What happens to telomeres as a cell divides reapetedly

Answers

Answer 1
Telomeres are the protective end-caps of chromosomes that help to preserve the genetic material during cell division. As a cell divides repeatedly, the telomeres become progressively shorter, a process known as telomere shortening.

This is because the enzyme that replicates DNA, called DNA polymerase, is unable to copy the very end of the chromosome. Instead, it leaves a small gap, and the telomere becomes slightly shorter after each round of DNA replication.

Over time, as the telomeres become shorter, the cells lose their ability to divide and eventually enter a state of senescence or programmed cell death. This is known as the Hayflick limit, named after the scientist who first observed that cells have a limited number of times they can divide before they stop.

However, certain cells, such as stem cells and cancer cells, can bypass this limit by using an enzyme called telomerase to lengthen their telomeres. In these cells, telomerase prevents telomere shortening and allows the cells to continue dividing indefinitely.

Related Questions

HURRY forest ecosystem web project 7th grade with snake spider rabbit grasshopper bear wolf frog deer grass owl berries fungi bird

Answers

Answer: pls see the attached image {hope it makes sense}

HURRY forest ecosystem web project 7th grade with snake spider rabbit grasshopper bear wolf frog deer

The purpose of a flower is sexual reproduction. Only flowering plants can bear fruits, which contain the seeds. The fruit's purpose is to protect and disperse the seeds.

Answers

The statement that, the purpose of a flower is sexual reproduction. Only flowering plants can bear fruits, which contain the seeds. The fruit's purpose is to protect and disperse the seeds, is True.

What is the purpose of flowers ?

Flowers are the reproductive structures of flowering plants and play a crucial role in sexual reproduction. They produce both male and female gametes (pollen and eggs, respectively), which are required for fertilization to occur. Fertilization leads to the development of seeds, which are contained within the fruit.

The fruit not only protects and nourishes the seeds, but it also helps to disperse the seeds, increasing the chances of survival and colonization of new areas. The fruit's size, shape, and texture are adapted to attract animals, such as birds and mammals, that will eat the fruit and disperse the seeds in their droppings.

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Options for this question include:

True False

plssssssss help!!! giving 100 b and brainliest to whoever answers first. new stars are forming in a part of space known as NGC 346 explain what is occurring there and the role gravity plays in the formation of these stars

Answers

Answer:They have not yet ignited their hydrogen fuel to sustain nuclear fusion.

Explanation:

Answer: Embedded in the nebula NGC 346, these infant stars are still forming from gravitationally collapsing gas clouds. They have not yet ignited their hydrogen fuel to sustain nuclear fusion. The smallest of these infant stars is only half the mass of our Sun.

Explanation:

i hope this helps

One of the first explanations of evolution was put forth by a French biologist, Jean-Baptiste
Lamarck. He theorized that animals, in responding to different environments, adopted new
habits. Their new habits caused them to use some organs more and some organs less, which
resulted in the strengthening of the former and the weakening of the latter. New characters
thus acquired by organisms over the course of their lives were passed on to the next
generation. His theory proposed this process of use and disuse, repeated over many
generations, was how species evolved.
He was wrong. Why?

One of the first explanations of evolution was put forth by a French biologist, Jean-BaptisteLamarck.

Answers

Answer:

Traits acquired during an organism's lifetime cannot be passed

Explanation:

The law of use and disuse of organs as postulated by Jean Lamarck was wrong due to the fact that environmentally acquired characters cannot be passed to offspring.

Changes to organisms that are not the level of the gene cannot be passed to the offspring. For example, a wrestler that got big muscles due to constant work out cannot pass big muscles to his offspring. The offspring will need to work out in order to have big muscles. This is because big muscles in the wrestler is environmentally acquired.

Only changes that happen to the genome of an organism (mutation) can be passed to offspring.

The transcription of genes in E. coli that lack a termination sequence require _______ factor to terminate transcription.

Answers

Answer:

rho

Explanation:

The Rho factor is a prokaryotic helicase protein that acts in bacteria to mediate the process of termination of transcription. In Escherichia coli, the Rho factor is a hexameric ring-shaped helicase and each subunit of this factor contains two domains involved in RNA binding and ATP hydrolysis. The Rho factor binds to the transcription terminator site on single-stranded RNA and then continues along the messenger RNA (mRNA) strand until it reaches the RNA polymerase, subsequently triggering its dissociation from the DNA and thus the termination of transcription.

do plants use the process of cellular respiration? explain why or why not.

Answers

Answer:

yes

Explanation:

they use mitochondria of animals and plants to break down sugar to release energy in the form of ATP

what is the name for a nematic phase with helical twist? what is the name for a nematic phase with helical twist? helicoid cholesteric imine mbba

Answers

Helicoid cholesteric is the name for a nematic phase with helical twist.

The nematic phase is characterized by the correlation of long molecular axes due to the one-dimensional orientation order of the molecules, but the orientation order is not polar. There is no translation order within the nematic phase.

Helicoid cholesteric phases are similar to nematic phases in that they exhibit long-range orientational order at the positions of the molecular centers of mass and no long-range order.

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An iron cube has sides that measure 0. 5 meter. The cube is cooled from 95°C to 75°C. What is the change in its volume?

Answers

An iron cube has sides that measure 0. 5 meter. The cube is cooled from 95°C to 75°C. the change in volume of the iron cube is -9 × 10⁻⁵ m³.

The change in volume of the iron cube can be calculated using the formula: ΔV = 3αV₀ΔT, where ΔV is the change in volume, α is the coefficient of linear expansion, V₀ is the initial volume, and ΔT is the change in temperature.
Given:
α = 12 × 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹ (coefficient of linear expansion for iron)
V₀ = 0.5³ = 0.125 m³ (initial volume of the cube)
ΔT = 75 - 95 = -20°C (change in temperature)
Plugging in the values into the formula:
ΔV = 3αV₀ΔT
ΔV = 3 × 12 × 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹ × 0.125 m³ × (-20°C)
ΔV = -9 × 10⁻⁵ m³
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A) Is the glowing of iron when placed in a fire a Chemical or Physical Change?
B) Explain?

Answers

Answer:

Chemical

Explanation:

The glowing is a change in color, which is a sign of Chemical Change

Answer:

it is a chemical change

Explanation:

iron

hold one end of a piece of iron ribbon in tongs and put the other end in a Bunsen burner flame. Note the intense brilliance of the flame of the burning iron and it's residue

note: chemical change always produces a new substance

Drag each tile to the correct location. Categorize the examples of competition between organisms as interspecific or intraspecific. Competition among rams for access to mates competition between argentine ants and native ant species for food competition among red-backed salamanders for territory competition between sharks and orcas for hunting seals.

Answers

Examples of interspecific competition include the fight for food between Argentine ants and other ant species.

Sharks and orcas compete with one another to hunt seals.

Interspecific competition is a sort of conflict involving two or more species, whereas intraspecific competition is a conflict involving several members of the same species. Therefore; instances of intra-specific competitions -

Rams competing for access to mates

Salamanders compete with one another for food sources.

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This soil structure consists of thin, flat plates of soil that lie horizontally. Usually found in
compacted soil?

Answers

Answer:

Aggregates

Explanation:

Aggregates are thin flat plates that lie horizontally. Usually present in compacted soils, or clay deposits. This type of structure stimulates slow water infiltration.

(copied from wikihow)

A large drop in the male population in an Age Structure Diagram can
indicate: A) famine B) war C) high rates of divorce

Answers

Answer:

B) war

Explanation:

Divorce doesn't cause death

Famine would effect both male and female

Male is specified

is biological control effective than chemical control of crop protection?

Answers

Answer:

No

Explanation:

There are different ways or methods of protecting crops from pest and disease infestation. Two of those ways as mentioned in this question are the chemical control and biological control. Biological control of crop protection involves the use of natural enemies of crop pests, which happens to be living or biotic organisms while chemical control entails the use of pesticides and herbicides to control crop pests and diseases.

Among these two methods, the chemical control is more effective because it yields instantaneous results and gets rid of pests and diseases faster. However, in terms of sustainability, the biological control method is more eco-friendly. Hence, based on this question, biological is not more effective than chemical control of crop protection.

2.
Which of the following examples is a non-renewable source of energy?


wood


nuclear power


hydroelectric


wind

Answers

Answer Wood

Explanation: there will always be trees but the will not be wind at all times, nuclear energy was invented, man made so it can run out. I could be wrong. Pls don’t hate if I am.

. bull-otterson, l.; feng, w.; kirpich, i.; wang, y.; qin, x.; liu, y.; gobejishvili, l.; joshi-barve, s.; ayvaz, t.; petrosino, j.; et al. metagenomic analyses of alcohol induced pathogenic alterations in the intestinal microbiome and the effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg treatment. plos one 2013, 8, e53028. [crossref]

Answers

The study conducted by Bull-Otterson et al. (2013) examined the metagenomic analyses of alcohol-induced pathogenic alterations in the intestinal microbiome and the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment.

The study published in PLOS ONE in 2013 by Bull-Otterson et al. focused on investigating the impact of alcohol consumption on the intestinal microbiome and the potential therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG treatment. The researchers utilized metagenomic analyses to examine the microbial composition and functional changes in the intestines of alcohol-fed mice and the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supplementation.

The study found that chronic alcohol consumption led to significant alterations in the gut microbiome, including changes in microbial diversity, composition, and functionality. Alcohol-fed mice showed an increase in pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial bacteria compared to the control group.

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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration acquired and use energy.

Answers

Answer:

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is used as food by the plant and oxygen is a by-product. Cellular respiration converts oxygen and glucose into water and carbon dioxide. Water and carbon dioxide are by- products and ATP is energy that is transformed from the process.

Explanation:

short note about humidity and its measurements​

Answers

Answer:

The measure of amount of moisture in air is called humidity.

Realtive humidity is the ratio of actual amount of water vapour in air to the amount of water vapour can be hold by per unit volume of air at that temperature.

Humidity is measured by using hygrometre

Which of the following statements correctly describes the role of white blood cells in the human immune system?

Answers

Answer:

white blood cells protect the human being against disease causing micro-organisms

How are Protista similar to bacteria

Both are comprised of

Answers

Answer:

Both bacteria and protists have cell membranes made of chemicals called phospholipids

Create an argument to support the claim made in the readings that jade plants have properties that allow them to survive long dry spells. Cite reasons and evidence from the texts to support the claim. Also cite what you may already know about succulents to support the claim

Answers

The claim made in the readings that jade plants have properties that allow them to survive long dry spells can be supported by several reasons and evidence from the texts.

Firstly, jade plants belong to the succulent family. Succulents are a group of plants that have adapted to survive in arid environments with little water availability. They store water in their leaves, stems, or roots, allowing them to withstand long periods without rainfall. This ability to store water is a key adaptation that enables succulents, including jade plants, to survive in dry spells.

Additionally, the text may provide evidence of specific characteristics of jade plants that contribute to their ability to survive in drought conditions. For example, the text may mention that jade plants have thick, fleshy leaves that can store water. These leaves have a waxy coating that helps reduce water loss through evaporation. This adaptation allows jade plants to retain moisture for extended periods, even in dry conditions.

Furthermore, jade plants often have shallow root systems that spread out horizontally rather than deeply into the soil. This helps them capture any available rainfall quickly and efficiently. The shallow roots also allow them to absorb moisture from the air when it is present, further supporting their survival during dry spells.

Considering what we may already know about succulents, we can further support the claim. Succulents, including jade plants, have evolved to survive in harsh, arid environments where water is scarce. Their ability to store water in their tissues and their efficient water-use strategies make them well-equipped to withstand prolonged dry spells.

In summary, jade plants possess several characteristics that allow them to survive long dry spells. These include their succulent nature, which enables water storage in their leaves, stems, or roots, as well as their ability to reduce water loss through waxy leaf coatings. Their shallow root systems and efficient water-use strategies also contribute to their survival during drought conditions.

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Determine which of the following statements concerning Mendelian patterns of inheritance is/are true.a. Each gene in an individual consists of two alleles: one comes from the mother and one from the father.(Click to select) True Falseb. Some alleles are recessive, meaning they ultimately determine the expression of a trait if they are present.(Click to select) True Falsec. Other alleles are dominant and are much less likely to be expressed. They are only seen if two copies are found in the genotype.(Click to select) True Falsed. During meiosis, each allele segregates and produces gametes that have only one allele for each gene.(Click to select) True Falsee. During fertilization, a new individual is produced with two factors for each trait, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father.(Click to select) True False

Answers

a. True

b. True

c. False

d. True

e. True

The correct statements are:

a. Each gene in an individual consists of two alleles: one comes from the mother and one from the father. This is true because an individual inherits one allele for each gene from each parent.

b. Some alleles are recessive, meaning they ultimately determine the expression of a trait if they are present. This is true because a recessive allele only determines the expression of a trait if it is present in two copies of the genotype.

c. Other alleles are dominant and are much less likely to be expressed. They are only seen if two copies are found in the genotype. This is false. Dominant alleles are more likely to be expressed and are seen if there is at least one copy of the allele in the genotype.

d. During meiosis, each allele segregates and produces gametes that have only one allele for each gene. This is true because during meiosis, each allele separates, and only one allele goes into each gamete.

e. During fertilization, a new individual is produced with two factors for each trait, one inherited from the mother and the other from the father. This is true because each parent contributes one allele for each gene, and the offspring inherit one allele from each parent for each gene.

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state two variables that were controlled in this investigation

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

WHAT ON EARTH IS THE QUESTION

Immunological memory accounts for: Group of answer choices the observation that some strains of the pathogen that causes dengue fever cause more severe disease than others the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased the human body's ability to distinguish self from non-self the ability of a helper T cell to signal B cells via cytokines

Answers

Answer:

The correct answer is - the ancient observation that someone who had recovered from the plague could safely care for those newly diseased.

Explanation:

Immunological memory is the ability of the body to recognize or identify and kill or remove the antigen, very quickly and faster, the body has previously encountered and developed an immunological response.

These memories are developed due to memory B cells or, memory CD8+ T cells and memory CD4+ cells developed by the first-time immune response. If someone who had recovered from the plague must have developed memory cells for the antigen and safer than those newly diseased.

during the cell respiration lab, how did we measure the rate of fermentation in yeast?

Answers

In a cell respiration lab that investigates the rate of fermentation in yeast, the rate of fermentation can be measured by monitoring the production of carbon dioxide gas.

During fermentation, yeast cells produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct, which can be measured using a gas collection system. A common method is to set up a fermentation tube or gas collection tube filled with a sugar solution and yeast, and attach a gas collection system to the tube.

As the yeast cells ferment the sugar, carbon dioxide gas is produced and collected in the gas collection system. The rate of fermentation can be calculated by measuring the volume of gas produced over a set period of time and dividing by the time interval.

Alternatively, the rate of fermentation can be measured indirectly by monitoring the change in pH of the solution as the yeast cells consume the sugar and produce acidic byproducts. This can be measured using a pH indicator or pH meter.

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A buoy floating in water will move
A. against the direction of the wave
B. only vertically
OC. only horizontally
D. horizontally and vertically
Reset Selection
when caught in a wave.

Answers

A buoy floating in water will move only horizontally and when caught in a wave floats vertically in water.

The buoyancy of an object determines whether it will float or sink. An object's propensity to float on or rise in a liquid is known as buoyancy. A thing is considered to be positively buoyant if it floats in water. A sinking item is negatively buoyant. Keep your chest filled with air at all times, and only take shallow breaths.

The easiest way to float is horizontally, either on your front or back. To maintain buoyancy, it again helps to keep your lungs inflated. Because surface waves propagate along a medium's surface, the body moves vertically. In a general circular motion, the particles of a medium move up and down as well as back and forth.

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Construct a food chain using the following organisms. Snake, Owl, Sun, lizard, plant. ​

Answers

Answer:

Sun->Plant->lizard->snake->owl

How do oxygen and carbon dioxide levels take over time

Answers

In the capillaries, oxygen flows rapidly through the blood through this air-blood barrier. Similarly, carbon dioxide flows into the alveoli from the blood and is then exhaled.

Answer:

Oxygen flows quickly through the blood through an air-blood barrier. Likewise, carbon dioxide flows into the alveoli from the blood and is then exhaled.

Explanation:

Donde termina el impulso nervioso y que accion origina?

Por favor necesito ayuda con esto, yo ya respondí la parte de donde termina pero donde de verdad necesito ayuda es en la acción que origina, y gracias de antemano.

Answers

Answer:

Un impulso nervioso comienza cuando una neurona recibe un estímulo químico. El impulso nervioso viaja a través de la membrana del axón como un potencial de acción eléctrico hasta el terminal de axón. El terminal de axón libera neurotransmisores que llevan el impulso nervioso a la siguiente célula

Explanation:

please Mark my answer in brainlist

When factors are in a range in
which an organism CANNOT
survive, which zone is
represented?
A. intolerance
B. sub-optimal growth
C. optimal growth
D. optimal tolerance

Answers

(a) intolerance is When factors are in a range in which an organism CANNOT survive,

what is an organism?

Any living system that performs as a distinct unit is referred to as an organism in biology. All living things are made up of cells. The idea of an organism is founded on the notion of a basic living entity. or A living creature that has an organized structure, is capable of responding to stimuli, can reproduce, develop, adapt, and preserve homeostasis is referred to as an organism. Therefore, every animal, plant, fungus, protist, bacterium, or archaeon found on Earth would be considered an organism. There are numerous methods to categorize these species. Counting the number of cells that make it up is one method. The single-celled (such as bacteria, archaea, and protists) and multicellular organisms are the two main categories (animals and plants). Biological entities can also be categorized based on their subcellular architecture.

what is intolerance?

Intolerance or hypersensitivity, unfavorable immune system responses.

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Determine which liquid melts the fastest

Answers

its milk

Explanation:

On average, water melted in 145 minutes; sweet tea in 119 minutes; Coke in 118 minutes; PowerAde in 115 minutes and milk melted in 102 minutes. My results were that milk melted the fastest over-all out of all the liquids.

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