The outer surface of a steel gear (Bcc Fe) is to be hardened by increasing its carbon content. The carbon is to be supplied from an external carbon-rich atmosphere that is maintained at an elevated temperature. A diffusion heat treatment at 850 degree (1123 K) for 10 min increases the carbon concentration to 0.90 wt% at a position 1.0 mm below the surface. Estimate the diffusion time required at 650 degree C (923 K) to achieve this same concentration also at a 1.0-mm position. Assume that surface carbon content is the same for both heat treatments which is maintained constant Diffusion parameters for the diffusion of C in BCC Fe: D_o = 6.2 times 10^-7 m^2/sec. Q_D = 80 kJ/mol.
Answers
It would take approximately 2225 hours (or about 93 days) at 650 degrees C (923 K) to achieve the same carbon concentration of 0.90 wt% at a 1.0-mm position below the surface.
To estimate the diffusion time required at 650 degrees C (923 K) to achieve a carbon concentration of 0.90 wt% at a 1.0-mm position below the surface, we can use Fick's second law of diffusion:
x = sqrt((2 * D * t) / π)
Where:
x is the distance of diffusion below the surface
D is the diffusion coefficient
t is the diffusion time
First, let's calculate the diffusion coefficient at 650 degrees C (923 K) using the given diffusion parameters:
Q_D = 80 kJ/mol
R = 8.314 J/(mol·K) (universal gas constant)
T = 923 K (temperature)
\(D = D_o * exp(-Q_D / (R * T))\\D = (6.2 * 10^-7 m^2/sec) * exp(-80,000 J/mol / (8.314 J/(mol·K) * 923 K))\\D ≈ 1.23 * 10^-10 m^2/sec\)
Next, we can calculate the diffusion time (t) at 650 degrees C (923 K) using the same concentration change and a 1.0-mm distance:
\(x = 1.0 * 10^-3 m\\t = (π * x^2) / (2 * D)\\t = (π * (1.0 * 10^-3 m)^2) / (2 * 1.23 * 10^-10 m^2/sec)\\t ≈ 8.01 * 10^6 sec\)
However, the diffusion time is typically expressed in hours, so we can convert seconds to hours:
t ≅ \((8.01 * 10^6 sec) / (3600 sec/hour)\)
t ≈ 2225 hours
Therefore, it would take approximately 2225 hours (or about 93 days) at 650 degrees C (923 K) to achieve the same carbon concentration of 0.90 wt% at a 1.0-mm position below the surface.
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Related Questions
Write the formula for these compounds containing polyatomic ions.
a. chromium (III) nitrite
b. sodium perchlorate
c. magnesium hydrogen carbonate
d. calcium acetate
Answers
The chemical formula of given compounds is a. chromium (III) nitrite: Cr(NO_2)_3 b. sodium perchlorate: NaClO_4 c. magnesium hydrogen carbonate: Mg(HCO_3)_2 d. calcium acetate: Ca(C_2H_3O_2)_2.
Polyatomic ions are molecular ions that have been combined to form a charged particle. They are made up of covalently bonded atoms with an overall charge, and are usually formed when an acid is neutralized by a base.
Polyatomic ions have a wide range of uses in different branches of chemistry, and they are especially important in the study of biochemistry and geochemistry.
Polyatomic ions can be positively or negatively charged, depending on the number of electrons that they have gained or lost. When they are negatively charged, they are called anions, and when they are positively charged, they are called cations.
The polyatomic ion has a chemical formula that indicates the number of atoms in the molecule and the number of electrons that it has gained or lost.
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What is the necessary voltage to power the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride?
Answers
The necessary voltage to power the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride is 4V.
Electrolysis is the breakdown of a compound into the elements it is formed from by passing electricity through it. It is actually a chemical reaction in which one element loses electrons and the other may gain electrons. The process of electrolysis has wide applications in electroplating, metallurgical processes, production of chlorine gas, etc.
Molten sodium chloride is generally used in the production of chlorine gas and sodium metal. This molten or aqueous form of sodium chloride is also known as brine. The process is carried out in a cell called the Down's cell.
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how many moles of acetyl salicylic acid are produced if 0.90 moles of salicylic acid are used? question 1 options:1.5 moles of acetyl salicylic acid0.23 moles of acetyl salicylic acid0.45 moles of acetyl salicylic acid0.90 moles of acetyl salicylic acid
Answers
0.90 moles of salicylic acid will produce 0.90 moles of acetyl salicylic acid. The correct answer is 0.90 moles of acetyl salicylic acid.
To produce acetyl salicylic acid, salicylic acid undergoes an acetylation reaction in which an acetyl group (-COCH3) is added to its structure. The reaction equation is:
Salicylic acid + Acetic anhydride → Acetyl salicylic acid + Acetic acid
From the equation, it can be seen that one mole of salicylic acid produces one mole of acetyl salicylic acid.
Therefore, if 0.90 moles of salicylic acid are used, then 0.90 moles of acetyl salicylic acid will be produced.
So, the correct answer is: 0.90 moles of acetyl salicylic acid.
In this reaction, the mole ratio between salicylic acid and acetyl salicylic acid is 1:1. To find the moles of acetyl salicylic acid produced, follow these steps:
1. Identify the given moles of salicylic acid, which is 0.90 moles.
2. Since the mole ratio is 1:1, the moles of acetyl salicylic acid produced will be equal to the moles of salicylic acid used.
So, 0.90 moles of salicylic acid will produce 0.90 moles of acetyl salicylic acid. The correct answer is 0.90 moles of acetyl salicylic acid.
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Upon the death or incapacitation of a president and the succession of the vice president, a new vice president is chosen by
Answers
Upon the death or incapacitation of a president and the succession of the vice president, a new vice president is chosen by the process of nomination by the president and confirmation by both houses of the United States Congress.
According to the 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution, in the event of the death, resignation, or removal from office of the vice president, the president has the power to nominate a new vice president. The nomination must be confirmed by a majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.
This process ensures that there is a clear line of succession and continuity of leadership in the executive branch of the United States government. It provides a mechanism to fill the vacancy in the vice presidency to ensure that the executive branch remains functioning effectively. The nomination and confirmation process allows for the participation and decision-making of both the president and the legislative branch in selecting the new vice president.
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Describe how minerals form.
Answers
Answer:
Minerals can form in three primary ways being precipitation, crystallization from a magma and solid- state transformation by chemical reactions (metamorphism).
2.) The
is considered the basic unit of any element.
Answers
Answer:
The basic unit of any element would be the atom.
De la siguiente reacción química Fe2O3 + 3 H2O → __Fe(OH)3 para que se cumpla el balanceo en ella, en el espacio qué coeficiente estequiométrico se debe asignar
Answers
Answer:
Para que se cumpla el balanceo en la reacción química, en el espacio se debe asignar 2 como coeficiente estequiométrico.
Explanation:
La ley de conservación de la materia establece que, dado que no se puede crear ni destruir ningún átomo en una reacción química, el número de átomos que están presentes en los reactivos debe ser igual al número de átomos presentes en los productos.
Luego, debes equilibrar la ecuación química. Para eso, primero debe mirar los subíndices al lado de cada átomo para encontrar el número de átomos en la ecuación. Si el mismo átomo aparece en más de una molécula, debes sumar sus cantidades.
Los coeficientes ubicados frente a cada molécula indican la cantidad de cada molécula para la reacción. Este coeficiente puede modificarse para equilibrar la ecuación, del mismo modo que nunca debe alterar los subíndices.
Al multiplicar el coeficiente mencionado por el subíndice, obtienes la cantidad de cada elemento presente en la reacción.
En este caso la reacción química es:
Fe₂O₃ + 3 H₂O ⇒ ____ Fe(OH)₃
Entonces, teniendo en cuenta todo lo anterior, se puede determinar la cantidad de elementos en cada lado de la ecuación:
Lado izquierdo: 2 hierro Fe, 6 oxígeno O y 6 hidrógenos H Lado derecho: 1 hierro Fe, 3 oxígeno O y 3 hidrógenos HSe puede observar que la reacción química no esta balanceada porque se tiene diferentes cantidades de cada elemento a cada lado de la reacción. Para equilibrarla, se comienza balanceando el hierro. Para eso, el coeficiente estequiométrico debe ser dos:
Fe₂O₃ + 3 H₂O ⇒ 2 Fe(OH)₃
Entonces:
Lado izquierdo: 2 hierro Fe, 6 oxígeno O y 6 hidrógenos H Lado derecho: 2 hierro Fe, 6 oxígeno O y 6 hidrógenos HAhora, a cada lado de la reacción se tiene la misma cantidad de cada elemento, por lo que la reacción esta balanceada.
Para que se cumpla el balanceo en la reacción química, en el espacio se debe asignar 2 como coeficiente estequiométrico.
Which sentence in the section "Measuring Sonic Booms" BEST supports the conclusion that sonic booms are not dangerous?
A. Air molecules are pressing down on us all the time.
B. However, we do not feel them because our bodies are used to the pressure.
C. Sonic booms pack air molecules tightly together, so this means the air pressure is greater.
D. Most structures in good condition can withstand sonic booms.
Next
Answers
Answer:
B. However, we do not feel them because our bodies are used to the pressure.
Which of the following can result in deviations from Beer\'s law when the path length is constant? Solute concentrations less than 0.01 M Stray light reaching the detector The absorbing species undergoes dissociation or association The sample is homogeneous The use of polychromatic radiation
Answers
The option that can lead to deviations from Beer's law at constant path length is option A.
Using monochromatic radiation All radiation that was not absorbed by his sample when stray light reaches the detector is transmitted to the detector.
All of the above factors can lead to deviations from Beer's Law if the path length is constant. Optical pathlength refers to the distance that light travels through a sample and is usually kept constant in spectrophotometric experiments in order to accurately measure the sample's absorbance.
Therefore, unless monochromatic radiation is used, the absorbance of the sample may not accurately reflect the concentration of the solute, as different wavelengths of light may be absorbed differently.
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a car accelerates from rest(zero speed) up to a spees of m/s to a speed of 30 m/s in 12 seconds. calculate the acceleration.
Answers
A copper coin with a mass of 6.30 grams changes temperature in the sunshine from 20.0°C to 32.0°C. How much energy is transferred? The specific heat capacity of copper is 0.377 joules/gram degree Celsius. Express your answer to three significant figures.
The amount of energy transferred to the coin is
joules.
Answers
Answer:
q = mC∆T
q = heat = ?
m = mass = 6.30 g
C = specific heat = 0.385 J/g/deg
∆T = change in temperature = 32-20 = 12º
q = ((6.30 g)(0.385 J/g/deg)(12 deg) = 29.1 J (to 3 significant figures)
Explanation:
Scientists have changed the model of the atom as they have gathered new evidence. One of the atomic models is shown below. A purple center outlined in black with two concentric black circles around the center, the inner circle having 2 small green balls on it and the outer circle having 8 small green balls on it. What experimental evidence led scientists to change from the previous model to this one? A few of the positive particles aimed at a gold foil seemed to bounce back. The colors of light emitted from heated atoms had very specific energies. Experiments with water vapor showed that elements combine in specific proportions. Cathode rays were bent in the same way whenever a magnet was brought near them.
Answers
Answer:
B: The colors of light emitted from heated atoms had very specific energies.
Explanation:
dont know if its the same question i had on edg but i think its B. Sorry if i didnt understand the question :)
Answer:
b
Explanation:
CH₂O
Empirical
Formula Mass
Answers
Answer: 32 atomic mass units
Explanation:
carbon is 14
hydrogen is 1 each
oxygen is 16
Carbon: 12amu
Hydrogen: 1.0amu x 2 = 2.0amu
Oxygen: 16amu
PDB CODE: 1MRY SEQUENCE POSITION: 229 AMINO ACID MUTATED TO: ARG In the PDB protein, you were given the sequence position of a particular amino acid that is mutated to another amino acid. Draw the structure of the two amino acids. Describe why this position in your protein is important and outline the effects of the mutation will have on the 3-D structure and the function of your protein.
Answers
The mutated amino acid at position 229 is arginine (Arg), and its substitution can potentially disrupt the 3D structure and alter the function of the protein due to changes in side chain properties and interactions.
Structure of the Amino Acids:
The wild-type amino acid at position 229 is not specified, so the structure cannot be provided.
The mutated amino acid is arginine (Arg), which has a side chain containing a positively charged guanidinium group.
Importance of the Position:
The specific position 229 in the protein sequence may be functionally significant, such as being involved in protein-protein interactions, binding sites, catalytic activity, or structural stability.
Without detailed knowledge of the protein, its function, and its structural context, it is difficult to determine the exact importance of this specific position.
Effects of the Mutation on Structure and Function:
The substitution of an amino acid at position 229 from the original to arginine can have various effects on protein structure and function.
Arginine's larger and positively charged side chain may introduce steric clashes or alter electrostatic interactions within the protein structure.
The mutation can potentially disrupt local or global protein folding, stability, or conformational changes, affecting its overall 3D structure.
The functional consequences of the mutation depend on the specific role of the amino acid at position 229, which can include changes in protein-protein interactions, enzymatic activity, substrate binding, or signal transduction pathways.
It is crucial to analyze the protein's structural context, available experimental data, and computational modeling techniques to gain a more accurate understanding of the specific effects of the mutation on the protein's structure and function in the given context.
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the gas dinitrogen pentoxide decomposes to form nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas measurements of our recorded in the reaction below
Answers
Approximately 0.323 half-lives have occurred over the period of 1.00 hour.
To determine the concentration of N₂O₅ after 1.00 hour and the number of half-lives that occurred, we can use the first-order rate equation and the concept of half-life.
The first-order rate equation is given by:
ln([A]t/[A]₀) = -kt
Where [A]t is the concentration at time t, [A]₀ is the initial concentration, k is the rate constant, and t is the time.
Given that k = 6.22 x 10^(-5) s^(-1), [A]₀ = 0.500 M, and t = 1.00 hour = 3600 seconds, we can substitute these values into the equation.
ln([A]t/0.500) = -(6.22 x 10^(-5))(3600)
ln([A]t/0.500) = -0.22392
[A]t/0.500 = e^(-0.22392)
[A]t = 0.500 * e^(-0.22392)
[A]t ≈ 0.500 * 0.7997
[A]t ≈ 0.3999 M
Therefore, the concentration of N₂O₅ after 1.00 hour is approximately 0.3999 M.
To calculate the number of half-lives, we can use the equation:
t₁/2 = ln(2)/k
t₁/2 = ln(2)/(6.22 x 10^(-5))
t₁/2 ≈ 11126.03 seconds
Number of half-lives = t/t₁/2
Number of half-lives = 3600/11126.03
Number of half-lives ≈ 0.323
Therefore, approximately 0.323 half-lives have occurred over the period of 1.00 hour.
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Dinitrogen pentoxide decomposes to form nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas according to the following equation: 2 N₂0₅ → 4 NO₂+ O₂ Experimentally, this process is found to obey first order kinetics, with k 6.22 x 10 s 1. f the initial concentration of N205 is 0.500 M, what will its concentration be after 1.00 hour? How many half lives have occurred over this period of time?
What cellular organelle is most affected by CO poisoning? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b) Mitochondria c) Rough endoplasmic reticulum d) Centrioles e) Lysosomes
Answers
The cellular organelle that is most affected by CO poisoning is mitochondria (option B).
What is mitochondria?Mitochondria is a cellular organelle found in eukaryotic cells and responsible for the production of energy in form of ATP.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a common environmental pollutant released when fossil fuels are burned. The major target of this pollutant is the mitochondria.
Carbon monoxide (CO) binds to cytochrome oxidase of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria, thereby, blocking oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. As ATP declines, there is no energy to drive the breathing muscles.
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Susie has a box that has a mass of 6g and volume of 2 cm3
. What is the Density of the box?
Answers
In the Haber Process, ammonia is synthesized from nitrogen andhydrogen:
N2 (g) + 3H2 -----> 2NH3(g)
ΔG at 298K for this reaction is -33.3 kj/mol. the valuef ΔG at 298 K for a reaction mixture that consists of 1.9 atmN2, 1.6 atm H2 and 0.65 atm NH3 is________.
a.) -3.86 x 103
b.) -1.8
c.) -7.25 x 103
d.) -40.5
e.) -104.5
Answers
The value of ΔG at 298 K for a reaction mixture containing 1.9 atm N2, 1.6 atm H2, and 0.65 atm, the answer is (a) -3.86 × 10^3.
NH3 can be calculated using the equation:
ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln(Q)
where ΔG is the standard Gibbs free energy change, ΔG° is the standard Gibbs free energy change at standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the temperature in Kelvin, and Q is the reaction quotient.
In this case, we are given ΔG° as -33.3 kJ/mol. To calculate Q, we need to use the partial pressures of the gases in the reaction mixture. The reaction stoichiometry tells us that the ratio of the partial pressures of N2, H2, and NH3 is 1:3:2. Therefore, we can write:
Q = (P(NH3))^2 / (P(N2) * P(H2)^3)
Plugging in the given values of P(N2) = 1.9 atm, P(H2) = 1.6 atm, and P(NH3) = 0.65 atm, we can calculate Q. Then, using the value of R = 8.314 J/(mol·K) and the temperature T = 298 K, we can substitute these values into the equation and solve for ΔG.
The calculated value of ΔG at 298 K for the given reaction mixture is approximately -3.86 × 10^3 J/mol. This value is equivalent to -3.86 kJ/mol. Therefore, the answer is (a) -3.86 × 10^3.
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Nylon is used in climbing ropes because it has a high tensile strength. Explain why, using ideas about intermolecular forces.
Answers
Nylon is used in climbing ropes due to its high tensile strength, which can be explained by the intermolecular forces present in the material.
The high tensile strength of nylon in climbing ropes can be attributed to the strong intermolecular forces, specifically hydrogen bonding, that exist between the nylon polymer chains.
Nylon is a synthetic polymer composed of repeating units joined by amide linkages. These amide groups contain nitrogen and oxygen atoms, which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonding, play a significant role in determining a material's strength.
In nylon, the hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains provide a significant amount of intermolecular attraction, allowing the chains to resist separation when a force is applied. The hydrogen bonds act as "bridges" between the polymer chains, contributing to the material's high tensile strength.
Due to the strong intermolecular forces, nylon climbing ropes can withstand substantial forces and distribute the load evenly along the length of the rope, making them suitable for applications requiring high tensile strength and durability.
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Imagine that you have taken a sample of water from a nearby lake. You do a test and find that it has
a pH of 5.6. Adding about of a teaspoon of baking soda to it neutralizes it. What does this tell you
about the baking soda?
Answers
The acidic or alkaline character of a solution is obtained from the value of pH. Here baking soda is a base which neutralizes the acid.
What is pH?The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydronium ion concentration in moles per litre. It can be expressed as:
pH = -log [H₃O⁺]
For acidic solution, the pH will be less than 7 and for basic solution the pH will be greater than 7.
Here the sample of water which has the pH of 5.6 is acidic and it is neutralized by the base baking soda.
Thus we can say that baking soda is a base.
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Which factor plays the biggest role in delaying the detection of childhood
diseases?
Answers
Answer:
poor access to health care providers
Explanation:
without health care providers you cant get tested.
Arrange the following element, lithium, potassium, carbon and fluorine in increasing ionization energy
Answers
Answer:
flourine(1681),carbon(1086),lithium(520) and potassium(419)
as we can see that the ionization energy of flourine is the highest than carbon than lithium and than potassium
Explanation:
i hope it will help you
Answer:
Potassium, Lithium, Carbon, Fluorine
Explanation:
potassium has the least and Fluorine has the most
What information do you get from the following
chemical equation ?
Zn(s) + 2HCl (dil) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
+
Answers
Explanation:
Kẽm tác dụng với axit clorua ( nhiệt độ ) thì sẽ tạo ra Kẽm II clorua và có khí Hidro bay lên
Which one is a single replacement reaction? (Whoever gets it correct first I’ll mark)
Answers
The equation that represents a single replacement reaction given the various options is 2Al(s) + 6HCl -> 2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂O(g) (option 2)
What is a single replacement reaction?A single replacement reaction, also known as single displacement reaction is a reaction in which elements higher in the electro-chemical series displace or replace elements lower in the electro-chemical series displace from a solution.
The following example illustrates single replacement reaction:
A + BC -> AC + B
From the above reaction, we can see that A has replace/displace B to from AC.
With the above information, we can determine the equation that represents single replacement reaction. Details below:
Equation from the questions:
2Al + 3Cl₂ -> 2AlCl₃2Al(s) + 6HCl -> 2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂O(g)2AlCl₃(aq) -> 2Al + 3Cl₂ AlCl₃ + 3KOH -> Al(OH)₃ + 3KClFrom the above, we can see that only 2Al(s) + 6HCl -> 2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂O(g) conform to single replacement reaction.
Thus, the correct answer to the question is: 2Al(s) + 6HCl -> 2AlCl₃(aq) + 3H₂O(g) (option 2)
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what is the pH of a solution with [H+] = 1.25 x 10^-10M?
Answers
pH = -log[H+]
Given [H+] = 1.25 x 10^-10 M:
pH = -log(1.25 x 10^-10)
pH = -log(1.25) + log(10^-10)
pH ≈ -9 + (-10)
pH ≈ -19
Therefore, the pH of the solution with [H+] = 1.25 x 10^-10 M is approximately -19.
Answer:
9.90
Explanation:
Given [H+] = 1.25 x 10^-10 M, we can calculate the pH using the formula:
pH = -log10([H+])
pH = -log10(1.25 x 10^-10)
Using logarithmic properties:
pH = -log10(1.25) - log10(10^-10)
Since log10(10^-10) is equal to -10:
pH = -log10(1.25) - (-10)
pH = -log10(1.25) + 10
Now, evaluating the logarithm using a calculator:
pH = -0.0969 + 10
pH = 9.9031
Therefore, the pH of the solution with [H+] = 1.25 x 10^-10 M is approximately 9.9031. Rounding it to two decimal places, the pH is approximately 9.90.
PLEASE HELP
Electrical devices have been designed to convert electrical energy to other useful
forms of energy. Choose the device which converts electrical energy to kinetic
energy.
Answers
Answer:
B. Fan
Explanation:
The device in the options which converts electrical energy to kinetic
energy is the Fan.
When the fan is plugged to a an electric power source, the electrical energy gets converted to kinetic energy as a result of the movement of the blades in which Kinetic energy is defined as the energy as a result of the motion of a particle or substance.
What is the molar concentration a a 12 % sodium chloride solution (MW 58.5)
Answers
The molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.
To determine the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution, we need to convert the given percentage concentration into molarity.
First, we need to understand that the percentage concentration refers to the mass of the solute (sodium chloride) relative to the total mass of the solution.
In this case, a 12% sodium chloride solution means that there are 12 grams of sodium chloride in 100 grams of the solution.
To convert this into molar concentration, we need to consider the molar mass of sodium chloride, which is 58.5 g/mol.
We can start by calculating the number of moles of sodium chloride in 12 grams:
Moles of sodium chloride = mass of sodium chloride / molar mass of sodium chloride
Moles of sodium chloride = 12 g / 58.5 g/mol = 0.205 moles
Next, we calculate the volume of the solution in liters using the density of the solution. Since the density is not provided, we assume a density of 1 g/mL for simplicity:
Volume of solution = mass of solution / density
Volume of solution = 100 g / 1 g/mL = 100 mL = 0.1 L
Finally, we calculate the molar concentration (Molarity) by dividing the number of moles by the volume in liters:
Molar concentration = moles of solute / volume of solution
Molar concentration = 0.205 moles / 0.1 L = 2.05 M
Therefore, the molar concentration of a 12% sodium chloride solution is approximately 2.05 M.
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Iron (Fe): [Ar]4s23d6
longhand notation
noble-gas notation
Answers
Answer:
noble-gas notation
Explanation:
Answer:
longhand notation
Explanation:
on edge
These two questions are related, I did not understand their answers
Answers
Answer:
42. The statement is "The value of ΔH° for the overall reaction is large and negative".
43. The value of the enthalpy change is -93kJ.
Explanation:
42. The Kp depends on the ΔH° as both are related by ΔG formula, so the statement that identifies the reason of Kp value is "The value of ΔH° for the overall reaction is large and negative".
If ΔH° is negative, then the calculation of Kp will be a large number, because the formula of Kp is:
\(K_p=e^{-\Delta G*(T)/RT}\)43. To calculate the value of the enthalpy change per mole of HCl produced, it is necessary to write the whole final reaction from the reactions in steps 1, 2 and 3 (multiplying or dividing the enrgies, just like the equations). Then, we have to sum all the final energies:
\(\begin{gathered} Step\text{ 1: }Cl_2\rightarrow2Cl\text{ }\Delta H°=242\text{ kJ/mol}_{rxn} \\ Step\text{ 2: }H_2+Cl\rightarrow HCl+H\text{ }\Delta H°=4\text{ kJ}/\text{mol}_{rxn} \\ Step\text{ 3: }H+Cl\rightarrow HCl\text{ }\Delta H°=-432\text{ kJ/mol}_{rxn} \\ Final:\text{ H}_2+Cl_2\rightarrow2HCl \end{gathered}\)In this case, it is not necessary to multiply or divide the equations, because each H cancels, and each Cl cancels as well.
\(242\text{ kJ/mol + 4kJ/mol - 432 kJ/mol =-186kJ/mol}\)-186 kJ is the enthalpy change for the whole reaction, where 2 moles of HCl are produced. So, to calculate the enthalpy change for 1 mole of HCl, we have to divide it by 2.
Finally, the value of the enthalpy change is -93kJ.
How many positively charged nucleons are in an atom of ^50 24Cr?
Answers
Answer:
positively charged nucleons are 24
Explanation:
Given element:
₂₄⁵⁰ Cr
The superscript before the symbol of the atoms is mass number
The subscript before the symbol is the atomic number
Cr is the symbol of the atom
Now,
Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
The protons are the positively charged particles in an atom.
For this specie, the positively charged nucleons are 24