What are formed by the outermost electrons

Answer:

Distance, d is 86.1 meters.

Explanation:

Given the following data;

Time, t = 6.15secs

Velocity = 14m/s

Velocity can be defined as the rate of change in displacement (distance) with time. Velocity is a vector quantity and as such it has both magnitude and direction.

Mathematically, velocity is given by the equation;

\(Velocity = \frac{distance}{time}\)

\(V = \frac{d}{t}\)

\(d = Vt\)

Substituting into the above equation;

\(d = 14 * 6.15\)

d = 86.1m

Hence, the distance traveled by the boat is 86.1 meters.

Acid rain is the result of pollutants being released into the air

Acid rain is defined as rain or any other type of precipitation that is unusually acidic, which means it contains a lot of hydrogen ions. Acid rain has a pH level that is lower than this and typically ranges from 4-5. Most water, including drinking water, has a neutral pH that exists between 6.5 and 8.5.

When gases like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere, a chemical reaction takes place that eventually results in acid rain. These substances have the capacity to ascend to extremely high altitudes in the atmosphere, where they combine and interact with oxygen, water, and other chemicals to create acid rain, a type of ozone-depleting haze.

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In science, variables are factors or conditions that change or affect the outcome of a study. They can be classified into three types: independent variables, dependent variables, and controlled variables. Dependent variables are those that researchers measure to assess the impact of independent variables.

In science, variables are factors or conditions that change or affect the outcome of a study. They can be classified into three types: independent variables, dependent variables, and controlled variables. Identifying variables is critical in any research, as they enable scientists to control the study's conditions, determine cause-and-effect relationships, and achieve accurate results.
Independent variables are those that researchers manipulate to investigate their effect on the dependent variable. They are also called explanatory or predictor variables.

For instance, in a study investigating the effect of different levels of fertilizer on plant growth, the independent variable is the level of fertilizer.
Dependent variables are those that researchers measure to assess the impact of independent variables.

They are also called response variables. In the plant growth study, the dependent variable is the growth rate or size of the plants.
Controlled variables are those that researchers hold constant throughout the study to reduce the impact of extraneous factors on the outcome.

They are also called confounding or intervening variables. In the plant growth study, controlled variables include the type of plant, the amount of water, the light exposure, and the temperature.
In conclusion, identifying variables is crucial in scientific research to achieve accurate results, establish cause-and-effect relationships, and control the study's conditions. Independent, dependent, and controlled variables are the three types of variables used in scientific studies.

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Answer:

Explanation:

If the question is set up correctly here, we can solve this correctly.

Lightning and Thunder Data

Occurrence Lightning

Observed Thunder Heard Distance to ---- We need this

Lightning (m)

A 8:00:00 p.m. 8:00:01 p.m. 330

B 5:30:00 p.m. 5:30:04 p.m. 1,320

C 6:45:00 p.m. 6:45:06 p.m. 1,980 ---- We need this

D 7:20:00 p.m. 7:21:00 p.m. 19,800

6:45:06 - 6:45:00 = 6

So 6 seconds. We also get 1980. So we do 1980/6, which is 330(m)?

If the unit is meters, then the sound of thunder travels at 330(m)

Vtb xe máy là:

v=s : t= 500 : 25=20(m/s)

The index of refraction of this liquid will be 1.28. It is found as the ratio of the sin of the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.

The refractive index of a substance is a dimensionless quantity that specifies how quickly light passes through it in optics.

The given data in the problem is;

Angle of incidence (i)= 65°

Angle of refraction(r) = 42°

The formula for the index of refraction is;

\(\rm n = \frac{sin \ i }{sin \ r} \\\\ \rm n = \frac{sin 65 ^0}{sin 42^0} \\\\ n=1.28\)

Hence, the index of refraction of this liquid will be 1.28.

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Answer:

\(F_r \approx 978.3N\)

\(\theta =44 \textdegree\)

Explanation:

From the question we are told that

Connie pulls with a force of \(F_c=200 N\)

At an angle \(\theta _c=20 \textdegree\)

Randolph pulls with a force of \(F_R=800 N\)

At an angle \(\theta _R=50 \textdegree\)

Generally the horizontal axis  can mathematically be represented as

\(f_x=f_ccos\theta _c+F_Rcos\theta _R\)

\(f_x=200*cos20+800*cos50\)

\(f_x=702.2N\)

Generally the vertical axis  can mathematically be represented as

\(f_y=f_csin\theta _c+F_Rsin\theta _R\)

\(f_y=200*sin20+800*sin50\)

\(f_y=681.24N\)

Generally the resultant force \(F_r\) is mathematically  given by

\(F_r=\sqrt{f_x^2+f_y^2}\)

\(F_r=\sqrt{702.1686119^2+681.2395832^2}\)

\(F_r=978.3230731N\)

\(F_r \approx 978.3N\)

Generally the Direction \(\theta\) of force is mathematically given by

\(\theta =tan^-^1(\frac{f_c}{f_y})\)

\(\theta =tan^-^1(\frac{681.23}{702.16})\)

\(\theta =44 \textdegree\)

Answer:

It will apply the greatest pressure of an area of 1.

Explanation:

To find pressure use the formula P = F/A

P = 100/1

P = 100

Answer:

10 N / cm^2

Explanation:

The Formiula is P = F / A

P = presure

F = Force in Newtons

A = area.

The answer is the smaller the area the larger the pressure.

The smallest area you have given us is 10 cm^2

The Pressure = 100N / 10 cm^2

Pressure = 10 N/cm^2  

Note: the units are not exactly standard units, but I've given the answer the way the question offers the units.

The new electrostatic force will be 384 units.  

The electrostatic force of attraction between two charges \(q_{1} \\\)(charge of object 1)  and \(q_{2}\)(charge of object 2) separated by a distance d is given by

\(F = \frac{q_{1} q_{2}}{4\pi E_{0} d^{2} } \\\)

\(E_{0} = 8.854 * 10^{-12} C^{2} N^{-1} m^{-1}\) is the permittivity of free space.

Initially, we have,

\(\frac{q_{1} q_{2}}{4\pi E_{0} d^{2} } =F_{1} = 8 units\)  

Now, if the charge of object 1 is multiplied by 1, the charge of object 2 is multiplied by 3, and the distance separating objects 1 and 2 is divided by 4, we have, \(q_{1} =q_{1}, q_{2} =3q_{2} , d=\frac{d}{4}\).

The new electrostatic force will be,

\(F_{2} = \frac{q_{1} 3q_{2}}{4\pi E_{0} (\frac{d}{4} )^{2} } \\\\\) units.

We have, \(F_{1} = 8 units= \frac{q_{1} q_{2}}{4\pi E_{0} d^{2} } \\\)

Hence,

\(F_{2} =\frac{8*3}{(\frac{1}{4}) ^{2} } units= 384 units.\)

Hence, the new electrostatic force will be 384 units.

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Answer:

The mass formula is given as

Mass = ρ × v

Where,

ρ = density and

v = the volume

The weight mass formula is given as

m = w / g

Where,

w= weight

m = mass

g = gravity

The mass formula is also given as

m = F / a

If acceleration itself is the gravity, then

M = F / g

Where,

F = force

G = gravity

According to Einstein’s mass-energy relation

m = (E / c2)

Where,

m = mass

E = energy

c = speed of light (3×108 m/s)

The kinetic energy mass formula is given as

K.E = ½ mv2

Where,

m = mass,

v = velocity.

Explanation:

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Consider a certain object A, the following is an example of its internal energy is B. Elastic energy due to stretched bonds between different parts of object A

Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of the particles that make up an object. Internal energy is therefore a property of the object that depends on the internal state of its constituent particles. Elastic energy due to stretched bonds between different parts of object A is an example of its internal energy. Internal energy is a property of a system, which is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of the molecules that make up the system.

It's a result of the motion of particles within a system that is not related to the motion of the system as a whole. Internal energy of an object is the total of its kinetic energy, potential energy, and internal potential energy. Therefore, Elastic energy due to stretched bonds between different parts of object A is an example of its internal energy. In conclusion, Elastic energy due to stretched bonds between different parts of object A is an example of its internal energy, so the correct answer is B. Elastic energy due to stretched bonds between different parts of object A

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Answer:

Answer in Observational evidence (b)

The evidence needed to formulate a hypothesis is observational evidence. From keen observations, we are formulating a scientific hypothesis.

Hypothesis is a plausible scientific statement which predicts a process or result of an experiment based on observations. Hypothesis can be made from well established scientific records also.

Some are formulating hypothesis based on some intuitions, while some others are formulated based on inductions or  deductions. An experiment starts from a clear cut hypothesis.

A hypothesis must be testable, falsifiable. A scientific hypothesis must be based on a strict observation and for a considerable time and the observations must support for the statement derived for the solution.

Hence, the evidence is needed for a or a hypothesis to be supported or not supported is observational evidence.

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The force between the charges is repulsive since they are both positive. As a result, the electrostatic force is directed away from each other, i.e. in opposing directions.

For the calculation of the electrostatic force between two charges, use Coulomb's law, which states that the electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The electrostatic force's equation is F = k × (q1 × q2) / r².

q1 and q2 are the charges, and r is the separation between them, where F is the force, k is Coulomb's constant (9*10^9 N·m²/ C²), and these charges are located.

We obtain the following formula by entering the supplied values:

F = 9×10^9 × (1 × 5) / (2²)

F = 112.5 × 10^6 N

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Answer:

F = 11.25 N

Explanation:

The electrostatic force between two point charges is given by Coulomb's law:

F = k * q1 * q2 / r^2

where F is the magnitude of the electrostatic force, k is Coulomb's constant (9 x 10^9 N m^2 C^-2), q1 and q2 are the magnitudes of the two-point charges, and r is the distance between them.

Substituting the given values, we have:

F = (9 x 10^9 N m^2 C^-2) * (1 x 10^-3 C) * (5 x 10^-3 C) / (2 m)^2

F = 11.25 N.

The direction of the electrostatic force between two charges is along the line joining them and is attractive if the charges are opposite and repulsive if they are the same. In this case, both charges are positive, so the force is repulsive, and it acts in the direction away from each charge. Therefore, the direction of the electrostatic force between the two positive charges is radially outward from each charge, in opposite directions.

The advantages and disadvantages may vary depending on the specific application, material, and the expertise of the personnel conducting the magnetic particle testing.

Advantages of using the magnetic particle method of defect detection:

Sensitivity to Surface and Near-Surface Defects: Magnetic particle testing is highly sensitive to surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials. It can detect cracks, fractures, and other discontinuities that may not be easily visible to the  eye.

Rapid and Cost-Effective: Magnetic particle testing is a relatively fast and cost-effective method compared to other non-destructive testing techniques.

Real-Time Results: The method provides immediate results, allowing for real-time defect detection. This enables quick decision-making regarding the acceptability of the tested components or structures, leading to faster production cycles and reduced downtime.

Disadvantages of using the magnetic particle method of defect detection:

Limited to Ferromagnetic Materials: Magnetic particle testing is applicable only to ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, nickel, and their alloys. Non-ferromagnetic materials, such as aluminum or copper, cannot be effectively inspected using this method.

Surface Preparation Requirements: Proper surface preparation is crucial for effective magnetic particle testing. The surface must be cleaned thoroughly to remove dirt, grease, and other contaminants that can interfere with the test results. This additional step may require additional time and effort.

Limited Detection Depth: Magnetic particle testing is primarily suited for detecting surface and near-surface defects. It may not be as effective in detecting deeper or internal defects. Other non-destructive testing methods, such as ultrasonic testing or radiographic testing, may be more appropriate for inspecting components with deeper or internal flaws.

It's important to note that the advantages and disadvantages may vary depending on the specific application, material, and the expertise of the personnel conducting the magnetic particle testing.

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Answer: A.9.2m/s

Explanation:

Answer:

The observer will say that galaxy 2 is moving away from galaxy 3 where he stands.

Explanation:

Since the galaxies are expanding, each one would move away from the others. Observers on all three galaxies have their frame of reference fixed on their own galaxies. Judging from their own galaxies, each observer will perceive the other galaxies moving away from his/or galaxy.

The observer at galaxy 3 will talk about galaxy 2 by doing is; he will say that galaxy 2 is moving far from him.

We are told that the universe is expanding and as such, the galaxies would be expanding and moving away from each other.

Since the galaxies are expanding, it means that they will be moving away from each other.

From time dilation principle, an observer at galaxy 3 will say that galaxy 2 is moving far from him.

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Given our understanding of physics, we can conclude that once the balloon is pushed under the surface, it will sink.

One key factor to take into account here is to remember that the density of a ballon can change when exposed to a higher pressure. This is due to the elastic nature of the material that makes up the ballon, and the nature of gas atoms that allow them to be compressed.

Therefore, when the balloon is pushed underwater, the surrounding water will squeeze the balloon, thus incrementing its density. Once the density of the balloon rises, this, in addition to the weight to which it is attached, will make it heavier than the water it is in, and the balloon will sink.

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The rate of acceleration of a rolling ball down a hill, starting from rest with a final velocity of 8 m/s is 0.76 m/s².

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

To calculate the acceleration of the ball, we use the formula below.

Formula:

Where:

Make a the subject of the equation

From the question,

Given:

Subsstitute these values into equation 2

Hence, the acceleration of the ball is is 0.76 m/s².

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The specific heat capacity of a substance is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance by 1 degree Celsius.

A substance's specific heat capacity (c), often known as its specific heat, is the amount of heat needed to increase 1 gram of that substance's temperature by 1 degree Celsius (or 1 kelvin). It can be expressed as follows:

c = q/mΔT

where q is the heat supplied, c is the constant of proportionality, called specific heat capacity of the body, m is the mass of the substance, and T is the temperature.

Just the type of substance that absorbs or releases heat determines a substance's specific heat capacity. It is an intense property—it doesn't matter how much of a substance there is; only its type does.

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Answer:

Therefore, the work done to lift a 20 kg sack of potatoes of potatoes vertically 6.5 m is 1, 274 J.

The effect of the distance of a launcher affects the speed of a car in that an optimum distance is desirable for optimal performance.

If the distance is too small the speed of the car will be minimal, also of the distance is too large, the speed of the car will be small also.

Hence, the speed is optima only when we have an optima distance in between.

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Answer: By moving heat from the equator toward the poles, ocean currents play an important role in controlling the climate. Ocean currents are also critically important to sea life.

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Answer:

3420.39 N

Explanation:

Applying,

Fd = 1/2(mv²-mu²)................. Equation 1

Where F = force on the bumber, d = distance, m = mass of the car, v = final velocity, u = initial velocity.

make F the subject of the equation

F = (mv²-mu²)/2d............... Equation 2

From the question,

Given: m = 890 kg, v = 0 m/s (to rest), u = 1.4 m/s, d = 0.255 m

Substitute these values into equation 2

F = [(890×0²)-(890×1.4²)]/(2×0.255)

F = -1744.4/0.51

F = -3420.39 N

The negative sign denotes that the force in opposite direction to the motion of the car.

The gauge pressure needed at the entrance of the needle to cause this flow is approximately 16658.73 Pa.

To determine the gauge pressure needed at the entrance of the needle to cause the given flow, we can use the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, which describes the flow rate of a fluid through a cylindrical pipe:

Q = (πΔP \(r^{4}\)) / (8ηL)

Where:

Q is the volumetric flow rate (0.09 \(cm^{3}\)/s),

ΔP is the pressure difference across the needle (unknown),

r is the radius of the needle (0.2 mm = 0.02 cm),

η is the viscosity of the fluid (1.0 × 1\(0^{-3}\) Pa-s),

L is the length of the needle (6.36 cm).

Rearranging the equation to solve for ΔP, we have:

ΔP = (8ηQL) / (πr \(r^{4}\))

Substituting the given values into the equation:

ΔP = \((8 8 * 1.0 * 10^-3 Pa-s * 0.09 cm^3/s * 6.36 cm) / (\pi * (0.02 cm)^4)\)

ΔP ≈ 18158.73 Pa

Since we are interested in the gauge pressure, we need to subtract the pressure of the blood in the vein (1500 Pa):

Gauge Pressure = ΔP - 1500 Pa

Gauge Pressure ≈ 16658.73 Pa

Therefore, the gauge pressure needed at the entrance of the needle to cause this flow is approximately 16658.73 Pa.

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The value of the current flowing through the shunt is 0.08 A.

The value of the current flowing through the shunt is calculated by applying the following formula.

I = V/R

where;

The voltage flowing through the shunt is calculated as;

V/V'  = L/L'

where;

V/3 = 80/100

V = (3 x 80 ) / 100

V = 2.4 V

The current flowing through the shunt is calculated as;

I = 2.4 / 30

I = 0.08 A

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Cylinders that contain corrosive gases should not be stored for more than 12 months.

This is because corrosive gases have the ability to eat away at the materials used to construct the cylinder, which can lead to the cylinder weakening and eventually failing. It is also important to note that cylinders that have been in storage for extended periods of time should be inspected before use to ensure their integrity. This can involve checking the cylinder for signs of damage or corrosion, as well as ensuring that the cylinder's valve is functioning properly. Overall, it is important to handle and store cylinders containing corrosive gases with care to ensure the safety of everyone involved.

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