What is the difference between the standard enthalpy of formation and the standard enthalpy of reaction?
Answers
The heat released or absorbed during the reaction, or the difference in enthalpy between the reactants and products, is known as the enthalpy of reaction. The enthalpy change between the reactants (elements in their standard state) and the compound is known as the enthalpy of formation of a compound (product).
Enthalpy of reaction is defined so that it solely depends on the conditions that are prescribed for it, rather than just on the actual circumstances in which reactions take place. When thermochemical measurements are actually taken of the reacting system, there are two general requirements that must be met.
The energy released or consumed when one mole of a substance is formed under typical conditions from its pure constituents is measured by the standard enthalpy of formation. The standard enthalpy of formation is represented by the symbol Hf. A degree denotes a standard enthalpy change. If the products and reactants are well-studied, standard enthalpies of formation can still be used to forecast reaction enthalpies even for new reactions.
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The standard enthalpy of formation and the standard enthalpy of reaction are both thermodynamic properties used to measure the energy changes in chemical reactions. However, they differ in their specific meanings and applications.
1. Standard Enthalpy of Formation:
The standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf°) is the change in enthalpy when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements, with all substances in their standard states. The standard state refers to the most stable form of an element at a given temperature and pressure.
For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of water (H2O) is -285.8 kJ/mol. This means that when one mole of water is formed from its elements (hydrogen and oxygen) under standard conditions (25°C and 1 atm pressure), 285.8 kJ of heat is released.
The standard enthalpy of formation is useful in determining the energy content of substances and their stability. It helps calculate the enthalpy change in a reaction by subtracting the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants from the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products.
2. Standard Enthalpy of Reaction:
The standard enthalpy of reaction (ΔHr°) is the change in enthalpy that occurs when a reaction takes place under standard conditions. It is also known as the heat of reaction.
The standard enthalpy of reaction can be calculated by subtracting the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants from the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products. It represents the overall energy change during a chemical reaction.
For example, the standard enthalpy of reaction for the combustion of methane (CH4) can be calculated using the standard enthalpies of formation of methane (-74.9 kJ/mol) and carbon dioxide (-393.5 kJ/mol), and water (-285.8 kJ/mol). The equation for the reaction is:
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
By subtracting the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants from the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products, we can determine the standard enthalpy of reaction for this combustion reaction.
In summary, the standard enthalpy of formation measures the energy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements, while the standard enthalpy of reaction measures the overall energy change in a reaction. Both are important in understanding and predicting the energy changes in chemical processes.
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Related Questions
How many molecules are there in 45.0 grams of CH4?
Answers
Answer:\(16.93\times 10^{23}\ \text{molecules}\)
Explanation:
Given
Mass of \(CH_4\) \(m=45\ gm\)
Molar mass of \(CH_4\) is \(12+4\times1=16\)
No of moles of \(CH_4\) \(=\dfrac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Molar mass}}=\frac{45}{16}\)
No of Molecules in 45gm of \(CH_4\) is
\(\Rightarrow N_A\times\frac{45}{16}=6.022\times 10^{23}\times \frac{45}{16}\\\Rightarrow 16.93\times10^{23}\ \text{molecules}\)
How does moving water help shape earth?
Answers
Answer:
Moving water helps plant's and islands form and grow. Which shapes earth.
Name 2 different types of microorganisms that live or on your body.
Answers
Answer:
Your body is chock full of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, archaea and viruses. Altogether, there are ten times more microbes in your body than there are human cells.
Explanation:
Answer:
Germs and bacteria. They can be found on the surface of our skin.
Do nonmetal gases have a lot or a little kinetic energy?
Yes
No
Maybe
Answers
Answer:
No they do not have a lot of kinetic energy
Which of the following ions could exist in either the high-spin or low-spin state in an octahedral complex?
A. Sc3+
B. Ni2+
C. Mn2+
D. Ti4+
E. Zn2+
Answers
Ni²⁺ is the only ion on the list that can exist as both a high-spin and a low-spin octahedral complex. The correct option is B.
An electrostatic model called the crystal field theory (CFT) assumes that the metal-ligand connection is ionic and results only from electrostatic interactions between the metal ion and the ligand. When dealing with anions, ligands are viewed as point charges, and when dealing with neutral molecules, as dipoles.
The crystal field splitting theory predicts that some transition metal ions can exist as either high-spin or low-spin octahedral complexes, depending on the magnitude of the crystal field splitting parameter (Δ) relative to the pairing energy (P).
Of the ions listed, the only one that could exist as either a high-spin or a low-spin octahedral complex is Ni²⁺ (B).
Mn²⁺ (A) is a d⁵ ion and will always form a high-spin octahedral complex due to its large number of unpaired electrons.
Sc³⁺ (C) is a d⁰ ion and does not form octahedral complexes with ligands.
Cu²⁺ (D) is a d⁹ ion and typically forms a low-spin octahedral complex due to the stability of the half-filled d⁹ configuration.
Zn²⁺ (E) is a d¹⁰ ion and does not have any unpaired electrons to undergo spin pairing, so it will always form a low-spin octahedral complex.
Therefore, the correct answer is B) Ni²⁺.
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Some household cleaners come in concentrations stronger than necessary for basic cleaning jobs. Jeremy followed the instructions on a cleaning bottle and mixed enough cleaner with 4.0 L of water to form a 1.0 M cleaning solution. After testing his cleaning solution, he decided he should double to concentration for a tough stain. Jeremy added the same amount of cleaner and then added another 4.0 L of water to his bucket. Did Jeremy succeed in making a more concentrated solution? Explain why or why not. *
Answers
Answer:
no he just repeated the steps and made more of the same cleaner my guy
Explanation:
Some species of hares are brown most of the year, but change color to white in the winter. This allows them to blend in
through the seasons.
Where are these organisms adapted to live?
O deciduous forests
o desert
tropical rain forests
savanna
Answers
Answer:
Deciduous forests
Explanation:
The last point of comparison is to look at oxygen isotope data for this time interval. It is a tricky business to estimate temperature from isotope values from so long ago because quite a bit can change about both oceans and organisms over such a long time. People who study these super ancient isotope records feel that some corrections are needed to account for these changes. I am mostly (but not 100%) convinced that they are justified. If you want, I can give you the paper where they explain the basis for the corrections, but it involves some serious chemistry.
C) Chemical proxies for temperature
In the graph below, the uncorrected values are shown with the blue line. The corrected values are shown with either the red or the dashed black line (there are two different ways of doing the corrections). They are roughly the same, so let's use the dashed black line as it is a little easier to see. 5) How well do the uncorrected dOvalues correspond with CO, levels? What about the corrected dashed black line? Sometimes we are looking at whether something is increasing or decreasing. In this case I want you to also look at where the values lie relative to today (the horizontal dashed line at 0°C)
6) Does this argue for or against the notion that CO2 concentration is one of
Answers
We can analyze the relationship between the uncorrected dO (oxygen isotope) values and CO2 levels, as well as the corrected dashed black line values.
In terms of the uncorrected dO values, it is unclear how well they correspond with CO2 levels since the specific correlation or trend is not mentioned. Without further details or data, we cannot determine the exact relationship between the uncorrected dO values and CO2 levels.
However, regarding the corrected dashed black line values, we can observe their alignment with the horizontal dashed line at 0°C, which represents today's temperature. By assessing where the corrected values lie relative to this line, we can gain insights into temperature changes over time.
Based on the information provided, we cannot definitively conclude whether this argues for or against the notion that CO2 concentration is one of the main drivers of climate change. The given context focuses on comparing the dO values with CO2 levels and temperature, without explicitly addressing the relationship between CO2 concentration and climate change. To draw conclusions about the impact of CO2 concentration on climate change, further analysis and information about the specific trends and patterns are required.
Overall, without additional data and details, it is challenging to determine the exact correspondence between the uncorrected dO values and CO2 levels, as well as the implications for the role of CO2 concentration in climate change. Further examination of the provided paper and relevant scientific literature would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.
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Determine the molality and mole fraction of concentrated aqueous hcl, which is 12. 0 m and has a density of 1. 19 g/ml.
Answers
The molality of concentrated aqueous HCl, which is 12.0 M and has a density of 1.19 g/mL, is approximately 10.08 mol/kg, and the mole fraction is approximately 0.956.
Concentration of HCl solution = 12.0 M
Density of HCl solution = 1.19 g/mL
molar mass of HCl = 36.46 g/mol
Step 1: Calculate the mass of solvent (in kg)
Mass of solvent (in g) = Density of solution (in g/mL) × Volume of solution (in mL)
Mass of solvent (in g) = 1.19 g/mL × Volume of solution (in mL)
Let's assume the volume of the solution is 1000 mL (1 L):
Mass of solvent (in g) = 1.19 g/mL × 1000 mL
Mass of solvent (in g) = 1190 g
Now, convert the mass of solvent from grams to kilograms:
Mass of solvent (in kg) = 1190 g / 1000
Mass of solvent (in kg) = 1.19 kg
Step 2: Calculate the molality (m)
Molality (m) = Concentration of HCl (in M) / Mass of solvent (in kg)
Molality (m) = 12.0 M / 1.19 kg
Molality (m) ≈ 10.08 mol/kg
Step 3: Calculate the mole fraction (X)
Since the solution only contains HCl as the solute and water as the solvent, the mole fraction of HCl is equal to the mole fraction of the solution.
Mole fraction (X) = Moles of HCl / (Moles of HCl + Moles of solvent)
Mole fraction (X) = 12.0 mol / (12.0 mol + 0 mol)
Mole fraction (X) ≈ 0.956
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We shall begin by obtaining the mass of the solution. Details below:
Density of solution = 1.19 g/mLVolume of solution = 1000 mLMass of solution =?Mass of solution = density × volume
= 1.19 × 1000
= 1190 g
Next, we shall obtain the mole of HCl in the solution. Details below:
Molarity of HCl = 12.0 MVolume of solution = 1000 mL = 1000 / 1000 = 1 LMole of HCl =?Mole of HCl = molarity × volume
= 12 × 1
= 12 moles
Next, we shall obtain the mass of the water. Details below:
Mole of HCl (n) = 12 molesMolar mass of HCl (M) = 36.5 g/molMass of HCl = n × M = 12 × 36.5 = 438 gMass of solution = 1190 gMass of water =?Mass of water = Mass of solution - Mass of HNO₃
= 1190 - 438
= 752 g
Finally, we shall determine the molality of the solution. Details below:
Mole of HCl = 12 molesMass of water = 752 g = 752 / 1000 = 0.752 KgMolality of solution =?Molality = mole / mass of water (in Kg)
= 12 / 0.752
= 15.96 M
Thus, the molality of HCl is 15.96 M
How do i determine the mole fraction of HCl?First, we shall obtain the mole of water. Details below:
Mass of water = 752 g Molar mass of water = 18 g/mol Mole of water =?Mole of water = mass / molar mass
= 752 / 18
= 41.78 moles
Finally, we shall determine the mole fraction of HCl. Details below:
Mole of HCI = 12 molesMole of water = 41.78 molesTotal mole = 12 + 41.78 = 53.78 molesMole fraction of HCI =?Mole fraction of HCI = Mole of HCI / total mole
= 12 / 53.78
= 0.22
Thus, the mole fraction of HCl is 0.22
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Which of the following is the most stable isotope? Will give BRAINLIEST!!
Answers
Answer:
D
Explanation:
Because it has the highest number
A THE ANSWER IS A
U WELCONM
the process if photosynthesis demonstrates that plants 1:only require sunlight and soli to grow 2:require water and air in addition to grow 3:obtain their energy from the sun 4:supply oxygen to the environment 5:provide carbon dioxide to the environment.check all that are true.
Answers
The process of photosynthesis requires water and air in addition to grow ,obtain their energy from the sun and supply oxygen to the environment .
It is defined as a process by which plants and other photosynthetic organisms convert the light energy in to chemical energy through the process of cellular respiration.
Some of the energy which is converted is stored in molecules of carbohydrates like sugar and starches which are made up of from carbon dioxide and water . Photosynthetic organisms which can perform photosynthesis are algae and cyanobacteria. Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the content of oxygen in earth's atmosphere.
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select the steps that are associated with energy entering the system.
Answers
They include the folowing;
1. The break-up of firm particles = Endothermic heat absorbing process
2. The break-up of solute fragments = Endothermic heat arresting process
3. The joining of solute and solvent particles = Exothermic heat bearing process
The Enthalpy of Resolution maybe found in this manner including three elements: ΔHsoln = ΔH1 + ΔH2+ ΔH3
1. Break-up of the solute molecules from each one (extending the solute), this is an endothermic response. (ΔH1)
2. Break-up of the financially sound molecules from each one (extending the solid fragments), this is also an endothermic backlash (ΔH2)
In their divided states, the solute and fit fragments are free to attract each one liquid.
3. The exothermic response of the solute and fit resulting in the composition of the resolution. (ΔH3)
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I need help please don’t troll or I’ll report.
Answers
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
Meets the qualifications!
Which of the following extremophiles has evolved in conditions
of extreme drought or extreme salt, respectively?
Group of answer choices
halophile; xerophile
xerophile; thermophile
xerophile; psychrop
Answers
The extremophile that has evolved in conditions of extreme drought is the xerophile, while the extremophile that has evolved in conditions of extreme salt is the halophile.
Extremophiles are organisms that thrive in extreme environments, where most other life forms cannot survive. They have developed unique adaptations to withstand and thrive in these extreme conditions. Two types of extremophiles specifically adapted to different extreme environments are xerophiles and halophiles.
Xerophiles are extremophiles that have evolved to survive in conditions of extreme drought. They are adapted to environments with very low water availability or high water stress. These organisms have developed mechanisms to prevent water loss, such as efficient water retention and protection of cellular structures. Xerophiles can be found in desert environments and other arid regions.
On the other hand, halophiles are extremophiles that have evolved to live in conditions of extreme salt concentration. They are adapted to environments with high salinity, such as salt flats, salt lakes, and hypersaline environments. Halophiles have specialized adaptations to cope with the osmotic stress caused by high salt concentrations. They have enzymes and transport proteins that function in high-salt environments and can maintain osmotic balance within their cells.
In summary, xerophiles have evolved in conditions of extreme drought, while halophiles have evolved in conditions of extreme salt. These extremophiles showcase remarkable adaptations to thrive in their respective harsh environments.
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7
Select the correct answer.
Which law represents a balanced chemical equation?
A Avagadra's hypothesis
OE
OC law of conservation of mass
OD Newton's first law of mation
E
Newton's second law of motion
Reset
Next
Answers
The law that represents a balanced chemical equation is c. law of conservation of mass.
This law states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, but only transferred or transformed from one form to another. In other words, the total mass of the reactants in a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the products. Therefore, a balanced chemical equation must have the same number of atoms of each element on both the reactant and product sides of the equation, ensuring that mass is conserved.
This is important because a balanced equation allows chemists to determine the correct stoichiometry of a reaction, which is the quantitative relationship between the reactants and products. This information is crucial for predicting reaction yields, designing experiments, and understanding the underlying chemistry of a reaction. So therefore the correct answer is c. law of conservation of mass, the law that represents a balanced chemical equation.
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Some growth regulators are useful to farmers and gardeners.
O True
O False
Answers
Answer:
True
Explanation:
The first artificial use of a PGR was to stimulate the production of flowers on pineapple plants. They are now used widely in agriculture. Plant hormones are also used in turf management to reduce the need to mow, to suppress seedheads, and to suppress other types of grass.
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?.
Answers
Depending on how the changed amino acid performs in the body. A protein's ability to function may be completely lost if another amino acid is substituted, where as substituting one may have no discernible impact.
The fundamental molecule used to create proteins is known as an amino acid. Twenty distinct amino acids are available. A gene encodes the sequence of one or more chains of amino acids (known as polypeptides) that make up a protein. While some amino acids (called essential amino acids) can be produced by the body, others (called non-essential amino acids) cannot and must be received through diet. In marketing for food products, the phrase "amino acid" has crept into everyday speech. Some foods, like eggs or quinoa, have been listed as having "large levels of amino acids." And from this point on, you will recognize those labels as referring to a crucial protein component that is functional rather than static.
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Please help me out I need to know what the two atoms have in common.
Answers
Answer:
I think it's atomic number?
Explanation:
Really sorry if that's wrong
Velocity and speed are both measurements of how fast something is moving however velocity is different from speed because
A) velocity and speed are the same thing
B) velocity is usually faster than speed
C) The velocity of an object also tells us the direction something is moving
D) velocity is how fast something is changing its speed
Answers
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Velocity is a vector quantity I.e it has magnitude and direction
Speed on the other hand is a scalar quantity I.e it has only magnitude
quotes for climate change
for example ‘’CLIMATE CHANGE IS REAL!’’
‘’SMALL CNAGES CAN MAKE A DIEFFENCE!’’
give me 3 and more
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
WAKE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE IS NOT FAKE
SAVE THE GLACIERS
HELP THE ARCTIC ANIMALS
as the elements period 3 are considered in order of increasing atomic number, the number of principal energy levels in each successive element
Answers
Answer:
stay the same.
Explanation: Period 3 consists of the full 1s, 2s, and 2p electron orbitals, plus the 3s and 3p valence orbitals, which are filled with a total of 8 more electrons as we move from left (Na) to the far right (Ar):
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Ar: s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
As we move from left to right, and ignoring the already-filled 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals, the period three starting and ending elements have the following:
Na: 3s1
Ar: 3s2, 3p6
All the new electrons electrons filled the third energy level (3s and 3p). So the energy level does not change, just the orbitals.
a. what is the hybridization of the central atom in cse2?
Answers
The orbital hybridization of the central carbon atom in CSe2 is sp.
In chemical bonding, atomic orbitals may be combined to form appropriate hybrid orbitals suitable for bonding. The orbitals that combine during hybridization must be close enough in energy.
In the compound Cse2, carbon is the central atom bonded to two selenium atoms. The carbon atom in CSe2 is sp hybridized.
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how many ml of 4.55 m libr solution contain 1.87 mol of libr?
Answers
The volume of the 4.55 M LiBr solution that contains the 1.87 moles of the LiBr is 410.9 mL.
The molarity of the LiBr solution = 4.55 M = mol/L
The moles of the LiBr solution contains = 1.87 mol
The molarity is expressed as follows :
Molarity = moles / volume in L
The volume is expressed as :
Volume = moles/ molarity
Volume = 1.87 mol / 4.55 mol/ L
Volume = 0.4109 L
Volume = 410.9 mL
Thus, the volume in the mL is 410.9 mL with the molarity of the 4.55 M and the moles of 1.87 moles .
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what 2x+78
if x is 72
Answers
2 multiplied by -3 equals -6
And -6+78=72
Hope this helps!
Answer:
222
Explanation:
because
2x + 78 = 222
2 (72) + 78
2 x 72 = 144
144 + 78 = 222
Where x is you multiply what x equals by the number on the left of it
Consider the following scenario: You are in charge of conducting an experiment for detecting the threshold to glucose in white wines. Considering that the threshold for sweetness from the literature is 0.01 M, indicate the sequence of concentrations steps (in ppm) that you need to prepare for the test? Molar mass for glucose = 180.156 g/mol
Answers
Concentration for threshold: 1801.56 ppm (0.01 M glucose). Half: 900.78 ppm. One-fourth: 450.39 ppm. One-eighth: 225.19 ppm. One-sixteenth: 112.60 ppm
How to indicate the sequence of concentrations steps (in ppm) that you need to prepare for the testWe should play out the total computation to decide the arrangement of concentration steps in ppm for identifying the sweetness to glucose in white wines.
Given:
Edge focus for pleasantness = 0.01 M
Molar mass of glucose (C6H12O6) = 180.156 g/mol
To switch the edge focus over completely to ppm, we want to compute the comparing fixation in grams per liter (g/L) and afterward convert it to ppm.
Convert the Threshold concentration to grams per liter (g/L):
Fixation (g/L) = Edge focus (M) * Molar mass (g/mol)
Focus (g/L) = 0.01 M * 180.156 g/mol
Convert the focus in grams per liter (g/L) to ppm:
ppm = Focus (g/L) * 10^6
Presently, we should compute the ppm values for the arrangement of concentration steps:
Stage 1: Threshold concentration = 0.01 M * 180.156 g/mol * 10^6 = 1801.56 ppm
Stage 2: Around 50% of the Threshold concentration = 900.78 ppm
Stage 3: One-fourth of the Threshold concentration = 450.39 ppm
Stage 4: One-eighth of the Threshold concentration = 225.19 ppm
Stage 5: One-sixteenth of the threshold concentration = 112.60 ppm
Accordingly, the arrangement of concentration steps in ppm to plan for the test is as per the following:
Stage 1: 1801.56 ppm
Stage 2: 900.78 ppm
Stage 3: 450.39 ppm
Stage 4: 225.19 ppm
Stage 5: 112.60 ppm
These concentration steps can be utilized in the analysis to assess the sweetness of glucose in white wines.
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4. Antibiotics are effective on
____________________________________cells.
This means they would not work on which two
infections from question #1?
________________________________________
and ____________________________________.
(use the photo for question one)
Answers
Antibiotics are effective on bacterial cells. This means they would not work on which two infections from question 1? Common cold and influenza ("flu").
Why won't it be effective on those infections?Antibiotics are a type of medication that will fight bacterial infections by killing the bacteria and preventing their growth. It will then affect living microorganisms.
It will then not be effective in viral infections since viruses are not living beings, which will not do anything to them and what will generate is that in the individual who is taking the antibiotics, the bacteria generate antibiotic resistance making it more difficult to eradicate them when it is generated by a bacterial infection.
Therefore, we can confirm that in a common cold and influenza the use of antibiotics is not going to be effective because they are caused by viral agents that will not be eradicated.
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g the magnitude of the crystal field splitting affects the magnetic properties of a complex ion because it affects the pairing of electrons. group of answer choices true false'
Answers
True; the magnitude of the crystal field splitting affects the magnetic properties of a complex ion because it affects the pairing of electrons.
The magnitude of the crystal field splitting refers to the energy difference between the d orbitals in a complex ion, which determines the electronic configuration and the extent of electron pairing. If the splitting is small, the electrons may pair up in the lower energy orbitals, leading to a diamagnetic complex.
If the splitting is large, the electrons may occupy higher energy orbitals, resulting in an unpaired electron and a paramagnetic complex. Therefore, the magnetic properties of a complex ion are directly affected by the magnitude of the crystal field splitting. Hence, the statement "the magnitude of the crystal field splitting affects the magnetic properties of a complex ion because it affects the pairing of electrons" is true.
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how can you force a solid compound to the bottom of a melting point capillary?
Answers
Answer:
tap the closed end of the capillary on the counter use a long plastic or glass tube as a drop guide tap the open end of the capillary on the counter use a needle to physically push it to the bottom.
classify each of the properties of ozone (a pollutant in the lower atmosphere but part of a protective shield against uv light in the upper atmosphere) as physical or chemical.
Answers
Ozone has a bluish color is a physical property
Ozone has a pungent odor is a physical property
Ozone is very reactive is a chemical property
Ozone decomposes on exposure to ultraviolet light is a chemical property
Ozone is gas at room temperature is a physical property.
What is ozone layer?
We and other living things are protected from the sun's harmful UV radiation by the ozone layer, which is located in the stratosphere between 15 and 30 kilometers above the earth. The ecosystem and human health may suffer significantly if the ozone layer is destroyed.
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Define mixtures and compounds, and explain how, without tasting it, Nicole can test to make sure she is using the sugar-water in the glaze? PLSS ANSWER GUYSS
Answers
Answer:Is sugar water a mixture or a compound? Define mixtures and compounds, and explain how without tasting it, Nicole can test to make sure she is using the sugar water in the glaze. The sugar-water is a mixture because it is chemically bonded, not chemically combined. A mixture is something that has 2 substances or more. hope this helps
Explanation: