this time is science
1. What is mitosis?
2. Mitosis is done by what kinds of cells?
3. Mitosis makes what kind of cells?
4. What does the nucleus hold?
5. What are the organized DNA units called?
6. What are chromosomes made of?
7. How many chromosomes do human body cells have?
8. How many chromosomes does a cell have AFTER the synthesis phase? Why?
9. What does PMAT stand for?
10. What is happening to the chromosomes in prophase?
11. What is happening to the chromosomes in metaphase?
12. What is happening to the chromosomes in anaphase?
13. What is happening to the chromosomes in telophase? What is happening to the nuclei?
Answers
Answer:
1.mitosis is a type of cell that results in two other cells each having the same number of cells and chromosomes and the nucleus. that is the only one I can remember that I know, I hope I explained it well.
Related Questions
If the evaporation rate is higher than the precipitation rate, what will happen to a lake?
Answers
Answer:
it will eventually dry out
Answer:
It will eventually evaporate.
Explanation:
if you have more water evaporating (turning into clouds) than precipitating (raining) than eventually the whole lake will be evaporated. Because there will be no more water to evaporate if the rate stays the same.
"The article 'Rellability of Domestic-Waste Biofilm Reactors' (D. of Envir. Engr.. 1995-785-790) 50ggests that substrate. concentration (mg/cmA3) of influent to a reactor is normally distributed with mu=30 and sigma = 06 . Which statement characterizes the largest 5% of all concentration values? The 95 th percentle of the standard normat distribution watisfes Phi(z) - 95 , from which z=1.645,50,c−30+(1,645)(06)=3987, The largest 5% of all concentration valueh are above 3987mg/cm −7
"The 95 th percentile of the standard norral distribution satisfies Phicz - 95 , from whilich z=−1.645,50.6=30−(5,645(06)=2013. The largest 5% of all concentration values are loss 2013 m/m/cm3 ∗
"The 95 th percentile of the standard normal distribution satishes Phi(2) - 95, from which z=−1.645,50,c+30−(1,645)(06)=2013. The Largest 5% of all concentration values are above 2013mg/cm3, "The 95th percentile of the standard normal distribution satisfies Philz - .95, from which z −1.645 So, c=30+(1.645)(06)=3987. The largest 5% of all concentration values are less 3987mg/cm 2
" None of the statements are true Question 3 Construct a normal probability plot for the data found on page 187 problem 88 . Which statement is true about the probability plot? The plot shows some non trivial departures from linearity, especially in the fower tail of the distribution. This indicates a normal distribution might not be a good fit to the population distribution of clubhead velocities for female golfers." The plot shows linearity. This indicates a normal distribution is a gond fit to the population chistribution of clubhead velocites for fervule goters "The plot shows some non trival departures from linearity. especially in the center of the distribution. This indicistes a normal distribution would be a good fit to the population distritution of clubhead velocities tor female golters" The plot shows linearity. This indicates a noemal distribution is not a good fit to the nopulation distribution of cubhead velocities for female golfers. None of the statements are true.
Answers
The statement that characterizes the largest 5% of all concentration values is: "The largest 5% of all concentration values are above 3987 mg/cm³."
According to the given information, the substrate concentration (mg/cm³) of influent to a reactor is normally distributed with a mean (μ) of 30 and a standard deviation (σ) of 0.06. To find the concentration value that corresponds to the largest 5% of all values, we can use the concept of the standard normal distribution.
The 95th percentile of the standard normal distribution is denoted as Φ(z) = 0.95, which corresponds to a z-score of 1.645. By substituting the values into the formula: c = μ + (z)(σ), we can calculate the concentration value for the largest 5%:
c = 30 + (1.645)(0.06) = 30 + 0.0987 = 30.0987 ≈ 3987 mg/cm³.
Therefore, the statement that characterizes the largest 5% of all concentration values correctly indicates that the values are above 3987 mg/cm³.
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Which of the following is not a natural factor that influences the differential survival of organisms?
Answers
Predators is an organisms that can naturally change the sirva Ake of other organisms
Competition doesn’t really Make sense but I’m guessing it means the competition between organisms.
Water pollution can change the stability of other animals that live in land and in water, it can chance and even bring down the whole change
Earthquakes also produce transverse waves that move more slowly than the p-waves. These
waves are called secondary waves, or s-waves. If the wavelength of a s-wave is 2.3 x104 m, and
its speed is 4.5 km/s, what is the frequency?
Answers
The frequency of the wave is 0.196 Hz
Speed of a waveThe speed of a wave is given by v = fλ where
f = frequency and λ = wavelengthFrequency of the waveMaking f subject of the formula, we have
f = v/λ
Since
v = speed of wave = 4.5 km/s = 4.5 × 10³ m/s and λ = wavelength = 2.3 × 10⁴ m.Substituting the values pof the variables into the equation, we have
f = v/λ
f = 4.5 × 10³ m/s ÷ 2.3 × 10⁴ m.
f = 1.957 × 10⁻¹ Hz
f = 0.1957 Hz
f ≅ 0.196 Hz
So, the frequency of the wave is 0.196 Hz
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What is the process by which populations of organisms change over time?
Answers
Answer:Evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over generations. Genetic variations underlie these changes
Explanation:
sensitivity to an antimicrobial agent generally corresponds to small zones of inhibition. sensitivity to an antimicrobial agent generally corresponds to small zones of inhibition. true false
Answers
The following statement, "Sensitivity to an antimicrobial agent generally corresponds to small zones of inhibition" is true. This is because sensitivity is generally measured by the size of the zone of inhibition.
Antimicrobial agents are drugs that treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They either kill microbes or stop them from growing, and they are used to treat a variety of infections, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), acne, and pneumonia. Penicillin, amoxicillin, and erythromycin are examples of antimicrobial agents.Zones of inhibition are areas around an antibiotic disk that are clear of bacteria. The diameter of the zone of inhibition is used to calculate the antibiotic's effectiveness against bacteria. The larger the zone of inhibition, the more effective the antibiotic is against the bacteria. If there is no zone of inhibition, it suggests that the bacteria are not sensitive to the antibiotic and that the antibiotic would not be effective in treating that bacterial infection. Therefore, sensitivity to an antimicrobial agent generally corresponds to small zones of inhibition.Sensitivity to an antimicrobial agent is determined by the size of the zone of inhibition. If the zone of inhibition is small, the bacteria are likely to be sensitive to the antibiotic. If the zone of inhibition is large, the bacteria are likely to be resistant to the antibiotic. If there is no zone of inhibition, the bacteria are not sensitive to the antibiotic and the antibiotic is not effective in treating that bacterial infection. Therefore, the statement that "sensitivity to an antimicrobial agent generally corresponds to small zones of inhibition" is true.Learn more about zones of inhibition: https://brainly.com/question/12348891
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Dietary fibers from foods such as oatmeal, brown rice, and popcorn are beneficial because
a) they slow down the digestion of carbohydrates.
b) they speed up the digestion of carbohydrates.
c) they rapidly increase blood glucose levels.
d) they help digest cellulose.
e) all of the above
Answers
Dietary fibers from foods such as oatmeal, brown rice, and popcorn are beneficial because they slow down the digestion of carbohydrates. So, option E is accurate.
Fiber-rich foods contain complex carbohydrates that are not easily broken down by digestive enzymes. As a result, these fibers slow down the digestion process, leading to a gradual release of glucose into the bloodstream. This slower digestion helps regulate blood glucose levels and prevents rapid spikes in blood sugar. Additionally, dietary fibers add bulk to the stool, promoting regular bowel movements and aiding in digestive health. However, it's important to note that fibers do not directly digest cellulose, but they contribute to overall digestive health and the elimination of waste.
Therefore, option "e) all of the above" is not correct in this case.
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Both plant and animal cells contain mitochondria. Based on the function of mitochondria, which types of plant and animal cells would have a large number of mitochondria?.
Answers
Muscle cells, which are responsible for animal movement, are the atoms with the most mitochondria.
What feature of mitochondria is most significant?And mitochondria, which serve as the cells' batteries, are responsible for almost 90% of the energy produced in your muscles and liver. Mitochondria perform a crucial function in your blood, liver, muscles, and brain—organs that require a lot of energy. 25% of liver, 40% of heart muscle, and 40percent of all other cells include mitochondria.
What happens if the mitochondria don't work properly?Damaged mitochondria are the root cause of the cells' lack of energy. The cells' buildup of surplus oxygen and fuel atoms damages them. Symptoms of various mitochondrial diseases can vary. Depending on the locations and numbers of damaged mitochondria.
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Please help hurry I’ll mark brainly
Answers
Describe the phase change of the ice if it were to be left sitting out.
Answers
The phase change that occurs when the ice is left sitting out will be melting that causes solid to turn into liquid.
Melting is the phenomenon in chemistry where a solid substance is converted into liquid. This change happens due to the difference in the temperature requirement. For a substance to be solid, the temperature must be low while it should be high for liquid phase.
Solid are those substances that have strong intermolecular forces and their molecules lie very closely packed in a definite shape. Thus, solid substances have a definite shape and volume. The kinetic energy pf solids is quite less.
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17. how many amino acids do humans create within their bodies?
5
20
8
12
Answers
Answer:
20 amino acids
What do biological anthropologists call the taxonomic group that includes humans and humanlike ancestors, excluding living nonhuman primates?
Answers
Biological anthropologists call the taxonomic group that includes humans and humanlike ancestors, excluding living nonhuman primates as hominins.
In the field of anthropology, hominins can be described as the taxonomic group consisting of modern humans, ancestral humans, and extinct species of humans.
Primates that do not have human-like origin are not a part of the hominins. Humans are the current living species of hominin origin. The ancestors through which humans came into existence are studied through fossils and are extinct hominins.
Biological anthropologists differentiate hominins from other primates based on their special characteristics such as straight posture, having specific language speaking ability, walking on two legs etc.
The study of hominin evolution makes it possible to understand the complexity of modern humans and how they came into existence.
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__________________________, proposed the theory of __________________________ which suggested the continents move and started out in different positions from what they are currently. In the 1960s, scientists discovered the spreading apart of _______________________. This in turn led to the theory of _______________________. This theory says that the __________________is made of plates which float on a "plasticlike" undersurface called the asthenosphere. Where these plates come together at their________________________, changes take place in the crust and its feature.
Answers
Answer:
Alfred Wegner proposed the theory of Continental drift which suggested the continents move and started out in different positions from what they are currently. In the 1960s, scientists discovered the spreading apart of the seafloor. This in turn led to the theory of Plate tectonics. This theory says that the earth's outer crust, the lithosphere is made of plates which float on a "plasticlike" undersurface called the asthenosphere. Where these plates come together at their boundaries, changes take place in the crust and its feature.
Explanation:
Alfred Wegner proposed the theory of Continental drift which suggested the continents all continents were once connected in a large single mass that broke apart around 200 million years ago before slowly moving apart to where they are currently.
In the 1960s, Harry Hess, a geologist and Navy submarine commander during World War II, discovered the spreading apart of the seafloor. This in turn led to the theory of Plate tectonics. This theory says that the earth's outer crust, the lithosphere is made of plates which float on a "plasticlike" undersurface called the asthenosphere. Where these plates come together at their boundaries, changes take place in the crust and its feature.
I WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST IF SOMEONE ANSWERS WITHIN FIVE MINUTES!!!
Which of the following is NOT an output for cellular respiration? Select all that apply.
glucose
oxygen
carbon dioxide
water
ATP
solar energy
Answers
Answer:
Glucose, oxygen, and ATP (energy)
Explanation:
Hii! It finally let me put the answer XD. Here are the notes i had on this:
Inputs - Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight (solar energy)
Outputs - Glucose (food), oxygen, and ATP (energy)
I hope that this helps you out!! :)
Which explanation best identifies the relationship between mitosis and
reproduction? *
A.Mitosis is a form of sexual reproduction because the daughter cells form from one
single parent cell.
B.Mitosis is a form of sexual reproduction because the daughter cells are genetically
different from the parent cell.
C.Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction because the daughter cells form a new
nuclear membrane after reproduction.
D.Mitosis is a form of asexual reproduction because the daughter cells are genetically
identical to the parent cell.
Answers
Answer:
D.
Explanation:
Mitosis three main functions are growth and repair of cells, and asexual reproduction for the single celled organisms.
The daughter cells have same chromosomes/genetics.
Example: repair and growth of skin, red blood cells etc.
Answer:
It's D
Explanation:
identify the parts of the nervous system that sense and communicate knee soreness so a person knows to stop running and rest. ? o Autonomic o Peripheral o Somatic o Central
Answers
The parts of the nervous system that sense and communicate knee soreness so a person knows to stop running and rest is the peripheral nervous system.
The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are the two major divisions of the nervous system in humans and other vertebrates.
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS). The entire information analysis process happens in the CNS.
Sensory neurons and motor neurons are both a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is made up of neurons and neuronal fragments outside of the central nervous system. Motor neurons transport messages from the CNS while sensory neurons bring signals into the CNS.
The PNS is composed of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates bodily functions automatically, and the sensory-somatic nervous system, which communicates sensory data from the skin, muscles, and sensory organs to the central nervous system and sends motor instructions from the central nervous system to the muscles.
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Enumerate at least three (3) storing and sanitation techniques during foot spa treatment
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The higher incidence of birth defects in children born to women more than 35 years old may be the result of environmental influences on chromosomes in developmentally arrested oocytes at which stage of cell division?
Answers
The higher incidence of birth defects in children born to women over 35 years old may be attributed to environmental influences on chromosomes in developmentally arrested oocytes, which primarily occurs at the prophase I stage of cell division.
As women age, their oocytes remain arrested in prophase I of meiosis for an extended period, this increases the likelihood of chromosomal abnormalities, such as aneuploidy, due to prolonged exposure to environmental factors and the natural aging process. These factors may include oxidative stress, radiation, and toxins, which can all contribute to chromosomal abnormalities.
Additionally, as women age, the efficiency of the spindle assembly checkpoint and other mechanisms responsible for proper chromosome segregation during cell division declines. This further increases the risk of chromosomal abnormalities and birth defects in children born to older mothers. In conclusion, the higher incidence of birth defects in children born to women more than 35 years old may be linked to environmental influences on chromosomes in oocytes arrested at the prophase I stage of cell division.
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n addition to testing shmoo formation in the two mutant strains of yeast, the scientists also tested shmoo formation in wild-type yeast. what is the purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment? in addition to testing shmoo formation in the two mutant strains of yeast, the scientists also tested shmoo formation in wild-type yeast.what is the purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment? to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions to show what happens to shmoo formation when both fus3 kinase and formin are absent to allow the scientists to see the interaction between fus3 kinase and formin to show the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth
Answers
The purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment is option B and D: to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions and to show the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth.
To demonstrate typical shmoo development under the experimental conditions, wild-type yeast cells are included in the experiment. To demonstrate the distinction between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth, the researchers also examined shmoo production in wild-type yeast.
Shmoo development is an alteration of morphology that results in the cell having a mating projection. It is created by cells of Saccharomyces and other fungus with similar life cycles in response to mating pheromone. A mutant strain of yeast is one that has undergone a genetic mutation that modifies its phenotypic. Mutations can happen naturally or be brought on by mutagens like radiation or chemicals.
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Correct question is:
In addition to testing shmoo formation in the two mutant strains of yeast, the scientists also tested shmoo formation in wild-type yeast. what is the purpose of including wild-type yeast cells in the experiment?
to show normal shmoo formation under the experimental conditions
to show what happens to shmoo formation when both fus3 kinase and formin are absent
to allow the scientists to see the interaction between fus3 kinase and formin
to show the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical growth
PLEAASE PLEASE HELP ME!!! I'm failing science and he gave us this test to do. PLEASE HELP. I'll give lots of points
You are tasked with investigating the sudden die-off of salmon in a river in Washington State. The salmon were trying to swim upstream to spawn but died near or just past a dam about halfway along the river's path.
You observe that numerous area farms apply atrazine to their crops at this time of year and that the one dam does employ methods for allowing salmon to move upstream past it.
The water quality data you collected include:
- high levels of sediment at one location near the middle of the river's path by the dam
- low levels of the toxin atrazine at some of the upstream testing locations along the river
- very low levels of dissolved oxygen along the entire downstream half of the river due to recent algae buildup
Which type of water pollution seems MOST LIKELY to have contributed to the sudden death of the salmon and why? Include a description of your chosen type of water pollution
Answers
Based on the given information, it is most likely that the salmon die-off was caused by the low levels of dissolved oxygen along the downstream half of the river due to recent algae buildup.
Dissolved oxygen is essential for the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms, as they need it to breathe. Algae buildup can consume oxygen from the water, leading to low oxygen levels.
This can cause fish to suffocate and die, especially if they are already weakened from swimming upstream to spawn.
While the high levels of sediment and low levels of atrazine may also have contributed to the problem, they are less likely to have been the primary cause of the salmon die-off.
Sediment can reduce water clarity and suffocate fish eggs, while atrazine is a herbicide that can be toxic to fish at high concentrations. However, the levels of these pollutants were not as significant as the low dissolved oxygen levels.
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PLEASE ASNWER CORRECT
Answers
Answer: D. Pre-Industrial
Explanation: Please mark as brainliest, thank you!! And I think that's Accellus?
GTP hydrolysis by Ran occurs in the cytosol . Based on this statement, which of the following below is true?
A) Ran-GEF ( guanine nucleotide exchange factor) is only found in the nucleus, from where it will promote binding of the nuclear import receptor to the cargo la prospective nuclear protein)
B) Ran-GAP (GTPase activating protein) is only found in the cytosolfrom where it will promote binding of the nuclear import receptor to the cargo la prospective nuclear protein)
C) Ran-GAP (GTPase activating protein) is only found in the nucleus, from where it will promote binding of the nuclear import receptor to the cargo la prospective nuclear protein)
D) Ran-GEF ( guanine nucleotide exchange factor) is only found in the cytosol , from where it will promote binding of the nuclear import receptor to the cargo (a prospective nuclear protein)
Answers
The GTP hydrolysis by Ran occurring in the cytosol and where the Ran-GEF (Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor) and Ran-GAP (GTPase Activating Protein) are found is Option. D) Ran-GEF ( guanine nucleotide exchange factor) is only found in the cytosol, from where it will promote binding of the nuclear import receptor to the cargo (a prospective nuclear protein)".
In the process of nucleocytoplasmic transport, Ran is a small GTPase protein that is critical. Ran regulates the bidirectional transportation of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope by hydrolyzing GTP. The energy released by the hydrolysis reaction is used to power the transport of molecules across the nuclear membrane.Ran's activities are controlled by the GEF and GAP proteins. The GEF protein triggers the exchange of GDP for GTP in Ran, whereas the GAP protein promotes the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP. Ran-GEF is only found in the cytosol, where it promotes the binding of the nuclear import receptor to the cargo (a prospective nuclear protein).In addition, Ran-GAP is found only in the nucleus, where it stimulates the release of Ran from the nuclear import receptor and promotes the release of cargo.
Therefore, the statement "GTP hydrolysis by Ran occurs in the cytosol" suggests that Ran-GAP is only found in the nucleus, while Ran-GEF is only found in the cytosol.
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The two long strands of identical chromosomal material in a replicated chromosome are called?
Answers
Answer:
They are known as chromatids
Explanation:
Hope this helps
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain __________.
Answers
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain DNA.
What is DNA?This is also called deoxyribonucleic acid and is known as the genetic material of living organisms. DNA is responsible for the passing of different types of traits from parent to offspring.
DNA is present in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts as they are involved in the different types of growth and reproductive processes which occurs in the cells of organisms. It is also present in the nucleus of cells because it controls and regulates the metabolic activities which occur in the cell.
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What does a cell need to be a prokaryote cell?
please help me i’m stuck !!
Answers
Answer:
The Prokaryotic CellProkaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, they do not have a nucleus, but, instead, generally have a single chromosome: a piece of circular, double-stranded DNA located in an area of the cell called the nucleoid.
As we have seen in class, hypothesis testing and confidence intervals are the most common inferential tools used in statistics. Imagine that you have been tasked with designing an experiment to determine reliably if a patient should be diagnosed with diabetes based on their blood test results. Create a short outline of your experiment, including all of the following: A detailed discussion of your experimental design. How is randomization used in your sampling or assignment strategy? The type of inferential test utilized in your experiment. A formal statement of the null and alternative hypothesis for your test. A confidence interval for estimating the parameter in your test. An interpretation of your p-value and confidence interval, including what they mean in context of your experimental design
Answers
Experimental design: Sample selection: Randomly select a sample of patients from a population that is suspected to have a high prevalence of diabetes.
Blood test: Administer a blood test to measure the patient's fasting blood glucose levels.
Diagnosis: Diagnose the patient with diabetes if their fasting blood glucose levels are consistently above a certain threshold.
Randomization: Randomization is used to ensure that the sample is representative of the population and to reduce bias in the selection of patients. This can be achieved by using a random number generator or a randomized sampling strategy to select patients from the population.
Inferential test: A one-sample z-test will be used to determine if the population mean fasting blood glucose level is significantly higher than the threshold for diabetes diagnosis.
Null and alternative hypotheses:
Null hypothesis: The population mean fasting blood glucose level is not significantly different from the threshold for diabetes diagnosis.
Alternative hypothesis: The population mean fasting blood glucose level is significantly higher than the threshold for diabetes diagnosis.
Confidence interval:
A 95% confidence interval will be calculated to estimate the true population mean fasting blood glucose level.
Interpretation:
The p-value will be used to determine the significance of the difference between the sample mean fasting blood glucose level and the threshold for diabetes diagnosis. If the p-value is less than 0.05, the null hypothesis will be rejected and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted. This means that the population mean fasting blood glucose level is significantly higher than the threshold for diabetes diagnosis.
The confidence interval will be used to estimate the true population mean fasting blood glucose level. If the confidence interval does not include the threshold for diabetes diagnosis, this supports the alternative hypothesis that the population mean fasting blood glucose level is significantly higher than the threshold for diabetes diagnosis.
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The __________ nerve connects with the auditory nerve to relay information to the brain about balance. a. cochlear b. vestibular c. optical d. kinesthetic please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answers
Answer:
Kinesthetic
Explanation:
Even with your eyes closed you can tell where your limbs are located and in which direction you are going, thanks to the kinesthetic nerve.
Answer:
B. Vestibular
Explanation:
edge 2022
How does Inquiry differ from the Scientific Method?
Answers
Inquiry differs from the scientific method in the following ways:
Inquiry is a mere search for information or fact while scientific method is a procedural method of discovering information.
What is the scientific method?The scientific method is a method of discovering knowledge about the natural world based on hypotheses, testing them empirically, and developing theories that match known data from repeatable physical experimentation.
Inquiry refers to a search for truth, information, or knowledge or the examination of facts or principles. It can also be termed as an investigation.
Therefore, inquiry is a mere search for information or fact while scientific method is a procedural method of discovering information.
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What is nucleotides macromolecule
Answers
Answer:Organic molecules ,Nucleic acids
Explanation:
Some bacteriophage possess an enzyme similar to ________, which makes a small hole in the bacterial cell wall, allowing the viral nucleic acid to enter.
Answers
Some bacteriophages possess an enzyme similar to lysin, which makes a small hole in the bacterial cell wall, allowing the viral nucleic acid to enter.
A bacteriophage is a virus that attacks and destroys bacteria by infesting it with its DNA and replicating itself within it. Bacteriophages are the most abundant biological entities on the planet, and they have been found to play an important role in the environment by controlling bacterial populations in water, soil, and other areas. There are two primary approaches for bacteriophage to infect bacteria. One is the lytic cycle, in which the host bacterium is killed, and the other is the lysogenic cycle, in which the viral genome is integrated into the host bacterium's genome, and both the virus and the bacterium reproduce together. The primary method of entry for bacteriophages is through cell walls. To penetrate bacterial cell walls, bacteriophages use a variety of mechanisms, including injection and phagocytosis, as well as the use of enzymes that dissolve bacterial cell walls.
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