We presumed, from the start, that in saturation a MOSFET characteristic is independent of Vds. Consider our method to calculate L’for short channels, where (cf. Sec. 19.1.2) the presumption was made that Ws = W~WT. Is that true? Using the Vdd values of 0- 5V used in Problem 3, how would a depiction of Figure 19.4 look (qualitatively) at Vps = 0 compared with Vps = 5V? Considering your result, is our presumption"... in saturation a MOSFET characteristic is independent of VDs" actually true? Compare your answer with Figure 19.2. This phenomenon is known as "channel length modulation."
Answers
In summary, the presumption that in saturation a MOSFET characteristic is independent of Vds is not entirely true. When calculating the effective channel length (L') for short channels, the assumption that Ws = W~WT is made. However, this assumption does not hold true in all cases.
Now, let's examine the qualitative depiction of Figure 19.4 at Vps = 0 compared to Vps = 5V using the Vdd values of 0-5V from Problem 3. Figure 19.4 represents the output characteristics of a MOSFET, showing the drain current (Ids) as a function of the drain-source voltage (Vds). At Vps = 0, the curve in Figure 19.4 would show a constant Ids for different Vds values, indicating that the MOSFET characteristic is independent of Vds. However, at Vps = 5V, the curve in Figure 19.4 would exhibit a gradual increase in Ids as Vds increases. This phenomenon is known as "channel length modulation."
In contrast, Figure 19.2 represents the drain current (Ids) as a function of the gate-source voltage (Vgs) for different Vds values. It shows that for a fixed Vgs, as Vds increases, the drain current (Ids) also increases due to channel length modulation. This behavior is a result of the effective channel length (L') becoming shorter as Vds increases, resulting in a higher current flow.
In conclusion, the presumption that a MOSFET characteristic is independent of Vds in saturation is not entirely accurate. Channel length modulation affects the MOSFET behavior, causing the drain current to increase as Vds increases. The depiction in Figure 19.4 at Vps = 0 would show a constant Ids, while at Vps = 5V, the curve would exhibit an increasing Ids with increasing Vds, reflecting the influence of channel length modulation.
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Related Questions
the nominal rating of electrical switches refers to continuous
Answers
The statement is incomplete and requires further clarification as the nominal rating of electrical switches can refer to different parameters depending on the context.
In general, the nominal rating of an electrical switch is the value specified by the manufacturer to indicate the maximum voltage and current that the switch can handle continuously without damage. This rating helps to ensure that the switch is not overloaded and can operate safely within its design limits.
For example, the nominal rating of a light switch may be specified as 120 volts and 15 amps, meaning that it can handle a maximum of 15 amps of current at 120 volts without damage. Similarly, the nominal rating of a circuit breaker may be specified as 240 volts and 20 amps, meaning that it can handle a maximum of 20 amps of current at 240 volts without tripping.
It is important to note that the nominal rating of electrical switches may vary depending on their application and intended use, and that exceeding the nominal rating can lead to overheating, arcing, and other hazards. Therefore, it is important to select and use switches that are rated appropriately for the intended application.
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Toyotas more than 30 hybrid vehicles investment in zero emissions vehicle and working on developing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles not only protect the natural environment but also further his overall economic progress customer is generally has positive feelings towards companies that focus on______ efforts such as Toyotas
Answers
The missing term in the presented paragraph is environmental.
In recent years the effects of climate change have been strongly manifested around the world causing:
Forest firesFloodsHeatwavesCold wavesSnowfallThe rise in the level of rivers and seasDeglaciationTherefore, many companies have begun to investigate productive alternatives to reduce their environmental impact. In the case of the car industry, companies have deepened their research on other sources of energy such as:
ElectricSolarWindOne of them is Toyota, the Japanese brand that has developed cars that work hybrid, that is, with gasoline and electric power. This will reduce the emissions of CO2 and other harmful gases into the atmosphere.
Therefore, it is possible to infer that the missing term in the paragraph is Environmental.
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4. Your supervisor texts you during the working hours for no reasons. S/he also invited you for a
dinner to discuss your salary increase issue during a weekend. What should be your role based
on the Ontario's Occupational Health and Safety Act ("OHSA") to deal your supervisor? Discuss.
Answers
If your supervisor is texting you during work hours for no reason, you should speak to him or her about it. If your supervisor is inviting you to dinner to discuss your salary increase issue, you should tell him or her that you are not comfortable with that and would prefer to discuss it during work hours. Your supervisor's behaviour is inappropriate and violates the Ontario's Occupational Health and Safety Act ("OHSA"). You should discuss the issue with your supervisor and try to resolve the issue. If you are not able to resolve the issue, you can file a complaint with the Ontario Ministry of Labour.
Occupational Safety and Health Act:
The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is a United States labour legislation that governs federal occupational health and safety law in the private sector and federal government. Congress passed it in 1970, and President Richard Nixon signed it on December 29, 1970.
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Write a class having two private variables and one-member function which will return the area of the rectangle.
Answers
Using the knowledge in computational language in C++ it is possible to write the code being write a class having two private variables
Writting the code in C++:#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Rectangle { /*create a class named Rectangle*/
private:
float l,b; /*this class has two private variables l and b*/
public:
float getArea(float l, float b) /*this class has one member-function getArea which returns the area of the rectangle*/
{
return l*b; /*return the area of the rectangle*/
}
};
int main () { /*the main function to check the working of our Rectangle class*/
float l,b;
Rectangle r1; /*create an object r1 of Rectangle class*/
cout<<"Enter the length of the rectangle: ";
cin>>l; /*input the length of the rectangle from the user*/
cout<<"Enter the breadth of the rectangle: ";
cin>>b; /*input the breadth of the rectangle from the user*/
cout <<"Area of the rectangle is: "<< r1.getArea(l,b)<<" square units."; /*find the area of the rectangle using the member function of the class*/
return 0;
}
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a. 1.2KΩ =
Ωwhat is the ohms
Answers
Answer:
1200
Explanation:
ohms is the si unit for resistance.
hence, 1.2 k(ohms) = 1200 ohms since k = kilo = ×1000
The elementary inverse reaction A+B→C+D takes place in the liquid phase and at constant temperature as follows: Equal volumetric flows of two streams, the first containing 0.020 moles A/litre and the second containing 1.4moles B/litre, constitute the feed to a 30-litre volume of a full-mixing continuous-work reactor. The outlet of the reactor is the inlet to a subsequent piston flow reactor (in series reactors). In the outlet stream from the first reactor the concentration of product C was measured and found to be equal to 0,002 mol/l.
-What should be the volume of the piston flow reactor so that the array achieves a conversion efficiency of 35%?
Answers
To determine the required volume of the piston flow reactor for a conversion efficiency of 35%, we need to use the following equation:
How To determine the required volume of the piston flow reactorX = (C0 - C)/C0 = 1 - exp(-kV)
where:
X = conversion efficiency
C0 = initial concentration of reactant A
C = concentration of reactant A at any given time
k = rate constant of the reaction
V = reactor volume
We can rearrange this equation to solve for V:
V = ln(1/(1-X)) / k
We are given that the feed to the reactor contains 0.020 moles of A per liter and 1.4 moles of B per liter. Since the reaction is elementary and the stoichiometry is 1:1 for A and B, we can assume that the concentration of B will remain constant throughout the reactor. Therefore, the initial concentration of A in the feed is 0.020 mol/L.
We are also given that the concentration of product C in the outlet stream from the first reactor is 0.002 mol/L. Since the stoichiometry is 1:1 for A and C, we can assume that the concentration of A at this point is also 0.002 mol/L.
To determine the rate constant k, we need to use the following equation:
k = (k_f * k_r) / (k_f + k_r)
where:
k_f = forward rate constant
k_r = reverse rate constant
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What are the 3 types of irony and examples?.
Answers
The three types of irony are Verbal Irony, Situational Irony, and Dramatic Irony.
Example of Verbal Irony:
When a statement's intended meaning differs from what is actually said, it is said to be verbally ironic.In Shrek, Donkey asks Shrek if he can stay with him. Shrek replies, "Of course," when he really means, "No, not really."Example of Situational Irony:
Situational irony occurs when a situation's conclusion is completely unanticipated. For instance, everyone in Emerald City believes that Oz is strong and impressive in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Oz, however, turns out to be the exact opposite—an aged guy devoid of any supernatural abilities.Example of Dramatic Irony:
Dramatic irony occurs when characters are unaware of information that the audience is aware of.When the readers are aware that a deadly shark is present in the water but the carefree beachgoers are unaware that they are being pursued.What is Irony?
When something unexpected occurs, it is ironic. The thing opposite to what we anticipate usually occurs, and this is either humorous or dramatic.
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A pinion and gear pair is used to transmit a power of 5000 W. The teeth numbers of pinion
and gear are 20 and 50. The module is 5 mm, the pressure angle is 20o
and the face width is 45 mm. The
rotational speed of pinion is 300 rev/min. Both the pinion and the gear material are Nitralloy 135 Grade2 with a hardness of 277 Brinell. The quality standard number Qv is 5 and installation is open gearing
quality. Find the AGMA bending and contact stresses and the corresponding factors of safety for a
pinion life of 109
cycles and a reliability of 0.98
Answers
Answer:
mark me as a brainleast
Explanation:
209781
Is the impedance of the capacitor purely reactive, and how does it compare to the nominal value of the ideal capacitor? Why or why not is it purely reactive?
Answers
In an electric field, a capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy. It has two terminals and is a passive electrical component. Capacitance refers to a capacitor's effect.
What is the impedance of an ideal capacitor?An perfect capacitor has an infinite resistance. For all frequencies and capacitance levels, the reactance of a perfect capacitor, and consequently its impedance, is negative.A capacitor that has no resistance and therefore doesn't lose any energy while it's operating is the ideal capacitor. It just possesses capacitance. There is no dielectric loss in a perfect capacitor. High temperature stability characterizes the ideal capacitor.As capacitance and frequency increase, capacitive reactance falls. Impedance is the complete opposition that reactance and resistance give.Similar to inductors, the ideal capacitor is a totally reactive device with no resistive (power dissipative) effects whatsoever. Of course, nothing is so flawless in the actual world. Capacitors, however, have the advantage of often being more pure reactive componentsTo learn more about Ideal capacitor refer to:
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_____________ processes are actions that create physical solutions to problems.
a
Production Processes
b
Medical Processes
c
Agricultural Processes
d
Communication Process
Answers
Answer:
yes answer d is correct
Communication Process are actions that create physical solutions to problems. The correct option is d.
What is Communication Process?Human existence and organisational survival both depend on effective communication. It is a process of generating and disseminating thoughts, facts, opinions, and sentiments from one place, individual, or group to another. The Management function of Directing depends on effective communication.
The sending party, message encoding, channel selection, message receipt by the recipient, and message decoding are all aspects of the communication process.
Feedback is when the recipient communicates something back to the original sender. These procedures are actions that result in tangible fixes for issues.
Thus, the correct option is d.
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Samantha is about to enter an 8-foot deep manhole. What must be onsite before she enters?a. A mechanical device to retrieve herb. EMT personnel to rescue herc. The attendant and the relieverd. The engineering team
Answers
EMT personnel to rescue her must be onsite before she enters. Thus option B is correct.
What is EMT?EMTs are equipped with the fundamental information and abilities needed to stabilize and transfer successfully prepared in a variety of situations, from regular medical transport and non-emergencies to soul ones.
As there will be a change that will be present with the way the diagnosis was to be found. This EMT will help a safe journey. It is necessary to test the environment using instruments made to find any potential toxins and gases.
Therefore, option B is the correct option.
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How many FastEthernet interfaces does a 2960 switch have?
Answers
Answer:
24 i believe
Explanation:
Need help fast 50 points Project: Creating a Morphological Matrix
Assignment Directions
A systematic way to view common functionality of an object's structure and components is through a morphological matrix. You are going to utilize this method to analyze a common household device (from the list below or your own idea). First, create the left-hand column by deciding on the parameters that allow the object to function normally. For example, a pencil sharpener has a blade and a housing unit to support the system. Use the parameters to describe the system. If the pencil sharpener is hand operated, list the parameter of hand turning (either the pencil itself in a small unit or a handle in a wall-mounted device). The parameter column can include specific structures in the device, power sources, or any other information you learned in the lesson. The right-hand columns will include the current methods used by the device to complete the parameter, as well as any other options that would satisfy the parameter. You must create at least two other options for each parameter.
While the matrix provides valuable information for an engineer, it is typically more technological than a client or decision team needs. Therefore, you will also need to complete a one- or two-page analysis of the device, including the current parameter solutions and any recommended alterations to a design. Each recommendation must be supported by information in the morphological matrix.
Here are some ideas of household devices that you can analyze:
can opener
bathroom or kitchen scale
doorknob assembly
stapler
Assignment Guidelines
a completed morphological matrix
each parameter must have at least three solutions
a written analysis of the device with supporting details from the matrix
Submission Requirements
One to two pages double spaced
Proper grammar and vocabulary is required.
Answers
Answer:
The fundamental difference between effective and less effective matrix organizations is whether the tension between different perspectives is creative or destructive. While various processes, systems and tools can help, what matters most is what top leadership says and does and how that flows through the organization in shared targets, clear accountabilities, live team interactions and team-building transparency and behaviors.
Getting matrix management right is linked inextricably to an organization’s culture - the only sustainable competitive advantage. Key components of a culture can be grouped into behaviors, relationships, attitudes, values and the environment.
Environment and values: Each organization has its own environment, context and bedrock values. Everyone needs to know what matters and why. Don’t try to do anything else until you’ve got that set.
Attitude is about choices: An organization’s overall strategy drives choices about which of its parts will be best in class (superior), world class (parity), strong (above average), or simplified/outsourced to be good enough. These choices help determine the need for a matrix and how best to design it.
Relationships and behaviors: This is why organizations have matrices. The most effective of them best balance focus and collaboration. They allow leaders and teams to build differential strengths and then work together to make the best possible decisions and scale enterprises with a creative tension that they could not do on their own.
My colleague Joe Durrett has worked all sides of matrix organizations in marketing at Procter & Gamble, sales and general management at Kraft General Foods and CEO of Information Resources, Broderbund Software and Advo. He has seen matrices at their best and at their worst and offered his perspective for this article along with his partners John Lawler and Linda Hlavac. The 12 ways to make matrix organizations more effective were built on their ideas.
Explanation:
Implement the following Matlab code:
x=zeros(10,128);
t1=[0:1/128:1-1/128];
z=cos(2*pi*2*t1);
x(1,:)=z;
x=reshape(x,1,1280);
figure(1);
plot(x)
Examine Figure 1 – what does it “look like”? Zoom in. Take the FFT of x and explain what you see.
Manipulate the FFT and perform the IFFT to create a signal which is a continuous (i.e. no interpolating zeroes) sinusoid in the “time” domain. Explain the amplitude of the sinusoid.
Answers
The amplitude of the sinusoid is 28384 *x soít cos.
What is amplitude?Amplitude is defined as the greatest deviation from equilibrium of a point on a vibrating body or wave in terms of displacement or distance traveled. In most cases, amplitude is calculated by looking at a wave graph and determining the height of the wave from rest. The strength or intensity of the wave is gauged by its amplitude.
Sinusoid is defined as a signal with sine wave characteristics. In the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, sinusoids and irregular tubules transport blood in place of venules and capillaries. The sine or cosine functions from trigonometry form the foundation of sinusoidal signals, which are periodic functions.
Thus the amplitude of the sinusoid is 28384 *x soít cos.
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An organization sets its standards for quality according to the best product it can produce.
True
False
Answers
Answer:
True!! took the test
Explanation:
How is the foundation for a skyscraper different from a house?
Answers
Answer:
Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a metre or so into soil. ... Another common type of shallow foundation is the slab-on-grade foundation where the weight of the structure is transferred to the soil through a concrete slab placed at the surface.
Explanation:
Because I said so.
Determine ten different beam loading values that will be used in lab to end load a cantilever beam using weights. Load values should increase by 100 gram intervals with an initial load of approximately 200 grams
Answers
Answer:
1st value = 1.828 * 10 ^9 gm/m^2 ------- 10th value = 7.312 * 10^9 gm/m^2
Explanation:
initial load ( Wp) = 200 g
W1 ( value by which load values increase ) = 100 g
Ten different beam loading values :
Wp + w1 = 300g ----- p1
Wp + 2W1 = 400g ---- p2
Wp + 3W1 = 500g ----- p3 ----------------- Wp + 10W1 = 1200g ---- p10
x = 10.25" = 0.26 m
b = 1.0" = 0.0254 m
t = 0.125" = 3.175 * 10^-3 m
using the following value to determine the load values at different beam loading values
attached below is the remaining part fo the solution
If your engine fails (completely shuts down) what should you do with your brake?
Answers
Answer:
take your foot off of the accelorator. do not brake and let the vehicle coast until it stops. put on your hazard lights as well
Explanation:
If the destination host finds an error in an Ethernet frame, it ______. A) sends back a NAK B) retransmits the frame. C) Both A and B D) Neither A nor B.
Answers
C) Both A and B
If the destination host finds an error in an Ethernet frame, the correct answer is D) Neither A nor B.
Ethernet is a popular data link layer protocol that operates on the principle of Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). In Ethernet networks, when a host detects an error in a received frame, it discards the frame and does not send any negative acknowledgments (NAK) or retransmit the frame. This is because Ethernet does not have built-in error control mechanisms like some other protocols.
The responsibility for error detection and retransmission of lost or corrupted frames lies with the upper-layer protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which operates at the transport layer. TCP uses acknowledgments and timers to ensure reliable data delivery. If a TCP segment is lost or corrupted, the receiving host will not acknowledge the segment, and the sender will retransmit the segment after a timeout.
In summary, if a destination host finds an error in an Ethernet frame, it discards the frame, and neither sends back a NAK nor retransmits the frame. Error detection and retransmission are handled by upper-layer protocols like TCP.
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Uses semiconductors to convert radiant energy directly to electricity in homes, buildings, and the grid
a Solar thermal power plant
b Passive solar heating system
c Active solar heating system
d Photovoltaic cells
e Sun-effector ray station
Answers
Photovoltaic cells are the technology that uses semiconductors to convert radiant energy directly to electricity in homes, buildings, and the grid.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells, also known as solar cells, are devices that utilize the photovoltaic effect to convert sunlight into electricity. They are made of semiconductor materials, typically silicon, which can absorb photons from sunlight and generate an electric current. PV cells are commonly used in solar panels, which are installed on rooftops or in solar farms to harness solar energy and generate electricity. The electricity produced by PV cells can be used to power homes, buildings, and even contribute to the electrical grid. This renewable energy source provides a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based power generation.
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Describe how you would control employee exposure to excessive noise in a mining environment
Answers
Answer:
1. Buy Quiet – select and purchase low-noise tools and machinery
2. Maintain tools and equipment routinely (such 3. as lubricate gears)
3. Reduce vibration where possible
4. Isolate the noise source in an insulated room or enclosure
5. Place a barrier between the noise source and the employee
6. Isolate the employee from the source in a room or booth (such as sound wall or window
Explanation:
Hope my answer will help u.
parallel circuits???
Answers
PLEASE GIVE BRAINLIST
A parallel circuit has two or more paths for current to flow through. Voltage is the same across each component of the parallel circuit. The sum of the currents through each path is equal to the total current that flows from the source.
HOPE THIS HELPED
What is the value of the work interaction in this process?
a. -272 kJ/kg
b. -32 kJ/kg
c. 31 kJ/kg
d. 272 kJ/kg
Answers
Answer:
The answer is "\(-121\ \frac{KJ}{Kg}\)".
Explanation:
Please find the correct question in the attachment file.
using formula:
\(\to W=-P_1V_1+P_2V_2 \\\\When \\\\\to W= \frac{P_1V_1-P_2V_2}{n-1}\ \ or \ \ \frac{RT_1 -RT_2}{n-1}\\\\\)
\(W =\frac{R(T_1 -T_2)}{n-1}\\\\\)
\(=\frac{0.287(25 -237)}{1.5-1}\\\\=\frac{0.287(-212)}{0.5}\\\\=\frac{-60.844}{0.5}\\\\=-121.688 \frac{KJ}{Kg}\\\\=-121 \frac{KJ}{Kg}\\\\\)
Assume a filesystem uses inodes with 10 direct block numbers, 1 indirect, 1 double indirect, 1 triple indirect. Assume that blocks hold 4096 bytes and block numbers consume 4 bytes. What is the maximum size file (in blocks) that can be accommodated. How many bits are required for offsets into a file of the maximum size?
Answers
With 10 direct block numbers, we can store up to 10 * 4096 = 40,960 bytes directly in the inode.With 1 indirect block, we can store up to 4096 * (4096 / 4) = 1,048,576 bytes.
With 1 double indirect block, we can store up to 4096 * (4096 / 4) * (4096 / 4) = 4,294,967,296 bytes.With 1 triple indirect block, we can store up to 4096 * (4096 / 4) * (4096 / 4) * (4096 / 4) = 17,592,186,044,416 bytes.So the maximum size file that can be accommodated is:40,960 bytes (direct blocks) + 1,048,576 bytes (indirect block) + 4,294,967,296 bytes (double indirect block) + 17,592,186,044,416 bytes (triple indirect block) = 17,592,230,827,248 bytesSince each block is 4096 bytes, the maximum size file in blocks is:17,592,230,827,248 bytes / 4096 bytes per block = 4,294,967,295 blocksThe number of bits required for offsets into a file of the maximum size is:log2(4,294,967,295 * 4096) = 44 bitsSo, 44 bits are required for offsets into a file of the maximum size.
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Why is it important to keep portable welders properly tuned
Answers
It is important to keep welders properly tuned because it "Reduces air pollution" (Option A).
What are the types of welding?Welding machinery, welding guns, and welders are among the most important items for a welding expert to have. Welding machines provide heat that melts steel pieces, allowing them to be bonded.
Gas Steel Arc Welding (GMAW/MIG), Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW/TIG), Shielded Steel Arc Welding (SMAW), andFlux Cored Arc Welding are the four primary methods of welding.Most welders also use an angle grinder to smooth out joints, wire brushes to clean or abrade steel surfaces before welding etc.
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Full Question:
Why is it important to keep portable welders properly tuned?
a-Reduce air pollution
b-So they run quieter
c-To produce smoother welding current
d-All of the above
A good place to get hints about how to answer a response question could be
a.
Your teacher
c.
Both of these
b.
The rest of the test
d.
None of these
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
A
B
C
D
Answers
Answer:
I think its A
Explanation:
...............................
When you park on a hill,the direction your __are pointed determines which direction your car will roll if the breaks fail
Answers
Answer:
Tires or wheels? I think this is the answer. ^_^
Explanation:
HELP QUICK THIS IS TIMED!
Which option justifies using the resource described in the following scenario?
Tyler has designed a cell phone that is made completely of aluminum.
This resource is nonrenewable and must be recycled.
This resource is renewable and can be used forever.
This resource can be recycled to provide parts only once.
This resource contains parts that can be reused forever.
Answers
This resource can be recycled to provide parts only once.
Answer:
This resource is renewable and can be used forever.
Explanation:
A power cycle receives QH by heat transfer from a hot reservoir at TH = 1200 K and rejects energy QC by heat transfer to a cold reservoir at TC = 400 K. For each of the following cases, determine whether the cycle operates reversibly, operates irreversibly, or is impossible.
a.QH = 900 kJ, Wcycle= 450 kJ
b. QH = 900 kJ, Qc = 300 kJ
c. Weycle = 600 kJ, Qc= 400 kJ
d. η = 75%
Answers
Answer:
a) Irreversible, b) Reversible, c) Irreversible, d) Impossible.
Explanation:
Maximum theoretical efficiency for a power cycle (\(\eta_{r}\)), no unit, is modelled after the Carnot Cycle, which represents a reversible thermodynamic process:
\(\eta_{r} = \left(1-\frac{T_{C}}{T_{H}} \right)\times 100\,\%\) (1)
Where:
\(T_{C}\) - Temperature of the cold reservoir, in Kelvin.
\(T_{H}\) - Temperature of the hot reservoir, in Kelvin.
The maximum theoretical efficiency associated with this power cycle is: (\(T_{C} = 400\,K\), \(T_{H} = 1200\,K\))
\(\eta_{r} = \left(1-\frac{400\,K}{1200\,K} \right)\times 100\,\%\)
\(\eta_{r} = 66.667\,\%\)
In exchange, real efficiency for a power cycle (\(\eta\)), no unit, is defined by this expression:
\(\eta = \left(1-\frac{Q_{C}}{Q_{H}}\right) \times 100\,\% = \left(\frac{W_{C}}{Q_{H}} \right)\times 100\,\% = \left(\frac{W_{C}}{Q_{C} + W_{C}} \right)\times 100\,\%\) (2)
Where:
\(Q_{C}\) - Heat released to cold reservoir, in kilojoules.
\(Q_{H}\) - Heat gained from hot reservoir, in kilojoules.
\(W_{C}\) - Power generated within power cycle, in kilojoules.
A power cycle operates irreversibly for \(\eta < \eta_{r}\), reversibily for \(\eta = \eta_{r}\) and it is impossible for \(\eta > \eta_{r}\).
Now we proceed to solve for each case:
a) \(Q_{H} = 900\,kJ\), \(W_{C} = 450\,kJ\)
\(\eta = \left(\frac{450\,kJ}{900\,kJ} \right)\times 100\,\%\)
\(\eta = 50\,\%\)
Since \(\eta < \eta_{r}\), the power cycle operates irreversibly.
b) \(Q_{H} = 900\,kJ\), \(Q_{C} = 300\,kJ\)
\(\eta = \left(1-\frac{300\,kJ}{900\,kJ} \right)\times 100\,\%\)
\(\eta = 66.667\,\%\)
Since \(\eta = \eta_{r}\), the power cycle operates reversibly.
c) \(W_{C} = 600\,kJ\), \(Q_{C} = 400\,kJ\)
\(\eta = \left(\frac{600\,kJ}{600\,kJ + 400\,kJ} \right)\times 100\,\%\)
\(\eta = 60\,\%\)
Since \(\eta < \eta_{r}\), the power cycle operates irreversibly.
d) Since \(\eta > \eta_{r}\), the power cycle is impossible.
by how many microseconds is the load voltage out of phase with the source voltage? express your answer in microseconds to three significant figures. view available hint(s)
Answers
The voltage function v ( t ) is initially expressed in terms of sine, while the current function I ( t ) is initially expressed.
Phase shift is the term used to describe the different positions of two sinusoidal waveforms at a specific time moment. By determining the relationship between the current and voltage waveforms of the specific circuit, the phase shift is utilized to assess the functions of the circuit.
One millionth of a second is equal to one microsecond in the International function of Units. When Unicode is unavailable, we may be given a reduced version of its symbol, which is s. One thousandth of a millisecond, or 1000 nanoseconds, is a microsecond.
A microsecond is one millionth (10 -6) of a second (us or Greek letter mu plus s). As a point of reference, a millisecond (ms or msec) is one thousandth of a second and is frequently used to gauge how quickly data is read from or written to a hard drive, a CD-ROM player, or transferred over the Internet.
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