What is the work required for the separation of air (21-mol-% oxygen and 79-mol-% nitrogen) at 25°C and 1 bar in a steady-flow process into product streams of pure oxygen and nitrogen, also at 25°C and 1 bar, of the thermodynamic efficiency of the process is 5% and if Tσ = 300 K
Answers
Work = 116.1 kJ/mol.
Explanation:
Separating air into pure oxygen and nitrogen requires the removal of one component (nitrogen) from the mixture while leaving the other component (oxygen) behind. This can be accomplished using a cryogenic distillation process, which takes advantage of the different boiling points of the two components.
The thermodynamic efficiency of the process is given as 5%, which means that only 5% of the work input is converted to useful work (i.e., the separation of the components). The remaining 95% is dissipated as waste heat.
The work required for the separation of air can be calculated using the following equation:
W = ΔG / η
where W is the work required, ΔG is the Gibbs free energy change for the separation process, and η is the thermodynamic efficiency.
The Gibbs free energy change for the separation of air into pure oxygen and nitrogen can be calculated using the following equation:
ΔG = RTln(K)
where R is the gas constant, T is the temperature (in kelvin), and K is the equilibrium constant for the reaction. For the separation of air, the equilibrium constant is equal to the ratio of the vapor pressures of nitrogen and oxygen at the given temperature and pressure:
K = P_N2 / P_O2
At 25°C and 1 bar, the vapor pressures of nitrogen and oxygen are:
P_N2 = 0.79 × 1 bar = 0.79 bar
P_O2 = 0.21 × 1 bar = 0.21 bar
Therefore, the equilibrium constant is:
K = 0.79 / 0.21 = 3.76
Substituting this into the equation for ΔG gives:
ΔG = RTln(K) = (8.314 J/mol-K)(298 K)ln(3.76) = -5806 J/mol
The negative sign indicates that the separation process is thermodynamically favorable (i.e., exergonic).
Substituting ΔG and η into the equation for W gives:
W = ΔG / η = (-5806 J/mol) / 0.05 = -116,120 J/mol
The negative sign indicates that work must be done on the system to effect the separation of air. The work required is 116,120 J/mol, or 116.1 kJ/mol.
The value of Tσ = 300 K is not used in this calculation, as it represents the reference temperature for calculating the thermodynamic efficiency.
The value of 300K (or more precisely, Tσ = 298.15 K) is used as the reference temperature for calculating thermodynamic efficiency in some cases, particularly for thermodynamic cycles. However, in the problem given, we are not dealing with a thermodynamic cycle but rather a steady-flow process for the separation of air into its component gases. In this case, the temperature and pressure of the air and product streams are all specified (25°C and 1 bar), and the calculation of the work required for the separation is based on the Gibbs free energy change of the process, which depends on the actual temperature and pressure conditions. Therefore, the value of 300K (or Tσ) is not used in this calculation.
Related Questions
Can somebody explain to me on how to do this (in the picture)? Thanks!
Answers
According to chemical equilibrium, the value of equilibrium constant is 1.33.
What is chemical equilibrium?Chemical equilibrium is defined as the condition which arises during the course of a reversible chemical reaction with no net change in amount of reactants and products.A reversible chemical reaction is the one wherein the products as soon as they are formed react together to produce back the reactants.
At equilibrium, the two opposing reactions which take place take place at equal rates and there is no net change in amount of the substances which are involved in the chemical reaction.At equilibrium, the reaction is considered to be complete . Conditions which are required for equilibrium are given by quantitative formulation.
The equilibrium constant is given as, K=[C]/[A][B]²=[0.760]/[0.290][1.40]²=1.33.
Thus, the value of equilibrium constant is 1.33.
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A diagonal boundary seems to divide at least layer f and layer b into two sections. predict the event that formed this boundary, and predict whether the event occurred before or after the formation of the layers around it. explain your reasoning.
Answers
The equator is a hypothetical line passing through the center of the planet at latitude 0°. The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere are the two equal halves of the earth that are separated by the equator.
Greater gravitational force is exerted on the mass of denser objects and materials. This explains why materials with varying densities stack together
Which activities would take place at a transform boundary?At a transform plate border, the grinding motion between the plates causes shallow earthquakes, significant lateral rock displacement, and a wide zone of crustal deformation. Along the San Andreas Fault in western California, a landscape of this kind may be seen more spectacularly than anywhere else on Earth.
What are the core's two split components?The inner core and the outer core, which encircle the mantle, are the two layers that make up the core. The Bullen discontinuity is the line dividing these two regions. Radius Core The 2,200 kilometers (1,367 miles) thick outer core is primarily made of liquid nickel and iron.
What layers of the Earth is represented by layer 1 and layer 2?
Composition-based Layers
The following layers are visible in a cross section of the Earth: First, there is the crust, followed by the mantle, the outer core, the inner core, the lithosphere, the asthenosphere, the outer core, and the inner core. Based on composition, the earth's core, mantle, and crust are divided: Less than 1% of the mass of Earth is made up of the crust.
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2. The long term carbon cycle stores carbon in rocks called
A. carbonates
B. nitrates
C. phosphates
D. foliates
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Answer:
Explanation:
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Pick an answer and explain why the others are incorrect.
Answers
The name of this compound using IUPAC rules is 3,4-dimethylhexane.
Option D is correct.
What are IUPAC rules?the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is described as a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Option A, 2,3-diethylbutane, is incorrect because it has a different carbon chain length and different substituent positions.
Option B, 2-ethyl-3-methylpentane, is incorrect because it has a different carbon chain length and one of the substituents is incorrectly placed.
Option C, 3-methyl-4-ethylpentane, is incorrect because it has a different carbon chain length and the substituent positions are reversed.
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5. What conclusions can you draw about temperature and saturation of a solute?
Answers
In general, when the temperature rises, a solute becomes more soluble in a particular solvent.
Temperature and saturationAs long as the solute concentration is constant, the saturation of a solute in a solvent can also rise with rising temperature. However, depending on the particular solute-solvent system, this relationship may not always hold true.For instance, some solutes may become less soluble as the temperature rises, as is the case for gases like carbon dioxide in water. In these circumstances, a rise in temperature may result in a fall in saturation since more of the dissolved solute may exit the solution.The saturation of a solute in a solvent can also be influenced by other elements such as pressure and the presence of other solutes. Consequently, while estimating or measuring the saturation of a solute in a solvent, it is crucial to take temperature into account.learn more about temperature here
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what are the coefficients when the equation below is balanced?
_FE(s) + _O2(g) > _Fe2 O3(s)
a. 1,1,1
b. 2,1,1
c. 4,3,2
d. 10,5,2
Answers
To balance an equation, you need to multiply the coefficient by the each subscript to see how much of each element there is on each side of the chemical equation. Use each set of coefficients with the equation until each side has the same amounts of each element.
100 Point test please help
Which environmental concern for ecosystems is directly related to the growing urban population of the world?
Climate change
Melting glaciers
Urban runoff
Rising sea levels
Answers
Answer:
sorry if this is wrong bt j would say rising sea levels
When performing an extraction with between an aqueous solution and organic solution what determines which layer ends up the bottom layer in the separatory funnel ?.
Answers
When performing an extraction between an aqueous solution and an organic solution or organic compound, density will determine the layer ending up at the bottom of the separation funnel.
In chemistry, a separatory funnel is a kind of funnel that separates two immiscible liquids.
It is a transparent funnel and when two immiscible liquids i.e aqueous and organic solution is poured into it, and then allowed to stand, after a while a distinguished layer is formed setting them apart from each other.
Due to the difference in density, the extraction becomes easier as the aqueous layer has a low density and stays at the top while the organic layer is at the bottom.
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materials that are eroded from one location are always ?
Answers
Describe how different environments support different
varieties of organisms
Answers
Answer:
How is an environment able to support different varieties of organisms? ... It provides all the necessary conditions, such as temperature, space, water and food resources, oxygen and carbon dioxide, that suit the needs of the organisms. Examples of habitat include forests, mountains, bodies of water, and even puddles.
Explanation:
sodium chloride has a density of 2.16 g/cm3. what is the volume, in milliliters, of 50.0 grams of sodium chloride?
Answers
The volume of 50.0 grams of sodium chloride is \(23.1481 mL.\)
Volume is a three-dimensional quantity that is used to measure the capacity of a solid shape.
To calculate the volume of 50.0 grams of sodium chloride, we need to use its density. The formula to calculate the volume is:
Volume = Mass / Density
Substituting the given values, we get:
Volume = 50.0 g / 2.16 g/cm³
Simplifying the equation, we get:
Volume = 23.1481 cm³
To convert the volume to milliliters, we can multiply it by 1 mL/1 cm³, which gives:
Volume = 23.1481 cm³ × 1 mL/1 cm³
Volume = 23.1481 mL
Therefore, the volume of 50.0 grams of sodium chloride is 23.1481 mL.
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includes and excludes notes are only listed in the tabular of the icd-10-cm
Answers
Includes and excludes notes are important components of the ICD-10-CM coding guidelines and can be found throughout the coding manual, including both the tabular and alphabetic index sections. These notes provide additional information and guidance for code selection and help ensure accurate and specific coding.
Includes notes provide a list of terms or conditions that are considered part of the code's definition. They indicate that if the condition or term mentioned in the includes note is present, it should be coded along with the main code.
Excludes notes, on the other hand, provide guidance on conditions or terms that are not included in the code's definition. They indicate that if the excluded condition or term is present, it should not be coded together with the main code.
Both includes and excludes notes help to clarify the appropriate use of codes and promote accurate coding practices.
It's important for coders to carefully review and understand the includes and excludes notes in both the tabular and alphabetic index sections of the ICD-10-CM to ensure accurate code assignment.
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Which of the following options correctly ranks solid iodine, liquid bromine and chlorine gas in the order of increasing intermolecular force strength?
a
liquid bromine < solid iodine < chlorine gas
b
solid iodine < chlorine gas < liquid bromine
c
solid iodine < liquid bromine < chlorine gas
d
chlorine gas < liquid bromine < solid iodine
Answers
Answer:
B.
Explanation:
The order of increasing intermolecular force strength is solid iodine < chlorine gas < liquid bromine. The correct option is option B.
What is intermolecular force?The total force between two nearby molecules is known as the intermolecular force. A molecule's neighbors and any possible solute are affected by the forces created by the kinetic energy of its atoms and the small negative and positive electrical charges on various sections of the molecule.
The London dispersion forces, the dipole-dipole interaction, and the ion-dipole interaction are the three basic types of intermolecular forces. As a kind of dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bonding adds to the overall intermolecular force. The order of increasing intermolecular force strength is solid iodine < chlorine gas < liquid bromine.
Therefore, the order of increasing intermolecular force strength is solid iodine < chlorine gas < liquid bromine. The correct option is option B.
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A helium balloon has a volume of 2600 cm 3 when the temperature is 21°C. What is the
volume of the balloon when it's placed in a freezer with a temperature of -15°C?
Answers
Answer:
2,282 cm³
Explanation:
If all other variables are being held constant, you can find the new volume of the balloon using the Charles' Law equation. The equation looks like this:
V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂
In this equation, "V₁" and "T₁" represent the initial volume and temperature. "V₂" and "T₂" represent the final volume and temperature. Before you can solve for the new volume, you need to convert Celsius to Kelvin (negative values do not work in this equation). This can be done by adding 273.15 to each temperature.
V₁ = 2600 cm³ V₂ = ? cm³
T₁ = 21 °C + 273.15 = 294.15 K T₂ = -15 °C + 273.15 = 258.15 K
V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂ <----- Charles' Law
(2600 cm³) / (294.15 K) = V₂ / (258.15 K) <----- Insert values
8.839 = V₂ / (258.15 K) <----- Simplify left side
2282 = V₂ <----- Multiply both sides by 258.15
Air is cooling at night. The frost point (temperature at which RH with respect to ice reaches 100%) is reached at T = -10 degree Celsius. a) What is the RH (normal RH with respect to liquid water) at this point? b) Upon further cooling the air reaches a temperature of T =-11 degree Celsius Kaolinite particles of 200 nm diameter are present. Do you expect ice particles to form? If yes, do they form via deposition nucleation or condensation of droplets followed by freezing? Briefly explain your answer. c) Upon even further cooling the air reaches a temperature of T = -12 degree Celsius. Same question as before: Do you expect ice particles to form now? If yes, do they form via deposition nucleation or condensation of droplets followed by freezing? Briefly explain your answer. Equilibrium vapor pressures may be calculated or taken from the table below. t/°C 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 - 10 -11 -12 -13 T/ Keow /Pa 273.15 611.2 272.15 568.2 271.15 527.9 270.15 490.2 269.15 454.8 268.15 421.8 267.15 390.9 266.15 362.1 265.15 335.1 264.15 310.0 263.15 286.5 262.15 264.7 261.15 244.3 260.15 225.4 259.15 207.8 258.15 191.4 e oi/Pa 611.2 562.7 517.7 476.1 437.5 401.8 368.7 338.2 310.0 283.9 259.9 237.7 217.3 198.5 181.2 165.3 - 14 - 15 Equilibrium vapor pressures with respect to water (eow) and with respect to ice (coi).
Answers
The equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to water (eow) is 259.9 Pa. assume that saturation vapor pressure is same as equilibrium vapor pressure.
Therefore, the RH at the frost point is
RH = (eow / saturation vapor pressure) × 100
= (259.9 Pa / 259.9 Pa) × 100
= 100%
b) At T = -11 °C, we need to compare the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to water (eow) and the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice (coi) to determine if ice particles will form. From the given table, at T = -11 °C, the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to water (eow) is 237.7 Pa, and the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice (coi) is 165.3 Pa.
The air is supersaturated with respect to ice, and the presence of Kaolinite particles can provide surfaces for water droplets to condense onto, leading to the formation of ice particles.
c) At T = -12 °C, we compare the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to water (eow) and the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice (coi). From the given table, at T = -12 °C, the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to water (eow) is 217.3 Pa, and the equilibrium vapor pressure with respect to ice (coi) is 181.2 Pa.
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Hi guys! Quick question... sweet or savory??
Answers
Answer: savory
Explanation:
SWEET is better in my opinion.
which of these statements is true concerning the following reaction?
na(g) → na⁺(g) e⁻.
a. This is an ionization process.
b. The energy required in the process is the definition of the electron affinity
c. Na(g) is gaining an electron
d. This reaction is exothermic
Answers
The correct answer is option A: This is an ionization process.
The statement which best describes the following chemical reaction is this is an ionization process.
The complete chemical reaction is given below.
In this reaction, the ionization of sodium is taking place.
Na(g) → Na⁺(g) e⁻
Ionization refers to a process or chemical reaction during which cations or anions are formed by the loss or gain of electrons.
If an atom loses an electron then it forms a cation i.e. positively charges atom and when it gains electrons then anions are formed i.e. negatively charged atoms.
In the above mention case, the parent sodium atom loses one electron and forms a cation. The overall process is called the ionization process.
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2Al(s) + Fe₂O3(s) → Al₂O3(s) + 2Fe(s)
ΔΗ = −847 kJ
Railroad maintenance initiates a
thermite reaction of 4.0 mol Al to connect
two lengths of rail using the reaction
above. How much heat is released
during the reaction?
9rxn = [ ? ] kJ
Answers
The heat released during the reaction is -212 kJ. Heat is a fundamental concept in physics, chemistry, and engineering and plays a critical role in many natural phenomena, such as thermodynamics, phase transitions, and thermal radiation.
What is Heat?
Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another as a result of a difference in temperature. Heat flows from hotter objects to colder objects until they reach thermal equilibrium, meaning that their temperatures become equal. The amount of heat transferred is typically measured in joules (J) or calories (cal) and is related to the mass of the object, the specific heat capacity of the material, and the temperature change experienced.
The ΔH for the reaction is -847 kJ.
The stoichiometric coefficient of Al in the balanced equation is 2. This means that 2 moles of Al are required to produce 2 moles of Fe and 1 mole of \(Al_{2} O^{3}\).
Since the reaction uses 4.0 mol of Al, it will produce 2.0 mol of Fe and 1.0 mol of \(Al_{2} O^{3}\).
The amount of heat released during the reaction can be calculated using the equation:
ΔH = q/n
where ΔH is the enthalpy change, q is the heat released, and n is the number of moles of the limiting reactant (in this case, Al).
Substituting the values gives:
ΔH = (-847 kJ) / 4.0 mol = -212 kJ/mol
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Need help ASAP... The diagram shows a box in the periodic table.. what is the atomic number of the element??
Answers
Describe the relationship between atoms and molecules
Answers
Answer:
Atoms are the smallest particle that an element can be divided in to. When atoms come together, they form molecules and molecules start to create everything around you.
Atoms are the smallest particles of matter which on combining with atoms of the same type give rise to molecules.
What is matter?
Matter is a substance which is made up of various types of particles which occupy space and have inertia . All living things and objects are made up of various types of particles that occupy space and have inertia .
Depending on temperature and other factors matter is able to exist in different phases. Most common of which are solid, liquid and gas. Matter can exist in more than one state depending on the temperature and pressure .
State of matter can be changed by heating or cooling and even by changing the applied pressure.When a state changes matter does not break rather its state changes though its chemical composition remains same.
Physical characteristics of matter are shape, color, size and temperature. Every matter is made up of elements which cannot be broken down further by ordinary chemical reactions.
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What statement best describes the transfer of energy in the photo?
Answers
B. when water changes state from a solid to a liquid, thermal energy is absorbed.
What is transfer of energy?The process of moving energy from one system to another, such as through the transmission of heat, work, or mass, is known as energy transfer.
It should be noted that the transformation of energy into another form or the transfer of energy from one location to another.
The mode of energy transfer are:
RadiationConduction, and Convection of Heat EnergyIn summary, thermal, radiant, chemical, nuclear, electrical, motional, acoustic, elastic, and gravitational energy are some of the different types of energy.
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What are the three atomic particles found in an atom, and what are their charges?
Answers
Answer:
Atoms consist of three basic particles: protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged).A chemist wants to prepare a stock solution of H2SO4 so the samples of 20ml will produce a solution with concentration of 0.5M when added to 100ml of water. What should the molarity if the stock solution be?
Answers
Answer:
If you want the first option you need 2.5M.
If you want the second, you will end up with 120ml so your starting solution is:
0.5x (120/20) = 3.0M
This assumes that there’s no loss of volume on mixing. To remove that uncertainty, start with the 20ml of acid and add water, mixing, till you get the right volume.
which of the following does not affect the solubility of a gas in water a. salinity of the water b. temperature of the water c. atmospheric pressure d. concentrations of other gasses in solution
Answers
The option which does not affect the solubility of the gas in water is d) concentrations of other gasses in solution.
The solubility of the gas is depends on the interaction in between the molecules of the water and the molecules of the gas. The factors which will affect the solubility of the gas in the water is given as :
salinity of the water temperature of the waterpressureThe temperature will affect the solubility of the gas and the solubility of the solids. the pressure will affect the solubility of the gas but does not affect the solubility of the solid.
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1. Which of the following statements about separation techniques is correct?
A. Physical separation techniques include magnetic attraction, filtration and evaporation.
B. Compounds can be separated into their constituents by physical separation techniques
C. Evaporation is used to separate dissolved solids from a solution.
D. Desalination is a form of physical separation technique for non-potable water.
Answers
Answer: A
Explanation:
The statement which is correct about the separation techniques is as follows:
Physical separation techniques include magnetic attraction, filtration, and evaporation.Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
What is the Separation technique?The Separation techniques may be defined as all those techniques that can be utilized in order to separate two different states of matter such as liquid and solid from one another.
Physical separation techniques may include magnetic attraction, filtration, evaporation, chromatography, centrifugation, etc. Chemical separation techniques may include distillation, adsorption, oxidation, crystallization, membrane procedures, etc.
Compounds can be separated into their constituents by chemical separation techniques. Evaporation is used to eliminate water from liquid food products and make them dry. Desalination may be defined as a process of eliminating salt from sea water specifically.
Therefore, the correct option for this question is A.
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In the following reaction, which reactant is acting as a Bronsted-Lowry base? HCl(aq) + KHS(aq) - KCl(aq) + H2S(aq) a НСІ b КСІ c KHS d H2S
e H20
Answers
In the given reaction, the reactant that acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base is:
c) KHS (potassium hydrogen sulfide)
According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton (H+) donor, and a base is a proton acceptor. In the reaction provided:
HCl(aq) + KHS(aq) -> KCl(aq) + H2S(aq)
HCl donates a proton (H+) to KHS, making HCl an acid. KHS accepts the proton from HCl, which makes it a base. KHS then undergoes a protonation reaction, forming KCl and H2S.
Therefore, in the given reaction, KHS acts as a Bronsted-Lowry base by accepting the proton from HCl.
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What is the acetic acid constanta (ka)?
Answers
The value of Ka constant for acetic acid is 1.75 × 10⁻⁵.
Generally, the acid dissociation constant (Ka) is used to distinguish strong acids from weak acids. Strong acids generally have exceptionally high Ka values. The Ka value is obtained by looking at the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of the acid. The higher is the Ka, the more the acid dissociates into its ions.
Ka is defined as the acid dissociation constant whereas pKa is simply the -log of the constant Ka. Similarly, Kb is defined as the base dissociation constant, whereas pKb is the -log of the constant Kb.
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To deploy configuration profiles for computers from Jamf Pro, _____ must be available.
a) Global Service Exchange
b) Apple Business Manager
c) Apple School Manager
d) Apple Push Notification service
Answers
To deploy configuration profiles for computers from Jamf Pro, the Apple Push Notification service (APNs) must be available.
APNs is a cloud-based service provided by Apple that enables the secure transfer of data between Apple devices and servers. It is essential for communication between Jamf Pro and Apple devices during the deployment of configuration profiles.
APNs is used to initiate the connection between the devices and Jamf Pro, allowing for the transfer of the configuration profiles. Without APNs, it would be impossible to deploy configuration profiles to Apple devices using Jamf Pro.
Therefore, it is critical to ensure that APNs is available and functioning correctly before attempting to deploy configuration profiles using Jamf Pro.
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Which would increase the rate of dissolving salt into water? Will give Brainliest!!!
A Low temperature
B Little to no agitation
C More surface area
D Darker colors
Answers
Answer:
A) Low temperature
Explanation:
its right on edge
Answer:
A is da answer
Explanation:
i did unit test on ed 2021
Macromolecules
Warm-Up Active
WARM-UP
Many functions in the body are controlled by
special compounds. Which statements about
these compounds do you think are true? Check
all that apply.
0 The body can make all of the compounds it
needs.
0
The body gets energy from some
compounds.
Some compounds determine physical
characteristics.
DONE
Intro
Think about Compounds in Your Body
Answers
The statements about these compounds which are true include:
The body gets energy from some compounds.Some compounds determine physical characteristics.What is a Compound?
This is formed when two or more elements combine together and an example is Sodium chloride from sodium and chlorine.
The body gets energy from carbohydrate and fat while compounds like protein can determine physical characteristics.
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