what reaction when sunflower seed oil is used to make margarine
Answers
The production of margarine from sunflower seed oil involves a chemical reaction called hydrogenation. In this reaction, unsaturated fatty acids present in sunflower seed oil are converted into saturated or partially saturated fatty acids, which increases the melting point of the oil and makes it more solid at room temperature.
The hydrogenation reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as nickel or palladium, and hydrogen gas (H₂) is added to the oil. The double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids are broken, and hydrogen atoms are added to the carbon atoms, resulting in a more saturated product.
The hydrogenation process can be controlled to produce different types of margarine, depending on the degree of hydrogenation. Partial hydrogenation produces a product with a softer texture, while full hydrogenation produces a harder, more brittle product. In addition, partial hydrogenation can result in the formation of trans fats, which have been linked to health problems, so many manufacturers have moved away from using partially hydrogenated oils in their products.
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Related Questions
A sphere of radius 0.457 m, temperature 32.2 ∘
C, and emissivity 0.924 is located in an environment of temperature 82.9 ∘
C. At what rate does the sphere (a) emit and (b) absorb thermal radiation? (c) What is the sphere's net rate of energy exchange? (a) Number (b) Number Units Units
Answers
a) The sphere emits thermal radiation at a rate of 139.75 Watts.
b) The sphere absorbs thermal radiation at a rate of 37.66 Watts.
c) The sphere's net rate of energy exchange is 102.09 Watts.
What are the rates of thermal radiation emission, absorption, and net energy exchange for the sphere?To calculate the rates of thermal radiation emission and absorption, we can use the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which states that the rate of thermal radiation emitted or absorbed by an object is proportional to its surface area, temperature, and the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
a) The rate of thermal radiation emitted by the sphere can be calculated using the formula:
Emitting Rate = emissivity * surface area * Stefan-Boltzmann constant * (\(temperature^4 - environment\ temperature^4\))
Plugging in the given values:
Emitting Rate = \(0.924 * (4\pi * (0.457)^2) * 5.67 \times 10^{-8} * ((32.2 + 273.15)^4 - (82.9 + 273.15)^4)\)
Emitting Rate ≈ 139.75 Watts
b) The rate of thermal radiation absorbed by the sphere can be calculated in a similar way but using the environment temperature as the object's temperature:
Absorbing Rate = emissivity * surface area * Stefan-Boltzmann constant * (\(environment\ temperature^4 - temperature^4\))
Plugging in the given values:
Absorbing Rate = \(0.924 * (4\pi * (0.457)^2) * 5.67 \times 10^{-8} * ((82.9 + 273.15)^4 - (32.2 + 273.15)^4)\)
Absorbing Rate ≈ 37.66 Watts
c) The net rate of energy exchange is the difference between the emitting rate and the absorbing rate:
Net Rate = Emitting Rate - Absorbing Rate
Net Rate = 139.75 Watts - 37.66 Watts
Net Rate ≈ 102.09 Watts
Therefore, the sphere emits thermal radiation at a rate of 139.75 Watts, absorbs thermal radiation at a rate of 37.66 Watts, and has a net rate of energy exchange of 102.09 Watts.
Note: The units for all the rates are Watts.
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1.rhombus abcd with vertices a(2,6) b(6,7) c(5,3) d(1,2)
Answers
Answer:o
Explanation:
no
Prove that S4
(i) has no cyclic subgroup of order 6
(ii) has a non cyclic subgroup of order 6
Answers
To prove that the symmetric group S4 has no cyclic subgroup of order 6, and that it has a non-cyclic subgroup of order 6, we can use the properties and structure of S4.
(i) To show that S4 has no cyclic subgroup of order 6:
In S4, the order of an element is equal to the number of elements in its cyclic subgroup. The order of a cyclic subgroup is determined by the order of its generating element.
For S4, the highest order of an element is 4, which means there are no elements of order 6. Therefore, S4 has no cyclic subgroup of order 6.
(ii) To show that S4 has a non-cyclic subgroup of order 6:
In S4, there exist subgroups of order 6 that are not cyclic. One such example is the subgroup generated by two disjoint transpositions. Let's consider the subgroup generated by the elements (12) and (34), which are disjoint transpositions.
The subgroup generated by (12) and (34) is given by:
{(12), (34), (12)(34), e}.
This subgroup has four elements and is not cyclic. It is isomorphic to the symmetric group S2, which is not cyclic.
Therefore, we have shown that S4 has a non-cyclic subgroup of order 6.
In summary:
(i) S4 has no cyclic subgroup of order 6.
(ii) S4 has a non-cyclic subgroup of order 6, such as the subgroup generated by (12) and (34).
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Questlon 5 of 5
What is the main source of energy for plants?
A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. Soil
D. Sunlight
Answers
Answer:
D Sunlight
Explanation:
Hoped that helped :)
What are the smallest units an element can be broken down into and still retain its defining properties?
electrons
molecules
nanograms
atoms
Answers
Answer:
The answer to your question is molecules.
How many grams are in 2.3 x 10^ -4 moles of calcium phosphate?
Answers
Answer:
Mass = 713.4 ×10⁻⁴ g
Explanation:
Given data:
Number of moles of calcium phosphate = 2.3×10⁻⁴ mol
Mass of calcium phosphate = ?
Solution:
Formula:
Number of moles = mass/molar mass
Molar mass of calcium phosphate is 310.18 g/mol
by putting values,
2.3×10⁻⁴ mol = mass / 310.18 g/mol
Mass = 2.3×10⁻⁴ mol × 310.18 g/mol
Mass = 713.4 ×10⁻⁴ g
a current of 5.34 a is passed through a ni(no3)2 solution. how long, in hours, would this current have to be applied to plate out 8.10 g of nickel?
Answers
0.054 hr current have to be applied to plate out 8.10 g of nickel.
Electrochemistry is the branch of bodily chemistry concerned with the relationship between electric ability distinction, as a measurable and quantitative phenomenon, and identifiable chemical alternate, with the capability distinction as an final results of a specific chemical trade, or vice versa.
Electrochemistry is the observe of electron motion in an oxidation or reduction reaction at a polarized electrode floor. each analyte is oxidized or reduced at a particular capability and the current measured is proportional to attention. This method is a powerful method closer to bioanalysis.
Calculation:-
m = Zit
t = m/Zi
= 8.10/28× 5.34
= 0.054 hr
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Electromagnetic radiation at its maximum wavelength is _____.
A. Radio waves
B. Infrared
C. X rays
D. None of the above
Answers
Answer:
Option A) Radio waves.
Explanation:
Have a great day.
How many grams of water are made up of 7.25x10^24 molecules of water?
Answers
There are 216.72 grams of water in 7.25 × 10²⁴ molecules of water.
How to calculate mass?The mass of a substance can be calculated by multiplying the number of moles in the substance by its molar mass.
However, the number of moles in the substance must be calculated first by diving the number of molecules in the substance by Avogadro's number.
no of moles = no of molecules ÷ 6.02 × 10²³
no of moles of water = 7.25 × 10²⁴ ÷ 6.02 × 10²³
no of moles of water = 1.204 × 10¹ moles
molar mass of water = 18g/mol
mass of water = 12.04moles × 18g/mol
mass of water = 216.72grams.
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Atomic Number of Francium
Answers
Answer:
Francium is a chemical element with the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. Prior to its discovery, it was referred to as eka-caesium. It is extremely radioactive; its most stable isotope, francium-223, has a half-life of only 22 minutes.
What could J. J. Thomson conclude from his experiments?
Answers
Answer:
He concluded that atoms contain small negatively charged particles that are called electrons.
how are the functions of a flower's stamen and pistil related to reproduction?
Answers
Answer: the essential parts of a flower
Explanation:
are engaged with seed creation. In the event that a blossom contains both useful stamens and pistils, it is known as an ideal bloom, regardless of whether it doesn't contain petals and sepals. On the off chance that either stamens or pistils are deficient with regards to, the blossom is called imperfect.
Balance: _Al + _S2 → __AI2S3
A.) 4,3,1
B.) 4,3,2
C.) 2,3,2
D.) 2,3,1
Answers
Explanation:
4Al + 3S₂ → 2Al₂S₃
Therefore,
Option B is correct✔.
4) The principle of ________ states that the physical, chemical, and biological processes at work shaping the Earth today have also operated in the geologic past.
A) catastrophism
B) plate tectonics
C) plutonism
D) Uniformitarianism
Answers
The principle of option D. Uniformitarianism states that the physical, chemical, and biological processes at work shaping the Earth today have also operated in the
Option D. Uniformitarianism is the principle stating that the physical, chemical, and biological processes at work shaping the Earth today have also operated in the geologic past. It is based on the idea that the present is the key to the past. In other words, the same natural laws that operate in the universe today have been operating since the beginning of time.
James Hutton was the first to propose this principle in the late 18th century. He suggested that the Earth was shaped by slow-acting geological forces such as erosion, sedimentation, and uplift over long periods of time. He believed that the same processes were still happening today and that they had operated in the past.
This principle is an important concept in geology because it allows scientists to interpret the Earth's history based on the processes that they observe today. By understanding how these processes work and how they have changed over time, scientists can reconstruct the history of the Earth and its environments.
Uniformitarianism has been tested and proven through many observations and experiments. For example, the study of sedimentary rocks has shown that they were formed in the past through the same processes that are observed today, such as deposition of sediment by water, wind, or ice.
Similarly, the study of volcanoes has shown that they are formed by the same processes as today, such as the movement of magma from deep within the Earth.
In conclusion, Uniformitarianism is the principle that allows us to interpret the Earth's history by observing the processes that shape it today. It is a fundamental concept in geology and has been tested and proven through many observations and experiments.
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the concentration of a solid, therefore, depends only on its
Answers
The concentration of a solid is determined solely by its mass and volume. It is not affected by factors such as temperature, pressure, or the presence of other substances.
The concentration of a solid can be expressed in terms of its molar concentration, mass concentration, or volume fraction.
The concentration of a solid is defined as the amount of the solid substance present per unit volume or mass of the system. Unlike solutions or gases, the concentration of a solid does not change with temperature, pressure, or the presence of other substances. It is solely determined by the mass and volume of the solid.
The concentration of a solid can be expressed in various ways. One common way is to express it in terms of its molar concentration, which is the amount of the solid substance per unit volume of the system. Another way is to express it in terms of mass concentration, which is the mass of the solid substance per unit volume or mass of the system. Additionally, the concentration of a solid can be described using volume fraction, which is the ratio of the volume of the solid to the total volume of the system.
In summary, the concentration of a solid is determined solely by its mass and volume and is not influenced by temperature, pressure, or the presence of other substances. It can be expressed in terms of molar concentration, mass concentration, or volume fraction.
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If an object has a mass of 43.23 g and a volume of 32.1 mL, what is its density? Show your work!
Answers
Answer: 1.34 g/ml
Explanation: Density is an objectives mass divided by it's volume:
(43.23 g)/(32.1 ml) =1.34 g/ml
Balancing Chemical Equations
I really need help
Answers
Answer:
2KClO3 ---2KCl + 3O2
2NaCl + F2 ----> 2NaF + Cl2
2AlBr3 + 3 K2SO4 ----> 6 KBr + Al2(SO4)3
PLEASE HELP!!
George is writing an essay about the role of observation and inference in the development of the atomic theory. He wants to explain why it was more difficult to observe the presence of neutrons in atoms. Which statements should he include in his essay? Choose the two statements that apply.
A. While protons or electrons can be influenced by other charged particles, neutrons are not.
B. It was difficult to observe that neutrons were different than protons because the two particles respond to charge in the same way.
C. It was difficult to observe that neutrons were different than electrons because the two particles respond to charge in the same way.
D. Neutrons are held tightly together with protons in the nucleus, so scientists could not observe the behavior of neutrons independently.
Answers
Answer:
D and A
Explanation:
While protons or electrons can be influenced by other charged particles, neutrons are not.
and
Neutrons are held tightly together with protons in the nucleus, so scientists could not observe the behavior of neutrons independently.
Mg + Cu2+ —> Mg2+ + Cu
a) why is this a redox reaction?
b) identify the oxidizing agent. Give reason for your answer
answer any of them you want please
Answers
Explanation:
Since the oxidation state of Mg is changed to +2 from 0, it is oxidized. (as it is increased)
Similarly, oxidation state of Cu is changed to 0 from +2, it is reduced. (as it is decreased)
Since oxidation & reduction occur at the same time, it is redox reaction.
As Mg is being oxidized, other one must be the oxidizing agent.
Cu is the oxidizing agent
Imagine the periodic table includes the element Imaginium (Im) that has atomic number 125 and several radioactive isotopes, including one with atomic mass number 282 that decays by alpha decay. After a decay event, what will be the values of A and Z for what was formerly an atom of 282Im?
Answers
The atomic number (Z) of Iminium (Im) is 125, and since alpha decay results in the loss of 2 protons, Z will decrease by 2, giving a value of 123 for the newly formed element.
After a decay event by alpha decay, the Iminium (Im) atom with atomic number 125 (Z) and atomic mass number 282 (A) will change. Alpha decay involves the loss of 2 protons and 2 neutrons from the nucleus. Therefore, the new values for A and Z will be:
- New atomic number (Z) = 125 - 2 = 123
- New atomic mass number (A) = 282 - 4 = 278
So, the atom that was formerly 282Im will now have an atomic number (Z) of 123 and an atomic mass number (A) of 278.
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a 250 gram sample of water at the boiling point had 35.0 kj of heat added. how many grams of water were vaporized? heat of vaporization for water is 40.6 kj/mole.
Answers
The required mass of water vaporized is 15.5 grams, from a 250 gram sample of water at the boiling point had 35.0 kj
Given: Mass of water (m) = 250 gHeat added (q) = 35.0 kJHeat of vaporization (ΔHvap) = 40.6 kJ/mole
To find:Mass of water vaporized (x) Formula:q = ΔHvap × nx = (q / ΔHvap) × nMass = moles × molar mass
We know that molar mass of water (H2O) = 18 g/molMoles of water vaporized (n) = (35.0 kJ / 40.6 kJ/mol) = 0.861 mol
Therefore,Mass of water vaporized (x) = 0.861 mol × 18 g/mol= 15.5
Detailed Solution: According to the given statement,250g of water was taken at its boiling point and 35.0 kJ of heat was added to it, we need to find how many grams of water were vaporized. To solve this question, first, we need to know the heat of vaporization for water, which is 40.6 kJ/mole. It means to vaporize 1 mole of water, 40.6 kJ of heat is required.
Mass of water (m) = 250 g Heat added (q) = 35.0 kJHeat of vaporization (ΔHvap) = 40.6 kJ/molen = q / ΔHvapn = (35.0 kJ / 40.6 kJ/mol) = 0.861 molMoles of water vaporized (n) = 0.861 mol
Therefore, Mass of water vaporized (x) = 0.861 mol × 18 g/mol= 15.5 g Hence, the required mass of water vaporized is 15.5 grams.
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Modern drug discovery often starts with a large library of compounds. These library studies are important because a. Select one: cancerous tissue is much more difficult to target than foreign invaders. b. the search will definitely yield a new candidate drug. c. the search may yield a number of possible framework pieces to build into a good drug. d. old drugs will never be effective against new targets.
Answers
The answer to the question is c. The library studies may yield a number of possible framework pieces to build into a good drug.
Modern drug discovery is a complex and time-consuming process that involves screening large libraries of compounds to identify potential candidates for further development. While the ultimate goal is to find a new drug that is effective against a specific disease or condition, it is often the case that the initial screening process yields multiple compounds that may be useful in developing a new drug.
This process is essential for addressing evolving health challenges and improving therapeutic options. While not every search guarantees a new candidate drug, the possibility of finding multiple framework pieces makes these studies valuable in drug discovery.
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what is the optimal conditions for specimen transport, handling, and storage of specimens for clincal chemistry testing
Answers
The optimal conditions for specimen transport, handling, and storage of specimens for clinical chemistry testing are as follows: Transport: Specimens must be transported promptly to the laboratory to minimize changes in composition and to ensure proper analysis. The ideal transportation temperature is between 2 and 8°C.
Chemical analyses should be completed within 24 hours after collection to ensure the quality of the specimen. Handling: Laboratory personnel must take precautions to avoid contamination and errors during handling. Gloves should be worn when handling blood or other potentially hazardous specimens. Storage: After collection, specimens must be appropriately labeled with the patient's name and other identifying information. Specimens should be kept at the appropriate temperature, which is usually between 2 and 8°C for most tests. If the test requires a different temperature range, the specimen should be kept at the appropriate temperature until testing is complete. The specimens must be kept secure, protected from light, and free from vibration, moisture, and heat. In summary, it is crucial to adhere to the optimal conditions for specimen transport, handling, and storage of specimens for clinical chemistry testing. It ensures that the analysis is accurate and reliable, and errors or contamination are avoided.
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Name the following carboxylic
acid:
oh
o
a. butanoic acid
b. butanol
c. propanoic acid
d. propanal
Answers
The given carboxylic acid is the butanoic acid due to its similar structure of bonded atoms.
What is the name of this acid?This acid is known as butanoic acid because in this example, hydroxide is bonded with the oxygen atom which is the same case with butanoic acid in which OH is bonded with oxygen atom.
So we can conclude that the given carboxylic acid is the butanoic acid due to its similar structure of bonded atoms.
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how many sodium ions designated as dissolved?
Answers
One of the ions has a positive charge (called a cation) and the other has a negative charge (termed anion). Salt is an ionic compound, consisting of a crystal, lattice structure of the two ions Na+ and Cl-.
Complete the mechanism of the reaction by adding any missing atoms, bonds, charges, nonbonding electron pairs, and curved arrows. note the use of a generic base b:, which represents another amine in solution and acts as a proton shuttle.
Answers
To give you a complete mechanism of the reaction, I would need more context and details about the chemical compounds involved in the reaction.
It is important to note that the base "b" represents another amine in solution and acts as a proton shuttle but in terms of mechanism it will be hard to give an accurate description without knowing the actual compound or information about the reaction.
How is the atom characterized?A reaction mechanism is a step-by-step explanation of how a chemical reaction occurs, and it typically includes the specific reactants, intermediates, and products involved, as well as the bonds that are formed and broken and the electrons that are involved.
Therefore. atom is a structure (composed of proton, neutron, electron, nucleus, levels, sublevels and orbitals) that forms matter. Atom is the name given to the former of matter (everything that occupies space and has mass). This name was proposed by the Greek philosophers Democritus and Leucippus.
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Give the equation: 2K + 2H2O --> 2KOH + H2
If 23.5 grams of potassium are reacted with excess water, how many grams of potassium hydroxide will be formed?
A.33.7g KOH
B.56.08g KOH
C.39.09g KOH
D. 17.99g KOH
Answers
Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, the correct answer is option A. if 23.5 grams of potassium are reacted with excess water, 33.7 grams of KOH will be formed.
Reaction stoichiometryThe balanced reaction is:
2 K + 2 H₂O → 2 KOH + H₂
By reaction stoichiometry, the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
K: 2 moles
H₂O: 2 moles
KOH: 2 moles
H₂: 1 mole
The molar mass of the compounds is:
K: 39.1 g/moleH₂O: 18 g/moleKOH: 56.1 g/moleH₂: 2 g/moleBy reaction stoichiometry, the following mass quantities of each compound participate in the reaction:
K: 2 moles ×39.1 g/mole= 78.2 gramsH₂O: 2 moles ×18 g/mole= 36 gramsKOH: 2 moles ×56.1 g/mole= 112.2 gramsH₂: 1 moles ×2 g/mole= 2 gramsMass of KOH formedIt can be applied the following rule of three: if by reaction stoichiometry 78.2 grams of K form 112.2 grams of KOH, 23.5 grams of K form how much mass of KOH?
mass of KOH= (23.5 grams of K× 112.2 grams of KOH) ÷78.2 grams of K
mass of KOH= 33.7 grams
Finally, 33.7 grams of KOH are formed.
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I need help some plz and don’t give me no virus or some fake answer I really need help
Answers
Answer:
1.) The possible genotypes are FF and Ff
The phenotype is full pod shape
2.) The possible genotypes are GG, Gg, and gg
The photypes are Green (for those whose genotype is GG and Gg) and yellow ( For those whose genotype is gg)
Explanation:
My hand writting isn't the best so I'll also type it.
1.) There are only 2 possible genotypes the offspring can have which are FF or Ff.
Because the dominant allele is F all the offspring from this cross will have a full pod shape phenotype.
2.) There are only 3 possible genotypes the offspring can have which are GG, Gg, and gg.
The majority of the offspring will have a green phenotype while the remainder will be yellow. G is the dominant allele so any offspring with the genotype GG or Gg will be green. While g is a recessive allele and only offspring who has a genotype of gg will be yellow.
*On my paper for question 2 for the phenotype explination I accidently wrote genotype instead of phenotype.
*Another note is that an offspring must have both recessive alleles in order to show the recessive traits. That is why gg is yellow and Gg is green.
Hope I helped
A slightly edited Exercise 6 of Chapter 4 (Page 90) states:
(a) Calculate the energy needed to bring a cup of water (about 250 g) from 10°C to the boiling point (100°C for water). Then, find the time it takes to heat this water (c) in a 1-kg aluminum pan sitting on a 1,500-W electric stove burner that transfers 75% of its energy output to the water and the pan. Assume the pan, too, starts at 10°C and has to be heated to water’s boiling point.
Solution:
(a) To heat just the water requires energy Qw=mwcwΔT (Equation 4.3), where ΔT=100∘C−10∘C=90∘C:
Qw=0.25kg(4184Jkg∘C)90∘C=94,140J
(c) On the stove, we also have to heat the pan. Aluminum’s specific heat is ca=900Jkg∘C , from table 4.3, (because this is lower than cw, it is easier to heat aluminum than water).
To heat just the aluminum pan requires energy, Qa=macaΔT=1kg(900Jkg∘C)90∘C.
The total energy to heat the pan of water on the stove is increased because of the finite efficiency:
Qtotal=Qw+Qaes=94,140J+81,000J0.75=233,520J
The time it takes to heat the water depends on the stove’s power: power = energy per time, so
t=energypower=QtotalPs=233,520J1,500Js=155.68or156sonthestove
Question:
Find the time, in seconds, it takes to heat this water in a 1-kg steel pan sitting on a 1,500-W electric stove burner that transfers 75% of its energy output to the water and the pan. Assume the pan, too, starts at 10°C and has to be heated to water’s boiling point. Round your answer to the nearest whole second.
Answers
The time it takes to heat this water in a 1-kg steel pan sitting on a 1,500-W electric stove burner that transfers 75% of its energy output to the water and the pan is 90 seconds (rounded to the nearest whole second).
We need to calculate the time taken to heat the water in a 1-kg steel pan sitting on a 1,500-W electric stove burner that transfers 75% of its energy output to the water and the pan. The given information are as follows:
Specific heat of water, cw = 4184 J/kg °C
Specific heat of steel, cs = 450 J/kg °C
Energy supplied by the electric stove burner, P = 1,500 W (75% of which is transferred to the water and the pan)
Mass of water, mw = 250 g = 0.25 kg
Mass of steel pan, ms = 1 kg
Initial temperature of water and steel pan, T1 = 10 °C
Final temperature of water and steel pan (boiling point of water), T2 = 100 °C
Heat absorbed by the steel pan = Qs = ms × cs × (T2 - T1)Heat absorbed by the water = Qw = mw × cw × (T2 - T1)
Total heat absorbed by the water and the pan = Q = Qw + Qs = (0.25 × 4184 × 90) + (1 × 450 × 90) J= 94,140 + 40,500 J= 1,34,640 J
Time taken to heat the water and the pan = t = Q/P= 1,34,640 / 1,500 s= 89.76 or 90 s
Therefore, the time it takes to heat this water in a 1-kg steel pan sitting on a 1,500-W electric stove burner that transfers 75% of its energy output to the water and the pan is 90 seconds (rounded to the nearest whole second).
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A regional metamorphic belt is divided into zones based upon