vampire bats need to eat often, and their only food is blood. when one bat is unsuccessful at gaining a meal, it returns to a communal roost where another bat is likely to give it a small amount of food. work by carter and wilkinson (2015) suggests that this arrangement meets the conditions needed for love the prisoner's dilemma kin selection reciprocity
Answers
Carter and Wilkinson (2015) suggests that this arrangement meets the conditions needed for __reciprocity____.
What is reciprocity ?
One of the fundamental principles of social psychology is the reciprocity principle, which states that we frequently give to others what we have got in return. In other words, you're likely to repay John for whatever favors he extends to you.
In a famous example of reciprocity, vampire bats feed their famished roost mates with their blood. It has since been discovered that they only share food after developing grooming relationships.
Furthermore, reciprocal food sharing happens between vampire bats who are related and those who are not, and it might be advantageous to fitness both directly and indirectly.
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Related Questions
Select the correct statement about current hypotheses for the cause of the Cambrian explosion.
A.Oxygen levels reached a critical threshold at the start of the Cambrian explosion, making the evolution of big, mobile animals possible.
B. With the evolution of algae, oxygen was produced by oxygenic photosynthesis for the first time in the history of life on Earth.
C. Key developmental toolkit genes arose early in the Cambrian, leading to the Cambrian explosion of animal phyla.
D. There are no plausible hypotheses accounting for the rapid adaptive radiation known as the Cambrian explosion.
Answers
Answer:
A. Oxygen levels reached a critical threshold at the start of the Cambrian explosion, making the evolution of big, mobile animals possible.
Explanation:
The Cambrian explosion was an event that happened approximately 541 million years ago and it lasted for about 13 – 25 million years.
The current hypothesis for the cause of the Cambrian explosion is that oxygen levels reached a critical threshold at the start of the Cambrian explosion, making the evolution of big, mobile animals possible.
Option A. is correct.
The statement 'oxygen levels reached a critical threshold at the start of the Cambrian explosion, making the evolution of big, mobile animals possible' is TRUE (Option A).
The Cambrian explosion refers to the extraordinary and sudden emergence of different life forms during the Cambrian period approximately 540 million years ago.During this period, the emergence of photosynthetic organisms contributed to the change in the composition of the atmosphere.The Cambrian explosion contributed to the appearance of many major phyla in different groups of animals.In conclusion, the statement 'oxygen levels reached a critical threshold at the start of the Cambrian explosion, making the evolution of big, mobile animals possible' is TRUE (Option A).
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What is the general structure and function of epithelial tissue?
Answers
Answer:
Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
What is the flexibility of spider silk determined by the structure of its molecules
Answers
The flexibility of spider silk determined by the structure of its molecules is quite strong.
The components that make up spider silk are what give it its flexibility. Proteins called fibroins, which are made up of amino acids organised in a certain sequence, make up spider silk. The arrangement of amino acids in fibroin proteins results in a helical structure, which is held together by hydrogen bonds between the amino acids.
The fibroin protein chain's exact arrangement of amino acids and hydrogen bonds produces a special blend of strength and flexibility. The silk is flexible enough to stretch and absorb energy without breaking and robust enough to resist significant stress. Spider silk is a fantastic material for many uses, including clothes, medical equipment, and even bulletproof vests, thanks to its unique mix of qualities.
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Phosphorous (P) and chlorine (Cl) bond covalently to form the important industrial compound phosphorous trichloride. The diagrams below show the electron structures of phosphorous and chlorine. On left, a purple circle labeled P surrounded by 3 concentric circles. The inner circle has 2 small green spheres. The second circle has 8 small green spheres. The third circle has 5 small green spheres. On right, a purple circle labeled C l surrounded by 3 concentric circles. The inner circle has 2 small green spheres. The middle circle has 8 small green spheres. The outer circle has 7 small green spheres. Which diagram shows how the covalent bonds most likely form in a phosphorous trichloride molecule? At center, P connected above by 2 lines to C l with 2 dots each on right, left, top. Also connected by 1 line at left to C l with 2 dots each above, below, left. Also connected by 1 line at right to C l with 2 dots each above, below, right. At center, P connected above by 2 lines to C l with 2 dots each on right, left, top. Also connected by 2 lines at left to C l with 2 dots each above, left. Also connected by 2 lines at right to C l with 2 dots each above, right. At center, P connected above by 1 line to C l with 2 dots each on right, left, top. Also connected by 1 line at left to C l with 2 dots each above, below, left. Also connected by 1 line at right to C l with 2 dots each above, below, right. P also has 2 dots below. At center, P connected above by 2 lines to C l with 2 dots each on right, left, top. Also connected by 1 line at left to C l with 2 dots each above, below. Also connected by 1 line at right to C l with 2 dots each above, below.
Answers
The chlorine atoms are all arranged around the phosphorus central atom in a trigonal pyramidal geometry.
What is the structure of a molecule?We know that a molecule is made up of atoms, the atoms that make up a molecule are arranged in a definite pattern. The pattern that these atoms are arranged along with the positioning of electron pairs around the central atom is what determines the shape of the molecule.
Now we know that the phosphorous trichloride molecule is composed of one atom of phosphorus and three atoms of chlorine which are all held by covalent bonds.
The chlorine atoms are all arranged around the phosphorus central atom in a trigonal pyramidal geometry. The small green spheres shows the electrons that surround the chlorine atom.
The correct structure of the phosphorous trichloride have been shown in the image attached to this answer.
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Which of the following is likely to cause widespread damage to an island after an earthquake?
1. hurricane
2. flood
3. tsunami
4. tornado
This is science BTW
Answers
Answer:
3. tsunami
Explanation:
earthquakes near the ocean can cause tsunamis
Answer:
tsunami
Explanation:
What would happen if our skeleton are made up of a single bone.
Group 3
Q. Which type of movement would have been possible if:
a. our elbow had a fixed joint
b. we were to have a ball and socket joint between our neck and head.
Q.2. Define the following:
a. Joints b. Ligaments C. Cartilages
Answers
Joints:-Joints are the areas where 1 or more bones meet.Most joints are mobile,allowing the bones to move.Joints consist of the following:Cartilage . This is a type of tissuethat covers the surface of a bone at a joint.Next Ligaments:-Ligaments are short bands of tough,flexible tissue,made up of lots of individual fires,which connect the bones of the body together.Ligaments can be found connecting most of the bones in the body.The function of a ligament is to provide a passive unit to amount of movement between your bones.
. Which of the following is NOT considered a climate zone:
A. Polar
B. Desert
C. Temperate
D. Tropical
Answers
Answer:
b. desert
Explanation:
it's supposed to be dry climates not desert
___________________ play(s) an important role in moving Earth's lithospheric plates.
Answers
Answer:
Convection currents
Explanation:
Convection currents are in the mantle and move the tectonic plates.
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which organ system transports substances around the body?; which organ system supports the body; which body system filters liquid waste from the blood?; which organ system takes in oxygen from the air; the nervous system is the control system of the body; system that uses hormones to control certain internal body functions; which organ transports substances around the body; organs from what systems are involved in vitamin d production
Answers
These organ systems allow our human body to maintain and care for itself each and every day. These 11 major organ systems of our human body are :
Integumentary system (skin, hair, nails).Skeletal (bones, joints).Muscular (cardiac, smooth, skeletal muscles)Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves).Endocrine (pineal gland, pituitary pland, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis).Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels). Lymphatic (red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes) Respiratory (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung).Digestive (oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus).Urinary (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra).Reproductive systems (prostate gland, scrotum, ductus deferens, mammary glands, ovary, uterus, fallopian tube).Learn about organ systems in the human body here: brainly.com/question/28005995
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Select the claim that best describes why light refracts when it enters a different medium
A
The light bends because it moves faster through some materials and slower through other materials.
B
The light refracts the same no matter the materials it passes through because light travels in a straight line.
С
The light refracts because the light is absorbed by all the materials.
D
None of the above
Answers
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Refraction is caused by a change in speed. Light travels slower through denser objects, and faster through less dense materials.
You obtain a sample of single-celled amoebas and put them into different
solutions. The hypotonic solution you place your amoebas into would have
more or fewer or the same amount of solutes as your amoeba?
Answers
Your amoeba would contain fewer solutes than the hypotonic solution you put it in. When the solute concentration in a hypotonic solution is lower than that of the cell, more water molecules outside the cell than inside it.
What is hypotonic solution with example?Hypotonic solutions are those with lower solute concentrations than the cell. Solutions are created by mixing a solute with a solvent. The solute is the component that is present in lower amounts, whereas the solvent is present in higher amounts. An illustration of a hypotonic solution is salt water.
Which fluid is hypotonic solution?The term "hypotonic saline" refers to an intravenous solution used by doctors that has a sodium content that is lower than what is typically seen in human serum.
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Which statement best describes the process of science?
A.Scientific ideas evolve or change over time.
B.Scientists generally discover new ideas without the help of others.
C.New ideas in science generally result from planned experiments.
D.Scientists are objective and free of prejudice.
Answers
New ideas in science generally result from planned experiments
What is science?The term science refers to the study of the universe. The study of science must be empirical in the sense that it involves the use for experiments. This is how accurate knowledge can be gotten in science. Science has to do with empirical data. In the field of science we work with the results that we get from rigorous experimentation in our quest to explain the occurrences that encompass the universe.
These experiments must be properly planned and executed accordingly in order to be meaningful for decision making.
Thus, the statement that describes the process of science is; "new ideas in science generally result from planned experiments."
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Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below and on your knowledge
of Earth science. The diagram represents the expansion of a portion of the universe from its
origin until the present. The timeline represents billions of years. Letter X indicates two
celestial objects.
Timeline (billion years ago)
Present T
5-
10-
Origin of
Universe
15-
1. Two pieces of evidence that support the theory that the universe is expanding are the
A) red shift of light from distant stars and the existence of nuclear fusion
B) red shift of light from distant stars and the existence of cosmic background
radiation
C) blue shift of light from distant stars and the existence of nuclear fusion
D) blue shift of light from distant stars and the existence of cosmic background
radiation
polestial objects labeled X are
Answers
The two pieces of evidence that support the theory of the expanding universe are the red shift of light from distant stars and the existence of cosmic background radiation.
The correct answer is option B.
1. Red shift of light from distant stars: The observation of redshift in the light coming from distant galaxies provides evidence for the expansion of the universe. Redshift occurs when the light waves from an object moving away from an observer are stretched, causing a shift towards longer wavelengths. This phenomenon is consistent with the Doppler effect, where the wavelength of light appears to stretch as the source moves away. The redshift of light from distant stars indicates that galaxies are moving away from us and from each other, supporting the idea that the universe is expanding.
2. Existence of cosmic background radiation: The discovery of cosmic background radiation further supports the theory of the expanding universe. Cosmic background radiation is a faint, uniform microwave radiation that permeates the entire universe. It is believed to be residual radiation from the Big Bang, the initial event that is thought to have initiated the expansion of the universe. The presence of cosmic background radiation provides strong evidence for the hot, dense early stages of the universe and its subsequent expansion.
Based on the information provided in the diagram, it is not possible to determine the identity or nature of the celestial objects labeled X. The diagram only represents the expansion of the universe over time and does not provide specific details about individual celestial objects.
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Local factors are important for regulating blood flow to tissue capillary beds. For example, in skeletal muscle tissue that is actively contracting, levels of oxygen start to decrease as the oxygen is utilized, and levels of carbon dioxide increase as it is produced during cellular respiration. Decreasing levels of oxygen in the tissue cause the smooth muscle forming sphincters in arterioles to relax.
Answers
Answer:
true
Explanation:
In smooth muscle contraction, the sphincters relax in the face of the drop in partial tissue pressure of oxygen, and the increase in protons or positively charged hydrogen molecules. In this way, when the sphincter relaxes, the easier and faster contraction of an autonomous and simultaneous nature is conducted.
which statement describes two organ system working together to make an aimal run away from danger
Answers
Answer:
The nervous system sends signals that cause the adrenal glands to release hormones. This statement describes two organ systems working together to make an animal run away from danger
How do adrenal glands and nervous system work together?
The pituitary and adrenal glands create hormones that govern growth, stress, sexual function, and chemical equilibrium in the body.
The hormones adrenaline and norepinephrine, which are responsible for human stress reactions, are produced by the adrenal glands.
Catecholamines are adrenal medulla hormones that also act as traditional neurotransmitters in the autonomic nervous system.
The adrenal medulla is neural tissue that has been changed, and its activity is controlled by a direct neural input.
As a result, the medulla works similarly to a sympathetic ganglion.
Explanation:
pls give brainliest
92ml 3.0 fl oz what is the ratio
Answers
The ratio between 92 mL and 3.0 fl oz is 46 : 44, or it can be further simplified to 23 : 22.
To find the ratio between 92 mL and 3.0 fl oz, we need to convert the units to a common measurement. Let's convert 3.0 fl oz to milliliters (mL).
1 fluid ounce (fl oz) is equal to approximately 29.5735 milliliters (mL).
Therefore, 3.0 fl oz is equal to 3.0 * 29.5735 = 88.72 mL (rounded to two decimal places).
Now we can express the ratio between 92 mL and 88.72 mL:
92 mL : 88.72 mL
Simplifying the ratio by dividing both sides by the greatest common divisor, we get:
46 : 44
So, the ratio between 92 mL and 3.0 fl oz is 46 : 44, or it can be further simplified to 23 : 22.
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What are the names of the 2 scientists who "almost" discovered the structure of DNA?
Answers
Answer:
The 3-dimensional double helix structure of DNA, correctly elucidated by James Watson and Francis Crick
Explanation:
SC.6.L. 14.212. The Cell Theory applies to all organisms including the five shown below.Drawings of the Organisms-EaglesWhich of the following statements describes how these organisms are an example of thecell theory?A The organisms have cells that lack a nucleus.B. The organisms are made of one or more cells.C. The cells of the organisms undergo photosynthesis,D. The cells of the organisms are identical to each other.
Answers
The correct option is B. The organisms are made of one or more cells.
Fats, sugars, and proteins are important food molecules. Which statement about these types of molecules is true?
Answers
The statement "There are all macronutrients" is true about these types of molecules
What are macronutrients?Macronutrients, essential components required by the body in substantial quantities, furnish energy, foster tissue growth and mending, and govern physiological processes. The trio of primary macronutrients encompasses carbohydrates, protein, and fat.
The precise magnitude of macronutrient requisites relies on factors such as age, gender, physical exertion, and overall well-being of an individual.
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Complete question:
Fats, sugars, and proteins are important food molecules. Which statement about these types of molecules is true?
a. There are all macronutrients
b. Sugar makes one fat
c. Sugar is the only thing that makes you fat
What does the 1977 U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act mandate?
Subsurface mines have to be filled in once they are no longer used.
Once a mine closes, the area must be restored to the approximate original condition.
Mining operations cannot pollute air or water or they will be closed.
Mines must be fenced off with signage during operations and after closing for security.
Answers
The 1977 U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act mandate is option B which is Once a mine closes, the area must be restored to the approximate original condition.
Reclamation act mandate.
The 1977 U.S. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act mandates that once a mine closes, the area must be restored to the approximate original condition. This includes regrading and replanting the land to restore vegetation and prevent erosion, as well as addressing any water quality issues caused by the mining operation. The act also requires that mining companies obtain permits and comply with environmental regulations to prevent or minimize adverse impacts on air, water, and other natural resources. In addition, the act established a fund to finance the reclamation of abandoned mines, which pose a risk to public safety and the environment.
The act does not mandate the filling in of subsurface mines or require mines to be fenced off with signage during or after operations, although safety and security measures may be required by other laws and regulations.
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How do the human respiratory and circulatory systems compare with the plant vascular system
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How can you indentify the difference between a chemical and physical change and what are signs that a chemical change has occurred
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
The formation of a gas is a clue to chemical changes. The bubbles of gas that you observed form when an antacid is dropped into water is an example of change. ... After ice melts into liquid water, you can refreeze it into solid ice if the temperature drops. Freezing and melting are physical changes.
Answer:
chemical change changes the identity of a substance, while a physical change can just be observed. Some signs that a chemical change has occurred are, temperature change, forming bubbles, color change, new substance forming, there are more, but those are just some of which i now
Explanation:
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Which of the following statements is true concerning biodiversity?
Answers
Last one - Biodiversity is the diversity of species in an area, which makes an ecosystem better prepared for major changes
Explanation:
If one crop struggles to grow then there will be plenty of others to substitute it. If a prey animal is dying at a faster rate and harder to find, predators can have other prey options and so forth. Biodiversity makes it so ecosystems can get past change.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
How are birds different from mammals ?
Answers
Answer:
there is a major diff between birds and mammals in the female reproductive system as birds produce large yolk-filled eggs. The precursors of the yolk r synthesized by the liver. Another diff is that there is a single ovary and oviduct in bird
Explanation:
Answer:
The difference is the female reproductive system as birds produce large yolk filled eggs
1.6
What does blood consist of?
(2 Marks)
Answers
Answer:
blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Explanation:
A red blood cell has an internal salt concentration of 150mM. The cell is placed in a beaker of 500mM salt.(a) Assuming that the cell membrane is permeable to water but not to ions, decribe what will happen to the cell in terms of osmosis.
(b) If the membrane were permeable to ions, in which direction wou;ld solutes diffuse: into the cell or out of the cell?
Answers
Answer:
a) water will move from the cell into the beaker acroas the cell membrane
b) solutes will diffuse into the cell
Explanation:
a) Osmosis is the phenomenon that describes the movement of water from a region of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to a region of high solute concentration (low water concentration) across a semi-permeable membrane. In this case, since the inside of the cell contains a lesser concentration of solute (150mm), water containing dissolved solutes will move osmotically into the solution of the beaker, which has a higher concentration of solute (500mM) via the cell membrane (semi-permeable membrane).
b) Diffusion involves the movement of particles or molecules from a region where they are highly concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated. In this case, solutes/ions will diffuse from the beaker (outside the cell) containing 500mM of solute INTO THE CELL containing 150mM of solute.
Scientists believe that 250 million years ago ________.
A
the continents were farther apart
B
the continents were underwater
C
there was only one active volcano on Earth
D
the continents were connected
Answers
7. Which type of tectonic plate movement results in
the formation of mid ocean ridges? (8.9B, L2)
A. sliding past each other
B. pushing together and upwards
C. pulling away from each other
D. one plate sliding under another
Answers
I need help answering this
Answers
The purpose of the lab is to identify the structures of the digestive and circulatory systems in a rat.
How to explain the informationThe digestive system of a rat is similar to that of other mammals. It consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The mouth is where food is chewed and mixed with saliva.
The esophagus is a muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach is a muscular sac that churns food and mixes it with gastric juices. The small intestine is a long, coiled tube that absorbs nutrients from food. The large intestine absorbs water from food and stores waste products. The rectum is a muscular tube that carries waste products from the large intestine to the anus.
The gallbladder is absent in rats because they have a different diet than other mammals. Rats eat mostly plant matter, which does not require as much bile for digestion as a diet that is high in protein. Bile is a fluid that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps to break down fats in food.
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How did an earthquake cause this damage?
A. Water saturated the pavement.
B. Heat melted the minerals in the soil.
C. Pieces of the crust of Earth moved apart.
D. Liquid rock sank down under the crust of Earth.
Answers
Answer:
the correct answer is c(: