What creates the boundaries for the distribution of a trait within a population?

Answer:

It occurs in the green tissue.

Explanation:

they are concentrated particularly in the parenchyma cells of the leaf mesophyll.

Answer:

Photosynthetic cells contain special pigments that absorb light energy. Different pigments respond to different wavelengths of visible light. Chlorophyll, the primary pigment used in photosynthesis, reflects green light and absorbs red and blue light most strongly.In plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane and contain a third inner membrane, called the thylakoid membrane, that forms long folds within the organelle. In electron micrographs, thylakoid membranes look like stacks of coins, although the compartments they form are connected like a maze of chambers. The green pigment chlorophyll is located within the thylakoid membrane, and the space between the thylakoid and the chloroplast membranes is called the stroma (Figure 3, Figure 4).

Chlorophyll A is the major pigment used in photosynthesis, but there are several types of chlorophyll and numerous other pigments that respond to light, including red, brown, and blue pigments. These other pigments may help channel light energy to chlorophyll A or protect the cell from photo-damage. For example, the photosynthetic protists called dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the "red tides" that often prompt warnings against eating shellfish, contain a variety of light-sensitive pigments, including both chlorophyll and the red pigments responsible for their dramatic coloration.

Photomicrographs of chloroplasts with structures labeled are shown alongside a simplified illustration of a photosynthetic cell with a prominent chloroplast. A portion of the chloroplast illustration is depicted enlarged next to the cell to show the structure of a granum, which consists of stacked thylakoids.

Figure 4: Diagram of a chloroplast inside a cell, showing thylakoid stacks

Shown here is a chloroplast inside a cell, with the outer membrane (OE) and inner membrane (IE) labeled. Other features of the cell include the nucleus (N), mitochondrion (M), and plasma membrane (PM). At right and below are microscopic images of thylakoid stacks called grana. Note the relationship between the granal and stromal membranes.

© 2004 Nature Publishing Group Soll, J. & Schleiff, E. Protein import into chloroplasts. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 5, 198-208 (2004) doi:10.1038/nrm1333. All rights reserved. View Terms of Use

Figure Detail

What Are the Steps of Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis consists of both light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. In plants, the so-called "light" reactions occur within the chloroplast thylakoids, where the aforementioned chlorophyll pigments reside. When light energy reaches the pigment molecules, it energizes the electrons within them, and these electrons are shunted to an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. Every step in the electron transport chain then brings each electron to a lower energy state and harnesses its energy by producing ATP and NADPH. Meanwhile, each chlorophyll molecule replaces its lost electron with an electron from water; this process essentially splits water molecules to produce oxygen (Figure 5).

An illustration shows the light and dark reactions for photosynthesis drawn on top of a simplified image of a chloroplast, represented as an oviform capsule. Inside the capsule are five stacks of three or four flat, green thylakoid discs. The discs look like stacked quarters. Two thylakoid stacks have been cut away so that their interiors, which are hollow, are visible.

Figure 5: The light and dark reactions in the chloroplast

Photosynthetic cells contain chlorophyll and other light-sensitive pigments that capture solar energy. In the presence of carbon dioxide, such cells are able to convert this solar energy into energy-rich organic molecules, such as glucose. These cells not only drive the global carbon cycle, but they also produce much of the oxygen present in atmosphere of the Earth. Essentially, nonphotosynthetic cells use the products of photosynthesis to do the opposite of photosynthesis: break down glucose and release carbon dioxide.

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Answer:

A. Ancestors of whales may once have been able to walk.

Explanation:

Answer:

B

Explanation:

Cellulose - creates cell walls

Enzymes - increase the rate for reaction

Cholesterol - makes the cell membrane's …

Glucose - stores genetic information

The information given about enzymes suggests that the enzymes have the capability to change their size at higher temperatures which affect their activity.

Enzymes may be defined as biocatalysts that perform the important function of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. It may be thought that all cellular reactions and processes are mediated by enzymes.

Temperature is a physical property that can significantly affect the activity of enzymes. It results in the denaturation of enzymes, irreversibly altering their structure. Enzymes perform their most suitable activity at the temperature of 37°C.

Therefore, the information given about enzymes suggests that the enzymes have the capability to change their size at higher temperatures which affect their activity.

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Rocky intertidal environments can be defined as the area that is found on the coast where tides rise and fall every day.

During low tide, rocky intertidal environments are exposed and become hot, dry, and saline. During high tide, it is submerged in seawater. In rocky intertidal environments, the following adaptations apply to life: Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water. Having a soft, flexible body helps prevent organisms from drying out. A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed. Burrowing is one of the most common adaptations in rocky intertidal zones. Organisms living in rocky intertidal environments have to be adapted to harsh living conditions due to the alternating conditions of water and air. The above options explain some of the adaptations required by these organisms in order to survive in rocky intertidal environments.

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Darwin’s theory of evolution offers a scientific explanation for changes in species over time, which is in Option B, as Darwin has given an explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and how species have changed.

species, evolution has earlier explained by Darwin and he explained how species have changed and adapted over time through the process of natural selection, providing a scientific explanation for the diversity of life forms such as plants and animals on Earth. This process of evolution in the biological sciences has been widely accepted.

Hence, Darwin’s theory of evolution offers a scientific explanation for changes in species over time, which is in Option B, as Darwin has given an explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and how species have changed.

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Answer: ................................................................................................

Explanation:

Answer: C.) Leaf

Explanation:  Leaves are the main sites for photosynthesis which is the process by which plants that synthesize food. Most leaves are usually green, due to the presence of chlorophyll in the leaf cells.

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Answer:

Antibiotics save lives but any time antibiotics are used, they can cause side effects and lead to antibiotic resistance.

Since the 1940s, antibiotics have greatly reduced illness and death from infectious diseases. However, as we use the drugs, germs develop defense strategies against them. This makes the drugs less effective.

The content you provided describes an antioxidant that is found in cell membranes and has beneficial effects on reducing the risk of cancer and cell damage.

An antioxidant is a substance that inhibits or neutralizes the harmful effects of molecules called free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and contribute to various health problems, including cancer.The specific name of the antioxidant mentioned in the content is missing, so I cannot provide a precise answer. However, there are several antioxidants that play important roles in cell membranes and offer protection against cancer and cellular damage. Some well-known antioxidants include vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, selenium, and glutathione.

Antioxidants work by donating electrons to free radicals, which helps stabilize them and prevents them from causing damage to cells. In the context of cell membranes, antioxidants help protect the structural integrity and function of these crucial cellular components.

Reducing the risk of cancer is one of the many potential benefits of antioxidants. Cancer development often involves DNA damage and mutations, which can be caused by free radicals. By neutralizing these free radicals, antioxidants help reduce the likelihood of DNA damage and subsequent cancer formation.

It's important to note that while antioxidants have been studied for their potential health benefits, the research is ongoing and complex. The effects of antioxidants can vary depending on various factors such as the specific antioxidant, its concentration, the cellular context, and individual health conditions. It is always advisable to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized advice on nutrition and overall health.

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Answer:

leptin

Explanation:

Another hormone, Leptin, produced by fat cells, is an Adiposity signal that communicates with the brain about long-range needs and satiety, based on the body's energy stores. Research suggests that Leptin amplifies the CCK signals, to enhance the feeling of fullness

A valid inference base on the common ancestry diagram is species D is more closely related to species E than to species F. Option B

A species can be said to be a common ancestor of all life on Earth when it is the most recent common ancestor of all living things.

This means that all living things share a common ancestor that is more recent than any other common ancestor.

The diagram shows that species D and E share a more recent common ancestor than species D and F. This means that species D and E are more closely related to each other than to species F.

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If the movement of molecules or ions requires a protein channel, it is called facilitated transport still it does not require energy. The given statement is true.

Facilitated diffusion is the process of spontaneous transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via some specific transmembrane integral proteins such as channels or carrier proteins.

Facilitated diffusion is also called the carrier-mediated diffusion because a substance which is transported in this manner diffuses through the membrane with the help of a protein. That is, the protein facilitates diffusion of the substance to the other side of the membrane.

Facilitated diffusion does not require high energy molecules such as ATP like active transport. This type of diffusion uses protein to transport molecules across the plasma membrane.

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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:

If the movement of molecules or ions requires a protein channel of some sort, it is called facilitated transport still requiring no energy. True or False?

Answer:

If all of the ice on Antarctica, Greenland, and in mountain glaciers around the globe melted, sea level would increase by approximately 70 meters. (230 feet). The water would engulf all coastal towns. And the land size would be considerably reduced.

Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides, which are simple sugars such as glucose. When two or more monosaccharides are joined together, they form a disaccharide or a polysaccharide. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides that are joined together by glycosidic bonds.

In order to break apart a carbohydrate made of 27 glucose monomers, you would need to hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds that hold the monomers together. Hydrolysis is the process of breaking a chemical bond by adding water molecules. For each glycosidic bond that you want to break, you would need to add one water molecule.

Since a carbohydrate made of 27 glucose monomers would have 26 glycosidic bonds (one less than the number of monomers), you would need to add 26 water molecules to break it apart. This is because each water molecule would be used to hydrolyze one of the 26 glycosidic bonds in the carbohydrate.

It's worth noting that the number of water molecules needed to break apart a carbohydrate would depend on the length of the carbohydrate and the type of glycosidic bonds it contains. For example, a carbohydrate with more monomers or with different types of glycosidic bonds might require more water molecules to be hydrolyzed.

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The example of sensitization from the given alternatives is that 'A dog was hit by his previous owner, and now the dog cowers each time his new owner reaches out to pet him.'

Sensitization refers to the process in which an organism becomes more sensitive to stimuli, both good and bad. It happens when the body's nervous system becomes oversensitized to a particular stimulus that it begins to respond even to weaker or non-threatening stimuli.

The example given in the first option refers to a simple reflex action that occurs in response to the puff of air that is blown into the eyes during the eye examination. The third option is about sensory adaptation, which occurs when sensory receptors are exposed to stimuli for an extended period, resulting in a reduction in sensitivity. The fourth option refers to the fight or flight response that occurs as a result of a threatening stimulus, in which an individual's body prepares to confront or flee from danger.

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The presence of one gene in Labrador retrievers that influences coat color regardless of the combination of alleles of another gene is an example of epistasis.

Epistasis refers to the interaction between two or more genes, where the expression of one gene depends on the presence or absence of one or more other genes. In this case, the gene that influences coat color in Labradors is epistatic to the gene that determines the combination of alleles that also affects coat color. The presence or absence of the epistatic gene determines whether the other gene's alleles will be expressed, resulting in a specific coat color. Epistasis is a common phenomenon in genetics and plays a crucial role in determining many traits, including coat color, eye color, and disease susceptibility.

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Answer:

Aristotle observed that only 50% of the stars are visible at one time, concurring that Earth is round because if not we would all see the same stars 100% of the time.

Answer:

A supply of all amino acids remain in amino acid pools in your blood and inside your cells.

Explanation:

Answer:

Diffusion via stomata

Explanation:

Gaseous exchange occurs through it

Answer:

1. Ordovician Mass Extinction (about 44o million years ago)

2. Devonian Mass Extinction (about 375 million years ago)

3. Permian Mass Extinction (about 250 million years ago)

4. Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction (about 200 million years ago)

5. Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction (about 65 million years ago)

Explanation:

A "pathological" fractur occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain.

A pathological fracture occurs when a bone breaks under normal strain or with minimal force due to pre-existing weakness or disease within the bone. Unlike traumatic fractures that occur due to an injury or excessive force, pathological fractures are the result of an underlying condition that compromises the structural integrity of the bone.

These conditions may include osteoporosis, bone tumors, infections, or other bone diseases. The weakened bone is more susceptible to fractures, even with routine activities or minimal trauma, leading to a pathological fracture.

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Mastodon and giant ground sloth extinction in the Americas is attributed to d) overhunting by humans .Therefore, option d is correct.

In recent years, there has been a growing consensus that humans are to blame for the loss of great mammals in North America.

The most important evidence is the radiocarbon dating of tools and spear points, which places humans with weapons in the proper location and time.

However, the environmental turmoil that accompanied the end of the last ice age casts doubt on the matter, and some scientists continue to insist that climate change was the reason behind.

It has been challenging to separate the two possible causes, and scientists have had to rely on circumstantial evidence because there aren't many archaeological places where human-made weaponry and mammal bones may be found together.

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Answer:

All pf these

Explanation:

A drug that binds to a receptor and produces a stimulatory response similar to an endogenous substance is known as an agonist.

Agonists are drugs that bind to receptors and activate them, producing a stimulatory response that is similar to what would happen if the body's own naturally occurring substances were bound to the receptor. Agonists can be classified into two main categories: full agonists and partial agonists. Full agonists bind to the receptor and produce a response that is as strong as the stimulatory response produced by the natural ligand. Partial agonists, on the other hand, produce a weaker response than the natural ligand but still produce a response that is greater than the baseline. In contrast to agonists, there are also drugs known as antagonists, which bind to receptors but do not activate them. Antagonists block the action of agonists by occupying the receptor and preventing it from being activated.

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Answer:

stomata openings at the side of leaf epidermis

Explanation:

According to the research, endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport mechanisms since they are mechanisms that allow substances to cross membranes using energy.

It is the transport of substances through the membrane that consumes energy since it is carried out against an unfavorable gradient of concentrations or electrical potentials.

In this sense, endocytosis is the internalization of the material that surrounds a cell and exocytosis is the expulsion, by cells, of particles, both processes require energy.

Therefore, we can conclude that endocytosis and exocytosis allow the transport of substances with metabolic energy consumption and against the gradient being active.

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