What factors determine whether a chemical reaction is spontaneous or not?.

In fact, sodium, potassium, or ammonium sulfates enhance ligand-protein interactions in HIC while also stabilizing protein structure. As a result, the most prevalent ions are (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, KCl, and CH3COONH4. Figure 1 depicts how various salts can influence selectivity. The highest resolution of four standard proteins was achieved by starting with 1.7 M ammonium sulfate.

Because each salt has a different capacity to encourage hydrophobic interactions, selecting a salt for an HIC separation can be a trial and error process. When the concentration of a salt rises, the quantity of protein bound increases almost linearly up to a certain salt concentration and then exponentially at greater concentrations.When compared to other salts, ammonium sulfate often provides the greatest clarity at a particular concentration and can be used at ratios up to 2 M.

When using sodium chloride, concentrations of up to 3 M are typically needed.

Although sodium sulfate is an excellent salting-out substance, issues with protein solubility may preclude its use at high amounts.

Working with ammonium sulfate at pH levels above 8.0 is not advised.

Answer:

a) HCl

Explanation:

As we know, that HCl or Hydrogen Chloride is a diatomic compound. It is formed due to the Chemical reaction of Hydrogen and Chlorine. As both Hydrogen and Chlorine have valencies of 1, the Net Valency of the Compound HCl is 1 itself. This separates it from the rest of the compounds. The rest of the compounds need to have more than 2 atoms of each kind and have different valencies too.

Answer:

+,+

÷,×

Explanation:

-6+(-4)=-2×(-6+11)

-10=-2×5

-10=-10

5-(-15)÷3=-5×-2

5-(-15÷3)=-5×-2

5-(-5)=10

5+5=10

10=10

- and - gives a +

Answer: Velocity is the speed of an object plus its direction. Speed is called a scalar quantity and velocity is a vector quantity.

Explanation: hope this helps :)

To solve this we must be knowing each and every concept related to Law of constant proportion. Therefore, the results are in agreement with the law of constant proportion.

Chemical compounds are composed of components that are present in a set ratio by mass, according to the Law of Constant Proportion. The Proust law or Law of Definite Proportions is another name for the Law of Constant Proportion. NaCl will continue to have a 1:1 mass ratio.

mass of NaCl = mass of Cl +  mass of Na

0.25 g= 0.1518 gm+ mass of Na

mass of Na = 0.0982 gm.

ratio of 1st sample= mass of  Cl /mass of Na

                                       =  0.1518  gm/ 0.0982

                                      =1.54                            

In the second sample, NaCl weighs 0.24 g, Cl weighs 0.1458 g and Na weighs 0.0942 g.

ratio of 2nd sample is = 0.1458 g/0.0942 g.

                                            =1.54

Therefore, the results are in agreement with the law of constant proportion.

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If we look at the periodic table we will see that P belongs to group 15 or 5A. That means that it has 5 valence electrons.

Br belongs to 17 or 7A. That means that it has 7 valence electrons.

Our molecule is PBr₃. One molecule of it has 1 atom of P and 3 atoms of Br. Each atom of Br has 7 valence electrons and the atom of P has 5 valence electrons.

Electron count = 1 * 5 + 3 * 7

Electron count = 26 valence electrons.

Answer:

they are very dangerous.

Explanation:

they cause disease in humans, animals, crops, and can cause permanent damage to immune systems.

Answer:

viruses can shut your immune system and infect blood cells thus killing you. vaccines will provent this by prepering your immune system so when you get said virus, it will reduce your chance of death

Explanation:

im not smart with health but i hope this is correct!

Answer:

36.44 g of He

Explanation:

To convert from moles to grams, you simply multiply by the atomic mass. The conversion table looks like the following:

\(\frac{9.11 mol}{1}\) * \(\frac{4.00 g}{1 mol}\)

The mol units then cancel, and you are left with 36.44 g of Helium.

"Hypotonic solution," refers to a solution with the highest water concentration due to its lower solute concentration compared to the other options, leading to water influx into cells.

A hypotonic solution would be most likely to have the highest water concentration. In a hypotonic solution, the solute concentration is lower than that inside the cell or compared to another solution. As a result, water tends to move into the cell or the solution to equalize the concentration.

When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water molecules will move into the cell through the process of osmosis. This influx of water increases the water concentration inside the cell, leading to cell swelling or even bursting in extreme cases.

Compared to hypertonic and isotonic solutions, a hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration, allowing for a higher concentration of water molecules. This results in a higher water concentration in the solution. It's important to note that the concept of tonicity is related to the relative solute concentrations between two solutions and their effect on cell osmosis. In this case, a hypotonic solution is characterized by a higher water concentration compared to the other options.

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Answer:

1. 0.125 mole

2. 42.5 g

3. 0.61 mole

Explanation:

1. Determination of the number of mole of NaOH.

Mass of NaOH = 5 g

Molar mass of NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1

= 40 g/mol

Mole of NaOH =?

Mole = mass /molar mass

Mole of NaOH = 5/40

Mole NaOH = 0.125 mole

2. Determination of the mass of NH₃.

Mole of NH₃ = 2.5 moles

Molar mass of NH₃ = 14 + (3×1)

= 14 + 3

= 17 g/mol

Mass of NH₃ =?

Mass = mole × molar mass

Mass of NH₃ = 2.5 × 17

Mass of NH₃ = 42.5 g

3. Determination of the number of mole of Ca(NO₃)₂.

Mass of Ca(NO₃)₂ = 100 g

Molar mass of Ca(NO₃)₂ = 40 + 2[14 + (3×16)]

= 40 + 2[14 + 48]

= 40 + 2[62]

= 40 + 124

= 164 g/mol

Mole of Ca(NO₃)₂ =?

Mole = mass /molar mass

Mole of Ca(NO₃)₂ = 100 / 164

Mole of Ca(NO₃)₂ = 0.61 mole

Answer:

The last one is true.

Answer:

A detailed map which shows every feature of the earth accurately including roads, airports, names of places etc is called a topographical map

Explanation:

If I lift 20 kilogram weight over my head ten times, then I have lifted 200 kilograms.

According to the question, each of the weight has a mass of 20 kilogram.

I have to lift this weight over my head ten times. Now i want to measure the total weight that i have lifted to the correct number of significant figures.

This now becomes; 20 kilogram * 10 = 200 kilograms.

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Explanation:

C = Xv

v = C/X = (3.00 * 10^8 m/s) / (5.88 * 10^8 m)

= 0.51 Hz.

Seawater taken from an area with a large, growing plant population has high O2 and low nutrient content.

The presence of a large plant population in a body of water affects the content of oxygen and nutrients. Oxygen production increases when there is a greater amount of photosynthesis taking place, which occurs when there is a large population of plants.

The increase in oxygen levels in turn results in a decrease in nutrient content since many of these nutrients are utilized during the process of photosynthesis. Alternatively, the other options such as low CO2 and high nutrient content, low O2 and low nutrient content, high O2 and high CO2 content, none of these is correct are incorrect.

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Gold (Au) is the least easily oxidized metal among the options given. Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance loses electrons. The ease with which a metal can undergo oxidation is determined by its standard reduction potential.

A metal with a more negative standard reduction potential is less likely to undergo oxidation, while a metal with a more positive standard reduction potential is more likely to undergo oxidation. In the options given, gold (Au) has the lowest standard reduction potential, indicating that it is the least easily oxidized metal. Sodium (Na), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), and silver (Ag) all have higher standard reduction potentials than gold, indicating that they are more likely to undergo oxidation. The standard reduction potential is a measure of a metal's ability to undergo reduction, which is the opposite of oxidation. A more negative reduction potential indicates a greater tendency to undergo reduction, while a more positive reduction potential indicates a lesser tendency to undergo reduction.

When a metal undergoes oxidation, it loses electrons and becomes positively charged. The more easily a metal can lose electrons, the more likely it is to undergo oxidation. Therefore, metals with more negative reduction potentials are less likely to undergo oxidation than metals with more positive reduction potentials. Gold has the lowest standard reduction potential among the options given, indicating that it is the least likely to undergo oxidation. Sodium, iron, calcium, and silver all have higher standard reduction potentials than gold, indicating that they are more likely to undergo oxidation.

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Answer:

0.75 M

Explanation:

M1 = 0.15 M

V1 = 125 mL or 0.125 L

M2 = Y

V2 = 25 mL or 0.025 L

0.15 M x 0.125 mL = Y x 0.025 L

Y =  0.15 M x 0.125 mL / 0.025 L

Cancel out the mL

Y = 0.01875M /  0.025 L

Y = 0.75M

Answer:

0.125 M

Explanation:

M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

125 mL / 1000 = 0.125 L = V₁

25 + 125 = 150 mL / 1000 = 0.150 L = V₂

0.15 M = M₁

M₁ × V₁ / V₂ = M₂

(0.15) × (0.125) / (0.150) = 0.125 M

0.125 M is the answer

The question is complete, the complete question is;

16.1g of bromine are mixed with 8.42g of chlorite to give an actual yield of 21.1g of bromine monochloride.

Answer:

91 %

Explanation:

Br2 + Cl2 ------>2BrCl

Number of moles of Chlorine = 8.42/71 = 0.119 moles

If 1 mole of Cl2 yields 2 moles of BrCl

0.119 moles of Cl2 will yield 0.119 moles * 2/1 = 0.238 moles of BrCl

Number of moles of Br2 reacted = 16.1/160 = 0.1 moles

If 1 mole of Br2 yielded 2 moles of BrCl

0.1 moles of Br2 yields 0.1 * 2/1 = 0.2 moles of BrCl

Bromine is the limiting reactant.

Mass of BrCl produced = 0.2 moles * 115.357 g/mol = 23.07 g

Theoretical yield = 23.07 g

Actual yield = 21.1 g

Percentage yield = Actual yield/Theoretical yield * 100

= 21.1/23.07 * 100 = 91 %

The term for a liquid that combines with a pigment to make paint is the vehicle oil or the water.

The liquid that combines with a pigment to make paint is the vehicle oil or water. The liquid is the substance which is used to  bind the particles of the pigment together is called as the Binder. The color of the oil paint is derived from the small particles of the colored pigments that is mixed with the oil.

Paint has the component called as the binder, that is a liquid which is responsible for the holding the pigment particles together and will allowing the paint to be applied to the surface.

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The pH of the buffer solution given in the flask containing 2.838 m formic acid and 1.913 m Formate anion is 3.56.

The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA])

where pKa is the acid dissociation constant of formic acid (HCOOH) which is 1.85x10⁻⁴ at 298 K1, [A⁻] is the concentration of Formate anion (HCOO⁻) and [HA] is the concentration of formic acid (HCOOH).

The molarity of formic acid in the flask is 2.838 M and that of Formate anion is 1.913 M.

Since these two chemicals are a conjugate acid/base pair that should be able to form a buffer, we can assume that all of the formic acid will dissociate into H⁺ and HCOO⁻ ions.

Therefore,

[HCOO⁻] = 1.913 M and

[H⁺] = 1.85x10⁻⁴ × 2.838 / 1.913

= 2.75 x 10⁻⁴ M.

Taking -log[H⁺] gives us pH:

= -log(2.75 x 10⁻⁴) = 3.56.

Therefore, the pH of the solution in this flask is 3.56.

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Answer:

ganda no beeeeeèeeeeee

Answer:

Through oxidation of food materials

Explanation:

When living organisms eat, they ingest complex organic food materials. As these food materials enter the body, the process of digestion begins.

Enzymes in the body, located at different parts of the gastrointestinal tract see to the breakdown of these complex food materials ingested. The oxidation of these complex food materials lead to the release of the chemical potential energy stored in them.

Answer: 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^3.

Explanation:

Breaking it down:

The first energy level (1s) contains 2 electrons.

The second energy level (2s) contains 2 electrons.

The second energy level (2p) contains 6 electrons.

The third energy level (3s) contains 2 electrons.

The third energy level (3p) contains 3 electrons.

In total, phosphorus has 15 electrons, with the last electron occupying the 3p orbital.

The full electron configuration for phosphorus is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.

The full electron configuration for phosphorus is a description of how its electrons are arranged in its atomic orbitals. It is represented as a series of numbers and letters that indicate the energy level, sublevel, and number of electrons in each sublevel. The full electron configuration for phosphorus is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3. This means that the first energy level contains two electrons, the second energy level contains eight electrons, and the third energy level contains five electrons. The "s" and "p" represent the different sublevels within each energy level, and the superscripts indicate the number of electrons in each sublevel.

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The correct statement is " water molecules absorb energy when water vapor condenses to form clouds".

Condensation, which is the opposite of vaporization, would be the transformation of matter from its gaseous state into its liquid state. The water cycle is the most frequent use of the phrase.

One such illustration is the condensation that accumulates on a chilly cup's exterior or on a car's windows on a cool night. Dew, vapor, clouds, and the fog that see it when you exhale on a chilly day are more characteristics of condensation.

Therefore, the correct answer will be option (D).

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The number of moles of charge contributed to a solution by one mole of dissolved ions is called the Faraday constant (F). It represents the charge of one mole of electrons and is essential in electrochemical calculations involving charge transfer and electrolysis.

In a solution, when one mole of ions dissolves, each ion can carry a certain charge.  For example, if a particular ion carries a charge of +1, then one mole of that ion would contribute +1 Faraday of charge to the solution. The Faraday constant is crucial in various electrochemical calculations, such as determining the amount of charge transferred during an electrochemical reaction or calculating the amount of substance produced or consumed in an electrolysis process.

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The chemical equation for the formation of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) from carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) is as follows:

CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l) ⇌ H₂CO₃ (aq)

A chemical equation is a representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols. It indicates the reactants, products, and their respective stoichiometric coefficients. The chemical equation provides information about the identities and quantities of the substances involved in the reaction.

A balanced chemical equation represents the conservation of atoms, meaning that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

In this equation, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. The reaction can go in both directions, indicating the equilibrium nature of the process.

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