Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 480 C, and the condenser pressure is 6 kPa. The turbine and pump have isentropic efficiencies of 80 and 70%, respectively. Determine for the cycle (a) the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, in kJ per kg of steam flowing.
Answers
The heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator is 2619.34 kJ/kg.
How does the Rankine cycle work?In the Rankine cycle, water serves as the working fluid. The superheated vapor enters the turbine at a pressure of 10 MPa and a temperature of 480°C. The condenser pressure is 6 kPa. To determine the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator, we need to analyze the cycle's performance.
The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is given as 80%, which means that only 80% of the ideal or maximum possible work output is achieved. Similarly, the pump has an isentropic efficiency of 70%, indicating that it requires more work input than the ideal case.
To calculate the heat transfer in the steam generator, we need to consider the energy balance in the cycle. The heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator is equal to the difference between the enthalpy at the turbine inlet and the enthalpy at the pump outlet.
By utilizing steam tables or appropriate software, we can determine the specific enthalpy values corresponding to the given conditions. After calculating these values, we find that the heat transfer to the working fluid passing through the steam generator is 2619.34 kJ/kg.
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Related Questions
1. Plot the normal and shear components of stress on the fictitious element relative to (1) Cartesian coordinator system, (2) a cylindrical coordinator system, and (3) a spherical coordinate system. Note: Your drawing should be by hand and in a 3D manner. Write the stress notation in matrix form for three coordinator systems. Explain the biological motivations for using the above three coordinator systems.
Answers
Answer:
d
Explanation:
Select the correct answer. Which statement best describes a hydrogen fuel cell? A This device uses bioethanol as an additive to power an automobile. B. O C. This device uses photovoltaic cells to capture solar energy and generate electrical energy from it. This device uses fossil fuels to generate heat energy that machines can then convert into mechanical energy. This device converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. O D. E. This device converts the kinetic energy of an electric turbine into electricity based on Faraday's law.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The correct answer is "D. This device converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent."
A talks about bio-ethanol fuel.
B is solar.
C is fossil.
E is electricity generation.
Answer:
Explanation:
ans is:
This device converts the chemical energy of hydrogen into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. O D
A cylindrical specimen of steel has an original diameter of 12.8 mm. It is tested in tension its engineering fracture strength is found to be 460 MPa. If the cross-sectional diameter at fracture is 10.7 mm, determine (max. pts. 8): a. The ductility in terms of percent reduction in area b. The true stress at fracture
Answers
Answer:
a) The ductility = -30.12%
the negative sign means reduction
Therefore, there is 30.12% reduction
b) the true stress at fracture is 658.26 Mpa
Explanation:
Given that;
Original diameter \(d_{o}\) = 12.8 mm
Final diameter \(d_{f}\) = 10.7
Engineering stress \(\alpha _{E}\) = 460 Mpa
a) determine The ductility in terms of percent reduction in area;
Ai = π/4(\(d_{o}\) )² ; Ag = π/4(\(d_{f}\) )²
% = π/4 [ ( (\(d_{f}\) )² - (\(d_{o}\) )²) / ( π/4 (\(d_{o}\) )²) ]
= ( (\(d_{f}\) )² - (\(d_{o}\) )²) / (\(d_{o}\) )² × 100
we substitute
= [( (10.7)² - (12.8)²) / (12.8)² ] × 100
= [(114.49 - 163.84) / 163.84 ] × 100
= - 0.3012 × 100
= -30.12%
the negative sign means reduction
Therefore, there is 30.12% reduction
b) The true stress at fracture;
True stress \(\alpha _{T}\) = \(\alpha _{E}\) ( 1 + \(E_{E}\) )
\(E_{E}\) is engineering strain
\(E_{E}\) = dL / Lo
= (do² - df²) / df² = (12.8² - 10.7²) / 10.7² = (163.84 - 114.49) / 114.49
= 49.35 / 114.49
\(E_{E}\) = 0.431
so we substitute the value of \(E_{E}\) into our initial equation;
True stress \(\alpha _{T}\) = 460 ( 1 + 0.431)
True stress \(\alpha _{T}\) = 460 (1.431)
True stress \(\alpha _{T}\) = 658.26 Mpa
Therefore, the true stress at fracture is 658.26 Mpa
I need a detailed solution for the multi part question
Answers
Answer:
z=X=c+J=A
Explanation:
Consider the following incomplete pseudocode method, which is intended to implement binary search on an integer array a sorted in increasing order. int binarySearch ( int[] a, int v, int first, int last ) int mid + 0 while (first < last ) mid ( first + last) / 2 // integer division if ( v == a (mid] ) return mid else if (v C) mid mid - 1 D) mid mid E) mid mid + 1
Answers
The binary Search method implements binary search on a sorted integer array a. It takes parameters v (the value to search for), first (the starting index), and last (the ending index). It returns the index of the found element if present, or -1 if not found.
In the provided pseudocode, there are a few issues. Firstly, mid + 0 should be mid = 0 to initialize the mid variable. Then, the condition first < last ensures the search continues as long as there are elements between the first and last indices. The line mid = (first + last) / 2 calculates the middle index using integer division. The following if conditions compare the v value with a[mid]. If they are equal, mid is returned. Otherwise, depending on the comparison result, the first or last indices are adjusted to narrow down the search range.
To correct the code, change mid + 0 to mid = 0, and adjust the comparisons as follows:
if (v == a[mid]) (no change needed)
else if (v < a[mid]) (replace C with <)
else if (v > a[mid]) (replace D with >)
These adjustments will fix the pseudocode and make the binary search method work correctly.
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as the angle of the ramp is increased the force parallel increases /decreases / remains the same
Answers
As the angle of the ramp is increased, the force parallel increases. Hence, option (a) can be considered as the correct answer.
When the angle of a ramp is increased, the force parallel to the ramp, also known as the parallel component of the gravitational force, does increase. This is because the component of gravity acting parallel to the ramp increases with the angle. However, it's important to note that the total gravitational force acting on an object remains constant regardless of the angle of the ramp.As the angle of the ramp increases, the force required to push or pull an object up the ramp against gravity increases. This is due to the increase in the vertical component of the gravitational force, which opposes the motion up the ramp. The parallel force required to overcome this increased vertical force also increases.
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An electrical engineer at GRIDCO is given two separate toolboxes to keep his working tools. The first toolbox has 4 white fuses and 3 black fuses and the second toolbox has 3 white fuses and 5 black fuses. Suppose the engineer select a fuse from the first toolbox and placed unseen in the second toolbox. What is the probability that: (a) the fuse drawn from the second toolbox is black? (B) the fuse drawn from the second toolbox is white? (8) ane is white?
Answers
(a) The probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox is 4/7.
(b) The probability of drawing a white fuse from the second toolbox is 3/7.
(c) The probability that one fuse is white is 27/49.
To calculate the probabilities, we need to consider the number of white and black fuses in each toolbox.
First, let's determine the total number of fuses in each toolbox:
First Toolbox:
Total fuses = 4 white fuses + 3 black fuses = 7 fuses
Second Toolbox:
Total fuses = 3 white fuses + 5 black fuses = 8 fuses
(a) The probability that the fuse drawn from the second toolbox is black:
The probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox depends on the fuse selected from the first toolbox. There are two scenarios to consider:
Scenario 1: The fuse selected from the first toolbox is black.
In this case, the second toolbox will have 3 black fuses remaining out of the total 7 fuses.
Probability = (Number of black fuses in the second toolbox)/(Total number of fuses in the second toolbox)
Probability = 3/7
Scenario 2: The fuse selected from the first toolbox is white.
In this case, the second toolbox will have 5 black fuses out of the total 7 fuses.
Probability = (Number of black fuses in the second toolbox)/(Total number of fuses in the second toolbox)
Probability = 5/7
To calculate the overall probability, we need to consider the probability of each scenario and weigh it by the probability of selecting a fuse of that color from the first toolbox. Since the fuse from the first toolbox has an equal chance of being white or black, we need to take an average of the probabilities in both scenarios.
Probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox = (Probability of scenario 1 + Probability of scenario 2)/2
Probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox = (3/7 + 5/7)/2
Probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox = 8/14
Probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox = 4/7
Therefore, the probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox is 4/7.
(b) The probability that the fuse drawn from the second toolbox is white:
Similarly, we can calculate the probability of drawing a white fuse from the second toolbox. It will be the complement of the probability of drawing a black fuse.
Probability of drawing a white fuse from the second toolbox = 1 - Probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox
Probability of drawing a white fuse from the second toolbox = 1 - 4/7
Probability of drawing a white fuse from the second toolbox = 3/7
Therefore, the probability of drawing a white fuse from the second toolbox is 3/7.
(c) The probability that one is white:
To calculate the probability that one fuse is white, we need to consider both scenarios: either the fuse drawn from the first toolbox is white and the fuse drawn from the second toolbox is black, or the fuse drawn from the first toolbox is black and the fuse drawn from the second toolbox is white.
Scenario 1: Fuse drawn from the first toolbox is white, and the second toolbox has a black fuse:
Probability = (Probability of drawing a white fuse from the first toolbox) * (Probability of drawing a black fuse from the second toolbox)
Probability = (3/7) * (5/7)
Scenario 2: Fuse drawn from the first toolbox is black, and the second toolbox has a white fuse:
Probability = (Probability of drawing a black fuse from the first toolbox) * (Probability of drawing a white fuse from the second toolbox)
Probability = (4/7) * (3/7)
To calculate the overall probability, we need to sum up the probabilities of both scenarios:
Probability that one fuse is white = Probability
of scenario 1 + Probability of scenario 2
Probability that one fuse is white = (3/7) * (5/7) + (4/7) * (3/7)
Probability that one fuse is white = 15/49 + 12/49
Probability that one fuse is white = 27/49
Therefore, the probability that one fuse is white is 27/49.
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RL low pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 4 kHz is needed. Using R=10 kOhm, Compute (a) L (b) a) at 25 kHz and (c) a) at 25 kHz -80.5° O a. 0.25 H, 0.158 and Ob. 0.20 H, 0.158 and -80.5° O c. 5.25 H, 0.158 and -80.5⁰ O d. 2.25 H, 1.158 and Z-80.5⁰
Answers
For an RL low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 4 kHz and R = 10 kΩ, the calculated values are: Inductor (L): 0.25 H, Impedance (Z) at 25 kHz: 0.158 kΩ, Phase angle (φ) at 25 kHz: -80.5°
The correct answer is L = 0.25 H, 0.158 kΩ, and <-80.5°
A low-pass filter is a circuit that eliminates or reduces high-frequency signals while allowing low-frequency signals to pass through unaffected. A low-pass filter is made up of a resistor and an inductor.
To calculate the filter, the formulae L = R/ωC can be used where L is the inductance of the inductor, R is the resistance of the resistor, and ωC is the angular frequency. The formula for calculating the cutoff frequency of a low pass filter is given as;fc= 1/2πRC.
Let's solve for (a) L: fc = 4 kHz = 4000Hz; R = 10 kΩ = 10,000 Ω.
Therefore;fc = 1/2πRL;
L = 1/2πRfc
Using the above equation, let's calculate the value of L:
L = 1/2 × 3.14 × 4,000 × 10,000 = 0.25 H
To calculate the (b) and (c) parts of the question, we need to use the formulas below:
For (b): The magnitude is given as; |Z| = √(R² + ω²L²)
For (c): The phase angle is given as; φ = -tan⁻¹(ωL/R)
The value of |Z| at 25 kHz: |Z| = √(R² + ω²L²);
At 25 kHz, ω = 2πf = 2π × 25,000 = 157,080;
R = 10 kΩ = 10,000 Ω;
L = 0.25 H
|Z| = √(10000² + (157080² × 0.25²));
|Z| = 28762.77 Ω.
The value of φ at 25 kHz: φ = -tan⁻¹(ωL/R);
φ = -tan⁻¹(157080 × 0.25/10000);
φ = -80.54°;
Rounding off to one decimal place gives us φ = <-80.5°.
Therefore, the solution to the question is:L = 0.25 H, 0.158 and <-80.5° O.
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In Marie, which register is used to hold the memory address of the data being referenced? a) AC b) MBR c) MAR d) IR
Answers
The correct answer to the question is option c) MAR.
The register used to hold the memory address of the data being referenced in Marie is the Memory Address Register (MAR). The MAR is responsible for storing the memory address of the data that needs to be accessed. Whenever a CPU needs to read or write data from or to memory, it sends the address of that memory location to the MAR, which in turn sends it to the memory module. Once the memory module receives the address from the MAR, it uses that address to access the required memory location. Therefore, the MAR plays a crucial role in enabling communication between the CPU and the memory module. So, the correct answer to the question is option c) MAR.
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Assignment V: Discussion Forum-Take-Aways 33 unread replies.33 replies. During the semester, we have studied a wide range of topics related to behavior in organizations. Each module in the course began with a survey that examined your assumptions regarding its associated domain area. Material for that module either confirmed or challenged your assumptions. For this discussion forum (which is graded), choose one course module where your assumptions were confirmed and one where your assumptions were challenged. For the module where your assumptions were confirmed: Explain how and why they were confirmed and list three specific ways in which your knowledge of organizations was enhanced--that is, three take-aways For the module where your assumptions were challenged: explain how and why they were challenged and list three specific ways in which your knowledge of organizations was enhanced--that is, three take-aways"leadership"
Answers
Jdjjfkf
please help i have no xlue
Answers
Here a quote from Britannica to support this answer:
“Earthquakes generate two main types of seismic, or shock, waves: body waves and surface waves. “
Design a driver circuit that should drive a a seven segment to display octal numbers
[0 up to 7]. Your work should include the following steps
1) An appropriate title
2) The truth Table
3) Simplified expressions for the appropriate circuit
4) Logical circuit for the driver.
![Design a driver circuit that should drive a a seven segment to display octal numbers[0 up to 7]. Your](https://i5t5.c14.e2-1.dev/h-images-qa/contents/attachments/NYdVE8g5vDqIvxxsxf5vKx89Mdl8vgiH.jpeg)
Answers
Answer:
point hehe sorry sorry
Explanation:
I don't know
four working ladies a,b c,d are sitting around a table
1) a sits opposite to cook
2.b sits on the right side of the beautician
3.teacher is on the left side of an accountant
4.d sits opposite to c
5.c is to the right of the accountant
Answers
Answer:
A accountant
D teacher
B cook
C beautician
Explanation:
C is on the right of the accountant, so D (opposite C) is the teacher. The accountant is to the right of the teacher, so cannot be B, and must be A. Then B (opposite A) is the cook, and C (left of B) is the beautician.
__
Clockwise from A:
A accountant
D teacher
B cook
C beautician
according to research, which practice is essential for building an enduring mental model of a text?
Answers
According to research, active reading is considered essential for building an enduring mental model of a text.
Active reading involves engaging with the text in a thoughtful and deliberate manner, going beyond simply passively reading the words on the page. It involves strategies such as:
Previewing: Skimming through the text to get a sense of its structure, headings, and key ideas before reading it in detail. This helps in creating an initial mental framework for understanding the text.
Questioning: Asking questions about the content of the text while reading. This helps to actively seek answers, make connections, and deepen comprehension.
Summarizing: Summarizing the main points or key ideas of the text in one's own words. This process reinforces understanding and helps consolidate the mental model of the text.
Visualizing: Creating mental images or visual representations of the concepts, events, or ideas described in the text. This aids in forming a vivid and coherent mental model.
Making connections: Relating the information in the text to prior knowledge or experiences. This helps to integrate new information into existing mental frameworks and enhance understanding.
Reflecting: Pausing periodically to reflect on the content, evaluating its significance, and considering personal thoughts or opinions about the text.
These active reading practices promote deeper engagement with the text, enhance comprehension, and facilitate the building of an enduring mental model. By actively interacting with the text and employing these strategies, readers can better understand, remember, and make meaningful connections with the information presented.
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After a structure collapses and comes to rest it is still in danger of a secondary collapse. In order to monitor for a secondary collapse, rescuers can use the following tools:
Answers
After a structure collapses and comes to rest, rescuers need to be aware of the potential risk of a secondary collapse, which can cause further injuries or fatalities. To monitor for a secondary collapse, rescuers can use various tools and techniques, such as:
Acoustic sensors - to detect any sounds or vibrations that may indicate movement or instability in the structure.Visual inspections - to look for any visible signs of movement, cracks, or bulges in the structure.Thermal imaging cameras - to detect any changes in temperature that may indicate structural instability.Ground-penetrating radar - to detect any voids or weaknesses in the ground beneath the structure.Structural engineering expertise - to assess the stability of the structure and provide guidance on safe rescue operations.By using these tools and techniques, rescuers can minimize the risk of a secondary collapse and carry out their rescue operations in a safer and more efficient manner.
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Give me source code of Simple openGL project. ( without 3D or Animation) simple just.
Answers
Answer:
Use GitHub or stackoverflow for this answer
Explanation:
It helps with programming a lot
Is a 10 foot ladder long enough to safely reach a landing that is 9 feet above the adjacent floor
Answers
Answer:
Definitely not
Explanation:
You should have 1-2 feet of extra ladder on a flat surface so 1 foot on an adjacent floor is a no no
In which model of the system, the change in order is generated depending on the system activities. *
Static Model
Dynamic Model
Analytical Model
Numerical Model
Answers
Answer:
Static Model
Explanation:
show that complex fourier series coefficients can be expressed as for each of the followig two periodic signals write the fourier series
Answers
Apparently, some people claim that every signal may be described as a Fourier series, notably in electrical engineering and musical signal processing.
This prompted me to consider the mathematical justification for such an argument.
However, even after reading through various materials on the Fourier series (which I have little background in but understand the notion of), I was unable to locate a mathematical justification for the claim that every function can be represented by a Fourier series. The need for the function to be periodic was alluded to.
Most functions cannot be expressed as Fourier series, as may be seen by a simple counting argument. A countable family of Fourier coefficients serves as the basis for a Fourier series, and as a result, the set of such series has cardinality c0, as opposed to the set of real valued functions defined on some interval, which has cardinality cc.
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Imagine the arc of a football as it flies through the air. How does this motion illustrate classical mechanics?
A.
It is a continuous event.
B.
It may be affected by the wind.
C.
It is subject to chaos theory.
D.
It is a discontinuous event.
Answers
Answer: Maybe A
Explanation:
A is the correct answer
hope it helps u
branliest?
What can be used as a tracing powder when checking for small oil leaks
Answers
Answer:
Talcum powder!
Explanation:
How to find the source of an oil leak:
This method simply involves using Talcum Powder as a visual aid to help pinpoint the location of an oil leak,
so you use Talcum powder for small oil leak :]
Have a wonderful day!
the output voltage of an op amp is 4 v when the noninverting input is 1 mv. if the open-loop gain of the op amp is 2 106 , what is the inverting input?
Answers
To calculate the inverting input when the output voltage of an op-amp is 4V when the non-inverting input is 1mV and the open-loop gain of the op-amp is 2 x 10⁶, we will use the formula:
Vo= Av (V1 - V2)
Where:
Vo = output voltageAv = open-loop gainV1 = non-inverting inputV2 = inverting inputLet's put the given values in the above formula:
4 V = (2 x 10⁶) (1 x 10⁻³ - V2)Now, let's solve for V2:
4 V = (2 x 10⁶) (1 x 10⁻³ - V2)4 / (2 x 10⁶) = 1 x 10⁻³ - V21 x 10⁻⁶ = 1 x 10⁻³ - V2V2 = 1 x 10⁻³ - 1 x 10⁻⁶V2 = 0.999 mVTherefore, the inverting input is 0.999 mV.
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what was the first roblox player A.bob B.roblox C.builderman
Answers
Answer:
actually, it was John Doe and Jane Doe, as they were created as testers on the exact same say when Roblox was created.
Explanation:
The first player was builderman. Option C
Who was the first player?The first player was one whose user handle was builderman.
However, the account was terminated. It was replaced with
‘Builderman’ is the account that belonged to the CEO and Co-Founder of , David Baszucki. He manages all of the admins.
When you make a new account, he's automatically your friend.
Note that ‘John Doe’ and ‘Jane Doe’ were two test accounts that were created by David.
The accounts were later rumored to hack others’
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30 points and brainiest if correct please help A, B, C, D
Which of the following describes the purpose of the button on the housing of a tape measure?
A. to measure right angles
B. to lock the tape into place
C. to hold a measuring pencil
D. to help wind the tape by hand
Answers
Answer:
B. to lock the tape into place
Explanation:
the button on the front of the housing locks the tape into place when pressed, preventing the tape from being pulled out further it retracting
pls help me right now!
Answers
9514 1404 393
Answer:
A. 15 cm²
B. 15 cm²
Explanation:
A. Original FormulaThe diagram shows the values of a, b, h. Put these in the original formula to find the area.
A = 0.5(a+b)h
A = 0.5(3 +7 cm)(3 cm) = 0.5(10 cm)(3 cm) = 15 cm²
__
B. Splitting MethodThe base of each triangle is half the difference between the two base lengths.
triangle base = (7 -3)/2 = 2 . . . cm
The area of a triangle is given by the formula ...
A = 0.5bh
A = 0.5(2 cm)(3 cm) = 3 cm²
The area of the central rectangle is given by ...
A = bh
A = (3 cm)(3 cm) = 9 cm²
Then the area of the trapezium is ...
A(triangle) +A(triangle) +A(rectangle) = A(trapezium)
(3 cm²) +(3 cm²) +(9 cm²) = A(trapezium) = 15 cm²
Calculate the discrete settling velocity of a grit particle with a radius of 0.05mm and specific gravity of 2.65 at water temperature 20degrees(v=1.004×10^-6m2/s)
Answers
The correct answer is To calculate the discrete settling velocity of a grit particle, we can use the following formula:
\(V_s = (2/9) * (ρ_p - ρ_f) * g * r^2 / η\)
V_s = discrete settling velocity
ρ_p = density of particle
ρ_f = density of fluid
g = acceleration due to gravity
r = radius of particle
η = dynamic viscosity of fluid Given that the radius of the grit particle is 0.05mm and its specific gravity is 2.65, we can calculate its density as:
ρ_p = specific gravity * ρ_water
\(= 2.65 * 1000 kg/m^3= 2650 kg/m^3\)
At a water temperature of 20°C, the dynamic viscosity of water is\(1.004 × 10^-6 m^2/s,\)which we are given.
The density of water at 20°C is approximately \(1000 kg/m^3,\) and the acceleration due to gravity is\(9.81 m/s^2.\)
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
\(V_s = (2/9) * (2650 - 1000) * 9.81 * (0.05 × 10^-3)^2 / (1.004 × 10^-6)= 0.086 m/s\)(rounded to three decimal places)
Therefore, the discrete settling velocity of the grit particle is approximately 0.086 m/s.
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Social Engineering as Art and Science The logic behind social engineering is simple - it can be easy to get all the information and access that one needs from any person as long as you know how to trick a person into giving you the data you need with the least resistance possible. By being able to pull off a social engineering trick, you will be able to get your hands on to a device, account, or application that you need to access in order to perform bigger hacks or hijack an identity altogether. That means that if you are capable of pulling of a social engineering tactic before attempting to go through all other hijacking tactics up your sleeve, you do not need to make additional effort to penetrate a system. To put this entire concept into simpler terms, social engineering is a form of hacking that deals with manipulation of victims through social interaction, instead of having to break right away into a computer system. What makes social engineering difficult is that it is largely based on being able to secure trust, which is only possible by getting someone's trust. For this reason, the most successful hackers are capable of reading possible responses from a person whenever they are triggered to perform any action in relation to their security system. Once you are able to make the right predictions, you will be able to get passwords and other valuable computer assets without having to use too many tools.
Answers
Social engineering is considered as both an art and a science. It is a form of hacking that involves the manipulation of victims through social interaction instead of directly breaking into a computer system.
The logic behind social engineering is simple, if one knows how to trick a person into giving out the data they need, they can easily access all the information and access they need with the least resistance possible. This makes social engineering a crucial part of hacking since it allows hackers to gain access to devices, accounts, or applications without making any additional effort.
By using social engineering tactics, a hacker can access a system without having to go through all the other hijacking tactics up their sleeve.The most challenging part of social engineering is securing trust, which is only possible by getting someone's trust. Hackers use various tactics to predict possible responses from a person whenever they are triggered to perform any action in relation to their security system.
The ability to read possible responses from a person is a significant skill for hackers since it enables them to predict passwords and other valuable computer assets without having to use too many tools. Successful hackers use social engineering as a powerful tool to penetrate a system.
In conclusion, social engineering is an essential component of hacking, and a significant part of its success lies in the art of manipulation.
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The boost converter of Fig. 6-8 has parameter Vs 20 V, D 0.6, R 12.5 , L 10 H, C 40 F, and the switching frequency is 200 kHz. (a) Determine the output voltage. (b) Determine the average, maximum, and minimum inductor currents. (c) Determine the output voltage ripple. (d) Determine the average current in the diode. Assume ideal components.
Answers
Answer:
a) the output voltage is 50 V
b)
- the average inductor current is 10 A
- the maximum inductor current is 13 A
- the maximum inductor current is 7 A
c) the output voltage ripple is 0.006 or 0.6%V₀
d) the average current in the diode under ideal components is 4 A
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
a) the output voltage
V₀ = V\(_s\)/( 1 - D )
given that; V\(_s\) = 20 V, D = 0.6
we substitute
V₀ = 20 / ( 1 - 0.6 )
V₀ = 20 / 0.4
V₀ = 50 V
Therefore, the output voltage is 50 V
b)
- the average inductor current
\(I_L\) = V\(_s\) / ( 1 - D )²R
given that R = 12.5 Ω, V\(_s\) = 20 V, D = 0.6
we substitute
\(I_L\) = 20 / (( 1 - 0.6 )² × 12.5)
\(I_L\) = 20 / (( 0.4)² × 12.5)
\(I_L\) = 20 / ( 0.16 × 12.5 )
\(I_L\) = 20 / 2
\(I_L\) = 10 A
Therefore, the average inductor current is 10 A
- the maximum inductor current
\(I_{Lmax\) = [V\(_s\) / ( 1 - D )²R] + [ V
given that, R = 12.5 Ω, V\(_s\) = 20 V, D = 0.6, L = 10 μH, T = 1/200 kHz = 5 hz
we substitute
\(I_{Lmax\) = [20 / (( 1 - 0.6 )² × 12.5)] + [ (20 × 0.6 × 5) / (2 × 10) ]
\(I_{Lmax\) = [20 / 2 ] + [ 60 / 20 ]
\(I_{Lmax\) = 10 + 3
\(I_{Lmax\) = 13 A
Therefore, the maximum inductor current is 13 A
- The minimum inductor current
\(I_{Lmax\) = [V\(_s\) / ( 1 - D )²R] - [ V
given that, R = 12.5 Ω, V\(_s\) = 20 V, D = 0.6, L = 10 μH, T = 1/200 kHz = 5 hz
we substitute
\(I_{Lmin\) = [20 / (( 1 - 0.6 )² × 12.5)] - [ (20 × 0.6 × 5) / (2 × 10) ]
\(I_{Lmin\) = [20 / 2 ] -[ 60 / 20 ]
\(I_{Lmin\) = 10 - 3
\(I_{Lmin\) = 7 A
Therefore, the maximum inductor current is 7 A
c) the output voltage ripple
ΔV₀/V₀ = D/RCf
given that; R = 12.5 Ω, C = 40 μF = 40 × 10⁻⁶ F, D = 0.6, f = 200 Khz = 2 × 10⁵ Hz
we substitute
ΔV₀/V₀ = 0.6 / (12.5 × (40 × 10⁻⁶) × (2 × 10⁵) )
ΔV₀/V₀ = 0.6 / 100
ΔV₀/V₀ = 0.006 or 0.6%V₀
Therefore, the output voltage ripple is 0.006 or 0.6%V₀
d) the average current in the diode under ideal components;
under ideal components; diode current = output current
hence the diode current will be;
\(I_D\) = V₀/R
as V₀ = 50 V and R = 12.5 Ω
we substitute
\(I_D\) = 50 / 12.5
\(I_D\) = 4 A
Therefore, the average current in the diode under ideal components is 4 A
A certain practical dc voltage source can provide a current of 5 A when it is (momentarily) short- circuited, and can provide of 35 W to a 20 Ω
load. Find
(a) The open-circuit voltage
(b) The maximum power it could deliver to a well-chosen RL
(c) What is the value of that RL
?
Answers
(a) The open-circuit voltage is 25 V.
(b) The maximum power it could deliver to a well-chosen RL is 28.75 W.
(c) The value of that RL is 7.5 Ω.
Calculation of Voltage, Power and Resistance(a) The open-circuit voltage is calculated using Ohm's Law:
V = I × R
V = 5 A × 0 Ω (since the source is momentarily short-circuited)
V = 25 V
(b) The maximum power it could deliver to a well-chosen RL is calculated using the equation:
P = V2/R
P = (25 V)2/R
P = 625/R
R = 625/P (where P is the power delivered to the load, i.e. 35 W)
R = 17.86 Ω
(c) The value of that RL is calculated using the equation:
R = V2/P
R = (25 V)2/35 W
R = 7.5 Ω
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testing breeds confidence in your product. in one sentence, suggest a way that a poor test plan could cause you to have confidence in your product when you really shouldn’t.
Answers
A poor test plan could falsely instill confidence in a product by overlooking critical flaws or inadequately assessing its performance, leading to an unwarranted belief in its reliability.