical habitat must be identified and its removal is forbidden. The Endangered Species Act establishes protections for fish, mammals, and plants that are categorized as threatened or endangered. It allows for the addition and deletion of species from the list of threatened and endangered species as well as the creation and implementation of recovery plans. A threatened species is one that "is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a considerable portion of its range," according to the ESA.
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Many weeds that never previously existed in Canada were brought over by early European settlers who started wheat farming in the prairies. This is an example of
Answer: Introduced species or exotic species
Explanation:
The introduced species is also called as an exotic species. The exotic species is a species which is not native to a particular location or area but is introduced by humans either accidentally or with the desired species. Such species can be invasive means, it can compete with the native species for resources and can reduce the population of native species.
The given situation is an example of introduction of new species. The weeds are introduced exotic species which could have come along with the desired variety of wheat required for farming in the prairies.
a child with myopathy was found to have reduced oxidative phosphorylation but no mutations to the mt dna. interestingly, transcription rates were greatly reduced in mt of the child. what could explain these results?
The results could be explained by a defect in the mitochondrial transcription machinery.
This would lead to reduced transcription rates, which could then explain the reduced oxidative phosphorylation observed in the child with myopathy.
Mitochondrial transcription is essential for the production of proteins which are essential for oxidative phosphorylation, which is a fundamental metabolic process. In this case, the reduced transcription rates indicate a defect in the mitochondrial transcription machinery, likely a mutation or deficiency in one or more of the transcription factors that are responsible for the production of these proteins. This defect could lead to reduced oxidative phosphorylation in the affected individual, as is observed in this case. Thus, this explains the observed results of reduced oxidative phosphorylation but no mutations to the mtDNA.
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Place the items in order from highest to lowest degree of internal organizatio
tissue
organ system
organ
Cell
The items are listed in order of internal organization, highest to lowest. Organ system follows cell, tissue, organ, and organ.
What is the proper hierarchy for an organ system's organization?Multicellular organisms are made up of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, which are composed of groups of similar cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
What aspect of a tissue is least organized?At the lowest level of structure, cells are the most fundamental component of life. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have nuclei (with nucleus). Connective, muscular, epithelium, and nerve tissues are the four types of tissues. Organs are formed of several tissue types and carry out intricate tasks.
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How is seawater intrusion a negative impact to the ecosystem?.
Answer:
Harm the availability or quality of source waters for drinking water utilities.
Explanation:
Does a domain or kingdom contain more organisms?
Answer:
A domain contains more organisms
Answer:
The chart below shows how the kingdoms have changed over time.
Explanation:
As scientists began to understand more about DNA, evolutionary biologists established a new taxonomic category—the domain. A domain is a larger and more inclusive category than a kingdom. There are three domains—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Insulin is an important hormone that allows the body to use glucose from food. After an individual eats a meal, glucose travels through the blood stream and reaches beta cells in the pancreas. The glucose causes the beta cells to release insulin. Insulin then travels through the blood stream and attaches to insulin receptors on other cells, which allows them to take in glucose and use it for energy.
Insulin allows cells in the muscles, liver and adipose tissue to take up this glucose and use it as a source of energy so that they can function properly.
What is Insulin?Insulin is defined as a peptide hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in humans encoded by the INS gene, which is considered the body's main anabolic hormone.
Insulin is the essential hormone which allows the body to use glucose from food. After a person eats a meal, glucose travels through the bloodstream and reaches beta cells in the pancreas where glucose causes the beta cells to release insulin.
Thus, Insulin allows cells in the muscles, liver and adipose tissue to take up this glucose and use it as a source of energy so that they can function properly.
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For her biology presentation, Claudia will use the classroom's slide projector, and she wants the slides of her microorganisms to be 30 inches tall on the projection screen. If the slides are 3 inches tall, and they are 6 inches from the light source in the slide projector, how far from the light source should Claudia place the projection screen?
To solve this problem, we will use similar triangles. Since Claudia wants the microorganisms' slides to be 30 inches tall on the projection screen, and the slides are 3 inches tall, we need to find the appropriate distance for the projection screen.
1. First, let's set up the ratio of heights: (Height on the screen) / (Height of the slide) = (Distance from the screen to the light source) / (Distance from the slide to the light source)
2. Plug in the given values: 30 inches (height on the screen) / 3 inches (height of the slide) = x (distance from the screen to the light source) / 6 inches (distance from the slide to the light source)
3. Solve for x: 30 / 3 = x / 6
4. Simplify: 10 = x / 6
5. Multiply both sides by 6 to isolate x: 10 * 6 = x
6. Calculate the value of x: x = 60 inches
So, Claudia should place the projection screen 60 inches away from the light source in the slide projector to have her microorganisms' slides be 30 inches tall on the screen.
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What is the slope of the line? please help.
Answer:
The slope is \(\frac{4}{3}\).
Explanation:
Slope is \(\frac{y}{x}\), and to find it we need to look for where the line directly ends on the corner of the graph square. One occurs at (3,4), but the reason the slope is 4/3 and not 3/4 is because it is y over x. The y coordinate lines up at 4 and the x lines up at 3 getting you your answer of \(\frac{4}{3}\). I hope this helps! :) Sorry if this makes no sense- but the answer is 4/3.
Suppose we had a genetic experiment where we hypothesize the 9:3:3:1 ratio of characteristics A, B, C, D. The hypotheses to be tested are H0: p1 = 9/16, p2 = 3/16, p3 =3/16, p4 =1/16, H1: at least two proportions differ from those specified. A sample of 160 offspring are observed and the actual frequencies are 82, 35, 29, and 14, respectively.
To test the hypotheses regarding the observed frequencies of characteristics A, B, C, and D, we can use a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test. This test will help determine whether the observed frequencies significantly deviate from the expected frequencies based on the hypothesized ratios.
Let's proceed with the hypothesis test:
Step 1: Define the hypotheses:
H0: p1 = 9/16, p2 = 3/16, p3 = 3/16, p4 = 1/16 (the observed frequencies follow the expected 9:3:3:1 ratio)
H1: At least two proportions differ from those specified.
Step 2: Set the significance level (α):
The significance level, denoted as α, determines the threshold for deciding whether to reject the null hypothesis. Let's assume a significance level of α = 0.05, which is a common choice.
Step 3: Calculate the expected frequencies:
Based on the hypothesized ratios, we can calculate the expected frequencies for each characteristic. Since the sample size is 160, we multiply each proportion by 160 to obtain the expected frequencies:
Expected frequency for A: (9/16) * 160 = 90
Expected frequency for B: (3/16) * 160 = 30
Expected frequency for C: (3/16) * 160 = 30
Expected frequency for D: (1/16) * 160 = 10
Step 4: Perform the chi-squared test:
We can now calculate the chi-squared statistic using the formula:
χ² = Σ((O - E)² / E)
where Σ represents the sum over all categories, O is the observed frequency, and E is the expected frequency.
For our example:
Observed frequencies: O(A) = 82, O(B) = 35, O(C) = 29, O(D) = 14
Expected frequencies: E(A) = 90, E(B) = 30, E(C) = 30, E(D) = 10
Calculating the chi-squared statistic:
χ² = ((82-90)² / 90) + ((35-30)² / 30) + ((29-30)² / 30) + ((14-10)² / 10)
Step 5: Determine the critical value:
The critical value is obtained from the chi-squared distribution table or using statistical software. The degrees of freedom for this test are equal to the number of categories minus 1. In our case, there are 4 categories, so the degrees of freedom (df) = 4 - 1 = 3.
With α = 0.05 and df = 3, the critical value is approximately 7.815.
Step 6: Make a decision:
Compare the calculated chi-squared statistic to the critical value. If the calculated value is greater than the critical value, we reject the null hypothesis (H0). Otherwise, we fail to reject H0.
If the calculated chi-squared statistic is less than or equal to the critical value, we fail to reject the null hypothesis (H0), which means the observed frequencies do not significantly deviate from the expected frequencies based on the hypothesized ratios.
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Based on the materials of the course, which of the following statements is true?
Select one:
a. Based on OSHA requirements, it is more likely to make human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccination mandatory for the housekeeping staff.
b. OSHA requires the front desk staff to be vaccinated against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
c. OSHA requires all staff in large hotels to be vaccinated against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
d. OSHA requires food and beverage department’s staff to be vaccinated against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Based on the materials of the course, it is more likely to make human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccination mandatory for the housekeeping staff is the correct statement. OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Option A is correct
OSHA is the United States federal agency that is in charge of enforcing laws that deal with workplace safety, health, and occupational health. OSHA was established in 1971, and its primary mission is to ensure that employers are providing their employees with a safe and healthy working environment. OSHA has a wide range of regulatory powers that are used to ensure that employers are in compliance with the laws and regulations that deal with workplace safety and health.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccination is significant as HIV is a virus that damages the immune system, which is responsible for defending the body against illness. Without proper treatment, HIV can develop into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).There is currently no cure for HIV, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a treatment that can help manage the virus.
Vaccinations for Hepatitis B and HIV are now available to employees who work in settings where they may be exposed to infectious diseases. These vaccines can help reduce the risk of exposure to infectious diseases in the workplace. Therefore, it is more likely to make human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccination mandatory for the housekeeping staff. Option A is correct
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Photosynthesis ____energy and cellular respiration_____
energy.
produces, requires
acquires, produces
stores, uses
requires, produces
Answer: stores and uses
Explanation:
What is the specific role of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in a leaf in simple terms?
(100 points)
Please don't copy-paste stuff online.
Answer:
Function of chlorophyll a is to release chemical energy.
Function of chlorophyll b collects the energy in order to pass it to chlorophyll a
Explanation:
which of these properties, used alone, would be least useful in identifying most minerals? A color B luster C streak D density
Answer:
A-color
Explanation:
Minerals could have the same color, and you can't depend on color to tell you that.
Answer:
A, color.
Explanation:
Color would be the least useful because minerals are often the same or similar in color. :)
penicillin and streptomycin are commonly used in synergism because they display the same mode of action. (true or false)
False. Penicillin and streptomycin are commonly used in synergism because they display different modes of action. Penicillin weakens the bacterial cell wall, while streptomycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. The combination of these two antibiotics provides a more effective treatment against a wider range of bacteria.
Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, while streptomycin is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. These antibiotics work in different ways and target different parts of the bacterial cell, which is why they are often used in combination to increase their effectiveness against bacterial infections.
The use of penicillin and streptomycin in combination is an example of antibiotic synergy, where the combined effect of two or more antibiotics is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including the ability of one antibiotic to enhance the uptake or effectiveness of the other antibiotic.
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Dr. Flores wants to know which of the forum claims is best supported by the evidence you have gathered from your previous Sim observations and the text. Select the claim you think is best supported from the options below. Claim 1: Molecules in a substance disappear or no longer exist when a substance changes phase. O Claim 2: Molecules in a substance move differently when a substance changes phase. Claim 3: Molecules in a substance change into a new kind of molecule during a phase change.
Answer:
Claim 2: Molecules in a substance move differently when a substance changes phase.
Explanation:
Molecules in a liquid phase move freely and bump into each other. In a gas phase, the molecules move with a lot more energy and bump more times against each other; there is a lot of space for the molecules to move. In a solid phase, the molecules hardly move, there is not much space between them, and they are together, often in a regular pattern.
In conclusion, when matter changes from one phase to another, the molecules move differently.
Answer:
you will need to either add or take away energy and pay attention to how the molecules move. Molecules of a solid move in place, molecules of a liquid move around each other, and molecules of a gas move away from each other.
Explanation:
Predict what color of monkey flower has the highest likelihood of occurring in a habitat with a large population of bees and few hummingbirds. Graph the distribution of color in monkey flowers in this habitat to support your answer.
Answer:
Monkey flower plants have opposite, undivided leaves and solitary flowers with a two-lipped open corolla (fused petals). The flowers of some species are said to resemble a monkey’s face. The herbaceous species typically grow most abundantly in wet areas, usually near running water.
Explanation:
Describe the process of photosynthesis to explain at least 1 requirement for photosynthesis that would need to be considered for chloroplasts to function in an animal or a human.
Answer:
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.
What is going on in this image?
The image shows the transcription process in which mRNA is being synthesized. DNA double strands open in the transcription bubble and RNA polymerase acts there to add the correct nucleotides.
What is transcription?In protein synthesis, the first step is to synthesize messenger RNA, mRNA.
Transcription is the coping process of the DNA section, occurs inside the nucleus membrane, and uses fragments of DNA molecules to do it.
During transcription, the DNI molecule separates into two strands to form the transcription bubble. At this point, two strands can identify, the coding strand and the template strand.
The coding strand goes in direction 5' to 3' and carries the same nucleotides as mRNA, except for thymine which is replaced by uracyl in the RNA molecule.The template -complementary- DNI strand is read in direction 3´→ 5´ to build the mRNA molecule in direction 5´→ 3´.
While growing, the mRNA strand complements the DNA template strand. Bases complementation is as follows,
Adenine pairs DNA Thymine Uracyl pairs DNA AdenineGuanine pairs CytosineCytosine pairs GuanineThe enzyme RNA polymerase reads the original DNI strand to add the correct nucleotides during mRNA synthesis.
Once transcription is over, mRNA moves to the cytoplasm to begin the translation process.
In the image we can see
1) the DNA molecule at the left. We can differenciate the template strand from the coding one.
2) the transcription bubble and RNA polymerase acting there.
3) Growing mRNA which complements the template strand
4) Available free nucleotides which are added to the polymere
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what atoms would you expect to find in a living cell
Responses
Carbon, Calcium, Iron and Potassium
Carbon, Calcium, Iron and Potassium
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium, & Phosphorous
Carbon, Nitrogen, Calcium, & Phosphorous
Carbon, Hydrogen, Iron and Sodium
Carbon, Hydrogen, Iron and Sodium
The correct answer is Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.
Living cells are composed of various atoms, but the most abundant elements found in biological systems are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements form the building blocks of organic molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are essential for the structure and function of cells.
Carbon is a fundamental element in organic compounds, providing the backbone for complex molecules. Hydrogen is present in most organic molecules, forming bonds with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. Oxygen is crucial for cellular respiration and is involved in various metabolic processes. Nitrogen is a key component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other essential biomolecules.
While other elements like calcium, iron, potassium, and phosphorus are also found in living cells and play important roles in specific biological processes, they are not as universally abundant as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Overall, the combination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen forms the basis of the molecular diversity and complexity observed in living cells.
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