If there were four girls and four boys to choose from, the new sample size is one that will be a total of 16 possible combinations.
What is the sample about?When making selections for the student council's representatives, the sample size belongs to the whole of the feasible options.
To know the sample size, we must reason every conceivable permutation involving a single female and a single male.
So, if there were four girls and four boys to choose from, the new sample size would be:
There are:
4 choices for girls
4 choices for boys.
So, for each girl's choice, there would be 4 corresponding choices for boys.
Hence it will be:
4 x 4 = 16
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how can you tell if a function is linear by looking at the graph or the equation
need help!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Answer:
3/5
Step-by-step explanation:
The sine of an angle is the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. In this case, that is 6/10, which can be simplified to 3/5. Hope this helps!
6/10, or 3/5. (sine is opposite/hypotenuse)
Jennifer is practicing her free throws. She made 4/5 of the shots she took at basketball practicetoday. Using long division, what is the decimal equivalent of 4/5?
Answer:
0.8
Explanation:
We use the long division table to find the decimal equivalent of 4/5.
In the long division table:
• Write the denominator (the one below) outside
,• Write the numerator (the one above) inside
The table is attached below:
Therefore, the decimal equivalent of 4/5 is 0.8.
Find the slope of the following graph 1) 0 2) No slope 3) 1
Answer:
it is 0
Step-by-step explanation:
hope it helps <3
Using the slope concept, it is found that this graph has a slope of 0.
Given two points (x,y) on a linear graph, the slope is given by the change in y divided by the change in x, that is:
\(m = \frac{\Delta_y}{\Delta_x}\)
In this question, two of the points are: (1, 1.5) and (2, 1.5). Then, the slope is:
\(m = \frac{\Delta_y}{\Delta_x} = \frac{1.5 - 1.5}{2 - 1} = \frac{0}{1} = 0\)
This graph has a slope of 0.
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Please do this question in your copy, make a table like we made in class, scan it, and upload it BB. You have total 1 hour for it.
Alfalah Islamic Bank needed PKR 1500,000 for starting one of its new branch in Gulshan. They have PKR 500,000 as an investment in this branch. For other PKR 1000,000 they plan to attract their customers insted of taking a loan from anywhere.
Alfalah Islamic Issued Musharka Certificates in the market, each certificate cost PKR 5,000 having a maturity of 5 years. They planned to purchased 100 shares themselves while remaining shares to float in the market. Following was the response from customers.
Name Shares
Fahad 30
Yashara 50
Saud 20
Fariha 40
Younus 25
Asif 35
Alfalah Islamic planned that 60% of the profit will be distributed amoung investors "As per the ratio of investment" While the remaining profit belongs to Bank. Annual report shows the following information for 1st five years.
Years Profit/(Loss)
1 (78,000)
2 (23,000)
3 29,000
4 63,000
5 103,500
Calculate and Identify what amount every investor Investor will recieve in each year.
I apologize, I am unable to create tables or upload scanned documents. However, I can assist you in calculating the amount each investor will receive in each year based on the given information.
To calculate the amount received by each investor in each year, we need to follow these steps:
Calculate the total profit earned by the bank in each year by subtracting the loss values from zero.
Year 1: 0 - (-78,000) = 78,000
Year 2: 0 - (-23,000) = 23,000
Year 3: 29,000
Year 4: 63,000
Year 5: 103,500
Calculate the total profit to be distributed among the investors in each year, which is 60% of the total profit earned by the bank.
Year 1: 0.6 * 78,000 = 46,800
Year 2: 0.6 * 23,000 = 13,800
Year 3: 0.6 * 29,000 = 17,400
Year 4: 0.6 * 63,000 = 37,800
Year 5: 0.6 * 103,500 = 62,100
Calculate the profit share for each investor based on their respective share of the investment.
Year 1:
Fahad: (30/100) * 46,800
Yashara: (50/100) * 46,800
Saud: (20/100) * 46,800
Fariha: (40/100) * 46,800
Younus: (25/100) * 46,800
Asif: (35/100) * 46,800
Similarly, calculate the profit share for each investor in the remaining years using the same formula.
By following the calculations above, you can determine the amount each investor will receive in each year based on their share of the investment.
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Find the measure of the indicated angle to the nearest degree
A) 18°
C) 48°
B) 42°
D) 26°
Answer:
The answer is option C
Step-by-step explanation:
To find the indicated angle we use sine
sin ∅ = opposite / hypotenuse
From the question
The opposite is 37
The hypotenuse is 41
So we have
sin ? = 37/41
? = sin-¹ 37/41
? = 64.4805
? = 64° to the nearest degree
find the critical value(s) and rejection region(s) for the type of z-test with level of significance . include a graph with your answer. right-tailed test, a=0.03.
Answer:
c
Step-by-step explanation:
The red line represents the critical value, and the shaded region on the right-hand side of the red line represents the rejection region. If the calculated test statistic is greater than the critical value of z, which is 1.88 in this case, we will reject the null hypothesis.
The critical value(s) and rejection region(s) for the type of z-test with a level of significance a = 0.03 and a right-tailed test are as follows :Step 1: Determine the critical value of zThe critical value is calculated by using the normal distribution table and the level of significance. A right-tailed test will have a critical value of zα. For a level of significance of 0.03, we will look for the z-value that corresponds to 0.03 in the normal distribution table.Critical value for a = 0.03 is z = 1.88 (approx).Step 2: Determine the Rejection Region The rejection region for a right-tailed test is defined as any z-value that is greater than the critical value. That is, if the test statistic is greater than 1.88, we reject the null hypothesis at the 0.03 level of significance, and if it is less than or equal to 1.88, we fail to reject the null hypothesis.Therefore, the rejection region for a right-tailed test with a level of significance of 0.03 is as follows:Rejection Region: Z > 1.88 OR Z ≤ -1.88Graph: The graph for the given values will be as follows:The red line represents the critical value, and the shaded region on the right-hand side of the red line represents the rejection region. If the calculated test statistic is greater than the critical value of z, which is 1.88 in this case, we will reject the null hypothesis.
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Solve the system of equations
3x – 2y = 11
x + 2y = 9
Answer:
x=5, y=2. (5, 2).
Step-by-step explanation:
3x-2y=11
x+2y=9
--------------
4x=20
x=20/4
x=5
5+2y=9
2y=9-5
2y=4
y=4/2
y=2
Answer:
y ≤ 1
Step-by-step explanation:
Tony has 60$ to buy souvenirs for his grandkids at the baseball game. pennants cost $7.50 and hats cost $11.99. this relationship can be represented by the inequality 7.5p +11.99h ≤ 60. three of tony's grandkids want hats. which inequality represents how many pennants he can buy? a.0 ≤ p ≤ 3.204 b. p ≤ 3 c.0 ≤ p ≤ 3 d. p ≤ 3.204
Answer:
Option a. is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
Given: Total amount with Tony is 60$. Pennants cost $7.50 and hats cost $11.99.
To find: inequality that represents number of pennants bought by Tony if three of tony's grand kids want hats
Solution:
p denotes number of pennants and h denotes number of hats.
As three of tony's grand kids want hats, \(h=3\)
Total cost of 3 hats = \(3(11.99)=\$35.97\)
Cost of one pennant = $7.50
According to question,
\(35.97+7.50p\leq 60\\7.50p\leq 60-35.97\\7.50p\leq 24.03\\p\leq \frac{24.03}{7.50}=3.204\)
Also, being number of pennants, \(0\leq p\)
So, inequality that represents number of pennants Tony can buy is \(0\leq p\leq 3.204\)
Option a. is correct.
Jessica opened a savings account with $40.00.
She is going to add $20 per week over the twelve weeks of summer. She will close the account when the summer is over.
Which expression would be an appropriate domain for this situation?
Check the picture below.
so for the equation y = 40 + 20x, what's an appropriate domain? or namely, what could be some valid values for "x"?
well, Jessica is going to put in 20 bucks only for 12 weeks, so whatever "x" is going to be, is must be from 0 to 12, or in interval notation [0 , 12].
A forester shows the accompanying histogram of tree diameters he used in analyzing 27 trees in a large woods that was for sale. Was he justified in using a Normal model to analyze the woods? Explain, citing some specific concerns
Choose the correct answer below
A. Yes, because the histogram is unimodal and symmetric.
B. No, because while the histogram is unimodal, it is not symmetric
C. No, because the histogram is not unimodal or symmetric.
D. No, because while the histogram is symmetric, it is not unimodal
Yes, the forester was justified in using a Normal model to analyze the woods, because the histogram is unimodal and symmetric. So option A is correct.
A histogram is a type of graph that uses vertical bars to show the distribution of a set of data. This particular histogram is unimodal, meaning that it has one peak which is an indication that the data is distributed normally. Additionally, the histogram is symmetric, which is another indication that the data is normally distributed.
Using a Normal model to analyze the woods is a valid approach because it allows the forester to identify the average diameter of the trees, as well as the spread of the data. It also allows him to check for any outliers, or points that fall outside the normal range. With this information, the forester can determine if the woods is suitable for sale, or if the buyer should be aware of any unexpected features.
Overall, the histogram is an effective way for the forester to analyze the data and determine if a Normal model is appropriate. By noting the unimodal and symmetric nature of the histogram, the forester can be sure that a Normal model will accurately represent the data, allowing him to make an informed decision about the woods.
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How many real numbers are solutions for x2 − 5x 7 0?
There are two real number solutions for x2 − 5x + 7 = 0: x = 2 and x = 7.
1. x2 − 5x + 7 = 0
2. (x - 2)(x - 7) = 0
3. x = 2 or x = 7
When solving for the real number solutions of x2 − 5x + 7 = 0, we first need to factor the equation into two linear terms: (x - 2)(x - 7) = 0. From here, we can use the Zero Product Property to determine that x = 2 and x = 7 are the two real number solutions of this equation. This means that when x is equal to 2 or 7, the equation will equal 0 and all other values of x will result in a non-zero answer. Therefore, the only two real number solutions of x2 − 5x + 7 = 0 are x = 2 and x = 7.
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use the model to calculate 3/8x2/6. a. 16/18 b. 13/24 c. 6/48 d. 5/48
Answer:
C. 6/48
Step-by-step explanation:
mutliply both numerator and denominator
If each shelf can hold at most 20 books, what is the least number of shelves needed to store the 175 books?
Answer- 9 shelves
In order to find out how many shelves are need we must divided 175 into 20. 175 divided by 20 is 8.75. But, because you cannot have have .75 of a shelf, you have to round this to a whole. This means that 9 shelves will be the least needed number of shelves need to store 175 books. To check this answer 20 books X 8 shelves is 160 books, which means eight shelves can only store 160 books, we will need and additional shelf to store the last 15 books.
HOPE THIS HELPS & GOOD LUCK!
Select the correct answer. Which statement is true about the graph of this equation? y + 4 = 4(x + 1) A. The graph is a line that goes through the points (1,-4) and (0,0). B. The graph is a line that goes through the points (1,4) and (2,8). C. The graph is a line that goes through the points (-4,-1) and (-3,-3). D. The graph is a line that goes through the points (4,1) and (5,5).
Answer:
B
Step-by-step explanation:
plug in 1 for x and 4 for y
4 + 4 = 4(1+1)
8 = 8
Plug in 2 for x and 8 for y
8+ 4 = 4(2+1)
12 = 12
work it out pleasee :)
Answer:
18
Step-by-step explanation:
18 is the HCF of 36 and 90 , then
\(\frac{36}{90}\) ( divide numerator/ denominator by 18 )
= \(\frac{2}{5}\) ← in simplest form
how many 2-letter code words can be formed from the first 3 letters of the alphabet if no letter can be used more than once?
The number of 2 letter codes that can be formed is 6 with no letter repeated using Permutation.
What is Permutation and Combination ?A permutation of a set is, broadly speaking, a rearranging of its elements if the set is already sorted, or arranging its members into a sequence or linear order. The act or procedure of altering the linear order of an ordered set is referred to as a "permutation."
A permutation is a combination and an ordered arrangement of possible outcomes. For instance, there are 5 chairs, and 3 people should occupy them. There are five different methods to seat the first person, four ways to sit the person after them, and three ways to seat the third. As a result, we multiply the alternatives at our disposal to get the total number of configurations for seating 3 people in 5 seats. 5 4 3 are the methods we carry it out. It can be done in 60 different ways. You may write 5 4 3 as (5!) / (2!) (or) (5!) / (5 - 3), as you can see. .
Combinations are mathematical operations that count the number of potential configurations for a set of elements when the order of the selection is irrelevant. You can choose the components of combos in any order.
The first 3 letters of alphabet are a, b and c
The number of 2 letter codes that can be formed is 3*2 = 6 with no letter repeated.
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Will mark brainliest for explanation of all parts!!!!!!
A study showed that vitamin E oil reduces pain levels in patients with lupus. During each session, the oil was injected into the pain site indicated by the patient. Pain reduction was measured through self-reporting after each session. Another study is being designed to examine whether vitamin E oil also reduces pain in patients suffering from bulging disks in the thoracic region of the back. Two hundred patients aged 20–40 years are subjects in the new study.
Part A: What is an appropriate design for the new study? Include treatments used, method of treatment assignment, and variables that should be measured. (5 points)
Part B: If the study consisted of 100 young patients and 100 old patients instead of 200 patients aged 20–40, would you change the study design? If so, how would you modify your design? If not, why not? (5 points)
Part C: Suppose the data in the following table was collected at the end of the study you described in part A. Vitamin E Oil Placebo Reported Pain Reduction 52 35 Total Treated 100 100 Construct 90% confidence intervals for the proportion of pain reduction for each treatment group. Show all work. (5 points)
Part D: What can you conclude about the use of vitamin E oil for patients with bulging disks in the thoracic region of the back? (5 points)
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
Part A.
An appropriate design for the new study to examine whether vitamin E oil reduces pain in patients suffering from bulging disks in the thoracic region of the back would be a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study should include the following elements:
1.Treatments: The study should include two treatment groups, one receiving vitamin E oil injections and the other receiving a placebo (e.g. a neutral oil) injections.
2.Method of treatment assignment: Patients should be randomly assigned to either the vitamin E oil treatment group or the placebo group, to control for potential confounding variables.
3.Variables that should be measured: The study should measure the following variables:
-Pain levels: Pain should be measured using a validated self-reported pain scale (such as the Visual Analog Scale or the Numeric Rating Scale) before and after each treatment session.
-Patient's demographics: Age, sex, and medical history should be recorded to evaluate the effect of these factors on the treatment outcome.
-Number of treatments: The number of treatments should be recorded for each patient.
-Adverse effects: Any adverse effects should be recorded, such as redness or swelling at the injection site.
It is important to note that this is a simplified design and a real study would need to consider many other aspects such as sample size, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations.
Part B
If the study consisted of 100 young patients and 100 old patients instead of 200 patients aged 20-40, I would likely modify the study design. One reason is that age can be a confounding variable and could affect the outcome of the study. Studies have shown that age can affect pain perception and management, older adults have been found to have more chronic pain, and different pain management strategies might be more effective for different age groups.
I would modify the study design by including an age variable in the analysis and stratifying the sample by age, creating two subgroups (young and old patients) and comparing the results separately. This would allow us to see if there is any age-related differences in the effectiveness of vitamin E oil in reducing pain in patients suffering from bulging disks in the thoracic region of the back.
Another modification would be to include a larger sample size to ensure that there are enough patients in each subgroup to detect any potential differences in the effect of vitamin E oil on pain reduction between young and old patients.
It is important to note that this is a simplified design and a real study would need to consider many other aspects such as sample size, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations.
Part C
To construct 90% confidence intervals for the proportion of pain reduction for each treatment group, we can use the following steps:
1.Calculate the sample proportion of pain reduction for each treatment group:
For the Vitamin E oil group, the proportion of pain reduction = (52 / 100) = 0.52
For the Placebo group, the proportion of pain reduction = (35 / 100) = 0.35
2.Calculate the standard error (SE) for each proportion:
SE = sqrt( (p * (1-p)) / n )
Where p is the sample proportion and n is the sample size.
For the Vitamin E oil group, SE = sqrt( (0.52 * (1-0.52)) / 100) = 0.049
For the Placebo group, SE = sqrt( (0.35 * (1-0.35)) / 100) = 0.045
3.Calculate the margin of error (ME) for each proportion:
ME = z * SE
Where z is the critical value for a 90% confidence level, which is approximately 1.645.
For the Vitamin E oil group, ME = 1.645 * 0.049 = 0.0806
For the Placebo group, ME = 1.645 * 0.045 = 0.0743
4. Calculate the lower and upper bounds of the 90% confidence intervals for each proportion:
Lower bound = p - ME
Upper bound = p + ME
For the Vitamin E oil group, the 90% confidence interval is:
0.52 - 0.0806 = 0.4394 and 0.52 + 0.0806 = 0.6006
For the Placebo group, the 90% confidence interval is:
0.35 - 0.0743 = 0.2757 and 0.35 + 0.0743 = 0.4243
Therefore, the 90% confidence interval for the proportion of pain reduction for the Vitamin E oil group is (0.4394, 0.6006) and the 90% confidence interval for the proportion of pain reduction for the Placebo group is (0.2757, 0.4243)
Can a triangle be made that has the following side lengths? 2.33 in., 5.97 in., 6.37 in.
these 3 sides meet the triangular inequalities, which means that these can be the side lengths of a triangle.
Can a triangle be made with the given side lengths?
Remember that the 3 sides of a triangle, A, B, and C must meet the triangular inequality, it says that:
A + B > C
A + C > B
C + B > A
Replacing the given side lengths:
2.33in + 5.97in > 6.37 in (true)
2.33 in + 6.37 in > 5.97 in (true)
5.97 in + 6.37 in > 2.33 in (also true).
So these 3 sides meet the triangular inequalities, which means that these can be the side lengths of a triangle.
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You Use the distributive property to find the product 3/4 x 2 1/3
Answer:
1 1/4
Step-by-step explanation:
3/4 times 2 1/3 you make that an omproper fractions
In the frog markov chain, what js the probability distribution in the next period if the current distribution is (a) p 3 = 1, all other pi = o?
The probability distribution in the next period for the frog Markov chain, given the current distribution where p3 = 1 and all other pi = 0, will have all probabilities concentrated in the state corresponding to p3.
In a Markov chain, the probability distribution in the next period is determined by the transition probabilities between states. Each state in the Markov chain has an associated probability, indicating the likelihood of transitioning to that state in the next period.
In this case, the current distribution is given as p3 = 1, meaning that the frog is currently in state 3 with a probability of 1. All other probabilities (p1, p2, p4, p5, etc.) are 0, indicating that the frog is not in any other state.
Since the frog is already in state 3 with a probability of 1, there is no transition needed in the next period. Therefore, the probability distribution in the next period will also have p3 = 1, and all other probabilities will be 0.
In summary, the probability distribution in the next period, given the current distribution where p3 = 1 and all other pi = 0, will have all probabilities concentrated in the state corresponding to p3. This means that the frog will remain in state 3 with a probability of 1 in the next period, and there will be no transition to any other state.
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What is 4,389 + 8,038
Answer:
12427
Step-by-step explanation:
Answer:
12,427
Step-by-step explanation:
which of the following is not an assumption of manova? a. sphericity b. independence c. multivariate normality d. random sampling
The following which is not the assumption of manova is d. random sampling is not an assumption of MANOVA.
MANOVA stands for multivariate analysis of variance. It is a statistical test used to determine whether there is a significant difference between two or more groups of variables in terms of their means.
This analysis provides a number of advantages over univariate ANOVA (analysis of variance), including the ability to test for interactions among the dependent variables. MANOVA has a number of assumptions that must be met in order for it to be a valid test.
These assumptions include sphericity, independence, and multivariate normality. Random sampling is not an assumption of MANOVA, but rather a general requirement for any type of statistical analysis.
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SOLVE QUICK PLEASE!! 20 POINTS
Answer:
SA = 384 in²
Step-by-step explanation:
Assuming we're finding surface area:
SA of top of large cube: 8(8) - 4(4) = 48 in²
SA of sides of large cube: 4(8)(8) = 256 in²
SA of exposed faces of small cube: 5(4)(4) = 80 in²
Total = 48 + 256 + 80 = 384 = ∑SA
A television transmitter tower is 600 ft high. If the angle between the guy wire (attached at the
top) and the tower is 55.4°, how long is the guy wire?
Using trigonometric relations, we can see that the length of the wire is 1,454.5 ft.
How can we find the length of the wire?
We can think of this as a right triangle, such that the height of the tower is one of the legs, and the wire is the hypotenuse.
In this case, we know that the angle between the tower and the wire measures 55.4°, and the height is the adjacent cathetus to this angle.
Then we can use the relation:
cos(a) = (adjacent cathetus)/(hypotenuse)
Where:
a = 55.4°
adjacent cathetus = 600ft
hypotenuse = L = length of the wire.
Replacing that we get:
cos(55.4°) = 600ft/L
L = 600ft/cos(55.4°) = 1,454.5 ft
We conclude that the length of the wire is 1,454.5 ft.
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who got forza horizon 3 on xbox one
Answer: me but I cant play with anyone
Step-by-step explanation:
The cost y (in dollars) for making friendship bracelets is y=0.5x+2 where x is the number of bracelets. Interpret the y-intercept and the slope.
imagine that a survey of randomly selected people finds that people who used sunscreen were more likely to have been sunburned in the past year. which explanation for this result seems most likely?
Imagine that a survey of randomly selected people finds that people who used sunscreen were more likely to have been sunburned in the past year.
There are several possible explanations for the finding that people who used sunscreen were more likely to have been sunburned in the past year.
However, without additional context or data, it is difficult to determine the most likely explanation definitively. Here are a few possible explanations to consider:
1. Ineffective or improper use of sunscreen: It is possible that the individuals who reported using sunscreen did not apply it correctly or did not reapply it as recommended.
Inadequate application or failure to follow proper sunscreen usage guidelines could result in insufficient protection from the sun's harmful rays, leading to sunburn.
2. Self-selection bias: It is possible that individuals who have previously experienced sunburns may be more likely to use sunscreen. They may be more aware of the potential risks and take precautions, including using sunscreen.
This could create an association between sunscreen use and sunburn, even though sunscreen itself is intended to prevent sunburn.
3. Recall bias: The survey responses may be subject to recall bias, where individuals may inaccurately remember or report their sunscreen use and sunburn experiences.
Memory limitations or subjective perceptions of sunburn severity could influence the reported data and the observed association between sunscreen use and sunburn.
4. Confounding factors: There may be other factors or variables at play that are related to both sunscreen use and sunburn. For example, individuals who engage in activities that increase sun exposure or who have certain skin types may be more likely to both use sunscreen and experience sunburn.
It is important to note that further investigation, including more detailed surveys, data collection and statistical analysis, would be necessary to determine the most likely explanation for the observed association between sunscreen use and sunburn.
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when a distribution is bell-shaped, approximately what percentage of data values will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean?
When a distribution is bell shaped, the percentage of the data values which will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean is= 68%
What does standard deviation mean in plain English?
The term "standard deviation" (or "") refers to the degree of dispersion of the data from the mean.
Data are grouped around the mean when the standard deviation is low, and are more dispersed when the standard deviation is high.
According to empirical rule, which is also known as three-sigma rule or 68-95-99.7 rule, it is a rule of statistics which says that all observed data will fall within three standard deviations of the mean or average for a normal distribution.
1.68% falls within first standard deviation .
2.95% falls within the first two standard deviations.
3.99.7% falls within the first three standard deviations.
Therefore,
When a distribution is bell shaped, the percentage of the data values which will fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean is= 68%
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WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST IF CORRECT!! A person invests 3500 dollars in a bank. The bank pays 6.5% interest compounded quarterly. To the nearest tenth of a year, how long must the person leave the money in the bank until it reaches 5600 dollars?
Answer:
7.3 years
Step-by-step explanation:
You want to know the number of years it takes for an investment of $3500 earning 6.5% compounded quarterly to have a value of $5600.
Compound interestThe formula for the value of an account earning compound interest is ...
A = P(1 +r/n)^(nt)
where principal P is earning interest at rate r compounded n times per year for t years.
SolutionSolving for t, we have ...
A/P = (1 +r/n)^(nt)
ln(A/P) = nt·ln(1 +r/n) . . . . . taking logs
t = ln(A/P)/(n·ln(1 +r/n))
Using A=5600, P=3500, r=0.065, n=4, we find t to be ...
t = ln(35/56)/(4·ln(1+0.065/4)) ≈ 7.3
The person must leave the money in the bank for 7.3 years for it to reach $5600.
__
Additional comment
Here, we used the natural logarithm. Any logarithm will do, as long as both logs are to the same base.
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