The nebular theory proposes the sun and planets formed from a rotating cloud of interstellar gases and dust called a Solar nebula
What is nebular theory?
The creation of solar systems is explained by the nebular theory. According to the explanation, stars are produced from clouds of interstellar gas and dust, and the term "nebula" is Latin for "cloud." It takes around 100 million years for an undifferentiated cloud to develop into a star system with planets and moons.
The nebular theory proposes the sun and planets formed from a rotating cloud of interstellar gases and dust called a solar nebula
According to the nebular theory, the Sun and all of the plants in the solar system descended from the solar nebula, an interstellar cloud of gases and dust. The term "nebula" itself is a Latin word for cloud. The nebula began to collapse over time, and the centre of the collapse (the central mass) eventually turned into a protostar.
It should be noted that this protostar was distinct from our current star in that it lacked the continuous nuclear fusion process that our stars do now. When nuclear fusion begins in the centre of a protostar, it transforms into a star.
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Which scientific method could I use to test this hypothesis? "If the mass and the volume of an object are known, then its density can be calculated dividing the object's mass by its volume."
Answer:
Multiple so you can test multiple hypothesis at once
Explanation:
because
Answer:
To test the hypothesis, we need to make an observation or perform an experiment associated with the prediction. For instance, in this case, we would plug the toaster into a different outlet and see if it toasts.
inspired by answer up there
sorry i couldn't add details because think its bad
Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is most often used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses, that arise from theories.
A basketball player grabbing a rebound jumps 80 cm vertically. How much total time (ascent and descent) does the player spend (a) in the top 10 cm of this jump and (b) in the bottom 10 cm? Do your results explain why such players seem to hang in the air at the top of a jump?
(a) The time spent by the player in the top of 10 cm of this jump is 0.14 second.
(b) The time spent by the player in the bottom 10 cm of this jump is 0.38 second.
(c) The result shows that the player spends more time during ascent and decent because of greater distance.
What is the time of motion of the player?
The time taken for the player to jump 80 cm and back to ground is calculated as follows;
t = 2 ( √ ( 2h / g ) )
where;
h is the vertical height travelled by the playerg is acceleration due to due to gravityt = 2 ( √ ( 2 x 0.8 / 9.8 ) )
t = 0.4 s
t = 0.8 second
The time spent by the player in 10 cm jump is calculated as follows;
t = √ ( 2h / g )
t = √ ( 2 x 0.1 / 9.8 )
t = 0.14 s
From 10 cm at the bottom, the player has travelled 70 cm, and the time of motion of this player is calculated as follows;
t = √ ( 2 x 0.7 / 9.8 )
t = 0.38 second
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HELP DUE 3 MINUTESSSSD
Answer:
Break down small pebbles and sediments, like sand
Break down large rocks like mountains
Explanation:
ASSIGNMENT what is the length of wire whose resistivity 3x10^-6ohm with the r=0.2mm with a given Value of 15.552 Resistance.
The length of wire whose resistivity is 3 x 10^-6ohm, and radius is 0.2 mm, with a given value of 15.552 resistance is 6.5268 m.
Given data: r = 0.2 mm = 0.2 x 10^-3m Resistivity = 3 x 10^-6 ohm R = 15.552 ohm
Formula Used: Resistivity (ρ) = (RA)/L
Where, R is resistance, A is the area of cross-section, L is the length of the wire.
Resistance (R) = ρ (L/A)
Multiplying A on both sides, we get
Resistance (R) x A = ρ L ... equation (1)
Area of the cross-section of a wire of radius (r) is given by, A = πr^2
where, π is a constant whose value is 3.14
Substituting the given values, we get
A = πr^2= π (0.2 x 10^-3m)^2= 1.2566 x 10^-7 m^2
Substituting the values of R, A and ρ in equation (1), we get
Length of wire (L) = (Resistance x Area) / Resistivity= (15.552 ohm x 1.2566 x 10^-7 m^2) / (3 x 10^-6 ohm)= 6.5268 m
Therefore, the length of wire whose resistivity is 3 x 10^-6ohm, and radius is 0.2 mm, with a given value of 15.552 resistance is 6.5268 m.
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Using what you have learned about research methods, what are some of the limitations of Freud’s theory of personality? 1. _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________________________________
Using what has been learned about research methods, some of the limitations of Freud’s theory of personality are
Scientifically, it is challenging to test his hypotheses.It is hard to quantify ideas like libido, hence they cannot be tested.Research has been done, and it tends to refute Freud's notion.Predictions of the future are too hazy.This is further explained below.
What is the Freudian theory?Generally, Id, ego, and superego, according to Freud, make up the three parts of the mind, and interactions and conflicts between these parts are what provide personality (Freud, 1923/1949).
The id, according to Freudian thought, is the psychological trait that serves as the foundation for our most primal instincts.
In conclusion,
Scientifically, it is challenging to test his hypotheses.It is hard to quantify ideas like libido, hence they cannot be tested.Research has been done, and it tends to refute Freud's notion.Predictions of the future are too hazy.Read more about Freudian theory
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An object of mass 2 kg moving with velocity of 12 m/s, collides head-on with a stationary object whose mass is 6 kg. Given that the collision is elastic, what are the final velocities of the two objects? Neglect friction.
Answer:
5. An object of mass m = 2 kg, moving with velocity Vi1 = 12 m/s, collides head-on with a stationary object whose mass is m2 = 6 kg. The velocities of the objects after the collision are vj1 -6 m/s and Vr2 = 6 m/s.
Explanation:
We can use the conservation of momentum and kinetic energy to solve for the final velocities of the two objects.
Conservation of momentum:
m1v1i + m2v2i = m1v1f + m2v2f
where m1 and v1 are the mass and velocity of object 1 before the collision, and m2 and v2 are the mass and velocity of object 2 before the collision.
Plugging in the values:
(2 kg)(12 m/s) + (6 kg)(0 m/s) = (2 kg)(v1f) + (6 kg)(v2f)
Simplifying:
24 kg m/s = 2 kg v1f + 6 kg v2f
Conservation of kinetic energy:
(1/2)m1v1i^2 + (1/2)m2v2i^2 = (1/2)m1v1f^2 + (1/2)m2v2f^2
Plugging in the values:
(1/2)(2 kg)(12 m/s)^2 + (1/2)(6 kg)(0 m/s)^2 = (1/2)(2 kg)(v1f)^2 + (1/2)(6 kg)(v2f)^2
Simplifying:
144 J = 1 kg v1f^2 + 3 kg v2f^2
Now we have two equations with two unknowns (v1f and v2f). Solving for v1f in terms of v2f in the first equation:
v1f = (24 kg m/s - 6 kg v2f)/2 kg = 12 m/s - 3v2f
Plugging this into the second equation:
144 J = 1 kg (12 m/s - 3v2f)^2 + 3 kg v2f^2
Simplifying and solving for v2f:
144 J = 1 kg (144 m^2/s^2 - 72 v2f + 9 v2f^2) + 3 kg v2f^2
144 J = 144 J - 72 kg m/s v2f + 9 kg m^2/s^2 v2f^2 + 3 kg v2f^2
6 kg v2f^2 - 72 kg m/s v2f + 144 J = 0
Dividing by 6 kg:
v2f^2 - 12 kg m/s v2f + 24 J/kg = 0
Using the quadratic formula:
v2f = [12 kg m/s ± sqrt((12 kg m/s)^2 - 4(1)(24 J/kg))]/(2)
v2f = [12 kg m/s ± sqrt(96) m/s]/2
v2f = 6 kg m/s ± 2sqrt(6) m/s
v2f ≈ 9.90 m/s or v2f ≈ 2.10 m/s
Plugging these values into the equation we found for v1f:
v1f = 12 m/s - 3v2f
v1f ≈ -16.70 m/s or v1f ≈ 38.70 m/s
Since the negative velocity doesn't make physical sense, the final velocities of the two objects are:
v1f ≈ 38.70 m/s and v2f ≈ 2.10 m/s
Two strings are made of the same material. String 1 has radius r1 while string 2 has radius r2 = r1/2. When stretched by the same tension, the respective speed of propagation of waves v1 and v2 satisfy the conditionSelect one:a. v1 = 2v2b. None of the above.c. v1 = v2/4d. v1 = v2/2
Given data:
The radius of the first string is r_1.
The radius of the second string is r_2.
The relation between the radius of both the strings is,
\(r_2=\frac{r_1}{2}\)The speed of the propagation of the first wave is v_1.
The speed of propagation of the second wave is v_2.
Solution:
The speed of the propagation in terms of the radius of first string is,
\(v_1=\frac{1}{r_1}\sqrt[]{\frac{T}{\pi\rho}}\)where,
\(\rho\text{ is the density of the string}\)As, both the strings are made of the same material, thus, the density of both the strings remains the same.
The tension along both the strings is the same.
Thus, the speed of propagation of the second string is,
\(v_2=\frac{1}{r_2}\sqrt[]{\frac{T}{\pi\rho}}\)By dividing both the equations,
\(\begin{gathered} \frac{v_1}{v_2}=\frac{\frac{1}{r_1}\sqrt[]{\frac{T}{\pi\rho}}}{\frac{1}{r_2}\sqrt[]{\frac{T}{\pi\rho}}} \\ \frac{v_1}{v_2}=\frac{\frac{1}{r_1}}{\frac{1}{r_2}} \\ \frac{v_1}{v_2}=\frac{r_2}{r_1} \end{gathered}\)Substituting the known values,
\(\begin{gathered} \frac{v_1}{v_2}=\frac{\frac{r_1}{2}}{r_1} \\ \frac{v_1}{v_2}=\frac{1}{2} \\ v_1=\frac{v_2}{2} \end{gathered}\)Thus, option d is the correct answer.
What is the index of refraction for a material if the speed of light in that material is 1.862x108 m/s?
The index of refraction for the material is 1.612.
The index of refraction (n) of a material can be calculated using the formula:
n = c / v
where c is the speed of light in vacuum and v is the speed of light in the material.
Given that the speed of light in the material is 1.862x\(10^8\) m/s, we can substitute the values into the formula:
n = (3.00x\(10^8 m/s) / (1.862x10^8 m/s\))
Simplifying the expression:
n = 1.612
Therefore, the index of refraction for the material is approximately 1.612.
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1. The Train Itself
It is late on an exhausting school night. You wake up to find yourself sitting in the car of a sleek and modern express subway train. The train signs indicate that it is a south-bound train. Its intended destination is downtown: 14th Street. You are no longer at John Jay College's uptown address; you are somewhere between 59th Street and 14th Street.
Inside the train, everything looks symmetric (the same, in a certain way). That is, seats face north, south, east and west; windows are arranged identically on all walls; neither the floor nor the ceiling is marked by any distinguishing features. You neither feel nor hear anything: no bumps, no lurches, no turns. None of your senses experience anything to indicate instability nor change. You do recognize that the train design seems quite technologically up-to-date.
The question is: Are you moving?
Some time later, you look through an arbitrary window and see a slew of tiny white lights rushing by. All the lights appear to move as one group. That is, they all appear to move at one speed and in one direction. You are just looking out the window for the first time, so you do know when, if ever, the lights had begun to behave in this manner.
2A) Draw a neat and clear sketch of what you see through the window.
2B) At this moment, are you moving?
a. Yes.
b. No.
c. Both yes and no.
d. Neither yes nor no.
e. Not enough information to choose any of the above.
Answer:
c. Both yes and no.
Explanation:
Disadvanlayes and advantager of the and A and B
Answer:
Advantages
If there is a fault in one of the electric appliances, the current is able to pass through different paths of the circuit.
Disadvantages
In parallel circuits, we cannot increase the voltage since the resistance decreases in the parallel circuit.
Explanation:
Dillan rolls a rubber band ball off a desk. If the desk is 0.9 m tall, and the ball lands 2.5 m away, what was the horizontal velocity of the rubber band ball as it went off the table?
Answer: 6.25 m/s
explanation: remember an easir way to solve problems like this is to have a horizontal side (x) and a vertical side (y) and on each side always set up for initial speed, average speed, final speed, distance, time, and acceleration.
lmk if you need anything else or any more good tips yk
You see a boat sitting at the end of a dock. Ten minutes later you see the same boat in a cove to the right of the dock. You did not see the boat move.
However, you know that the boat moved because its
relative to the dock changed.
The boat must have moved, despite not being seen to move, because its relative position to the dock has changed. This phenomenon is known as relative motion .
Everything is always in motion, but the way we perceive it depends on our frame of reference.
In this scenario, the dock was the frame of reference for the initial position of the boat. When the boat moved to the cove, its position relative to the dock changed, and the dock was no longer an appropriate frame of reference. The boat's motion is now relative to the cove instead.
It is important to note that relative motion depends on the chosen frame of reference. If we were to choose the boat as the frame of reference, then it would be the dock that appears to move, not the boat. This is because motion is always relative to a chosen frame of reference.
In conclusion, the boat must have moved because its position relative to the dock changed. The concept of relative motion reminds us that motion is always relative to a chosen frame of reference, and that the way we perceive motion depends on our chosen frame of reference.
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The standard kilogram is a platinum-iridium cylinder 39.0 mm in height and 39.0 mm in diameter. What is the density of the material?
Density is mass per unit of volume, usually measured in g/cm³. So first determine the volume of the cylinder:
v = π r ² h = π ((39.0 mm) / 2)² (39.0 mm)
v = 59,319/4 π mm³ ≈ 46,589 mm³ ≈ 46.589 cm³
Then the density is
ρ = m / v
ρ = (1 kg) / v = (1000 g) / v
ρ ≈ 21.464 g/cm³
Or, if you want to preserve the given units, that's
ρ ≈ 0.00002146 kg/mm³
A 0.11 kg bullet traveling at speed hits a 18.3 kg block of wood and stays in the wood. The block with the bullet imbedded in it moves forward with a velocity of 8.8 m/s. What was the velocity (speed) of the bullet immediately before it hit the block (in m/s)?
Explanation:
The energy of the system before the collision must equal the energy after the collision.
After the collision the bullet and the block have a total mass of 18.41 kg and they move at a speed of 8.8 m/s. The kinetic energy after the collision is
\(\frac{18.41 kg (8.8 m/s)^2}{2} = 713 J\)
Before the collision only the bullet has kinetic energy.
So we can now determine the speed of the bullet using
\(\frac{0.11kg (v^2)}{2} = 713 J\\v = 114 m/s\)
Which of the following would fill in the table where "A" is?
Symbol
Element Name
Atomic Number Mass Number
#nº
#p
#e
Net Charge
Si
Silicon
A (#13)
27
B (#14 14 C (#15)
0
D (#16)
Potassium
18
39
19
18 E (#17)
A. 3
B. 13
C. 14
D. 28
Answer:
.lyrjhg.
Explanation:
qqlqfgtjnfh
What was the most difficult thing about organizing your store
Answer:
organizing
Explanation:
thinking about where things should go, to make it so that everybody has an easy experience when inside of my store.
1. Determine the average of the three trials for each material.
Mystery A = ___30_______
Mystery B = ___2.8_______
In which material would light travel faster, Mystery A or Mystery B? Explain
2. As the index of refraction for the second medium is increased, what effect does this have on the angle of refraction? When it comes in at a lower angle, the ray bends more.
3. Write a conclusion for this lab.
The lab experiment found that light travels faster in Mystery A compared to Mystery B, with average speeds of 3.0 and 2.8, respectively. The increase in the index of refraction for the second medium led to a higher angle of refraction, resulting in light bending more. These findings have practical implications for optics and communications.
1. Light would travel faster in Mystery A since the average speed of light in Mystery A (3.0) is higher than Mystery B (2.8).
2. Increasing the index of refraction for the second medium leads to an increase in the angle of refraction. When light comes in at a lower angle, it bends more.
3. In conclusion, this lab experiment showed that the speed of light in a material is influenced by the material's index of refraction. Mystery A had a higher average speed of light compared to Mystery B, indicating that light travels faster in Mystery A. Additionally, the angle of refraction increased as the index of refraction for the second medium was increased. These findings have practical applications in the field of optics and communications.
Hence,The laboratory experiment discovered that, with average speeds of 3.0 and 2.8, respectively, light moves more quickly in Mystery A than Mystery B. Light bent more as a result of the second medium's increased index of refraction due to a higher angle of refraction. For optics and communications, these findings have real-world applications.
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A steel ball, of mass 5 kg, is connected to a string and swings from rest at point A. As the steel ball swings through the lowest position at point B, it collides with a stationary block of mass 2 kg. Immediately after the collision the block moves at a speed of 4,95 m-s¹ to the right on a frictionless track BC. After the collision, the steel ball swings to a maximum height h. Ignore the effects of friction and assume that there is no loss of mechanical energy during the collision. 0.2 1,2 m Block 2 kg Calculate the: 5.2.1 Velocity of the steel ball immediately after the collision (2) (7)
Immediately after the collision, the steel ball is moving to the left with a velocity of 1.98 m/s.
To calculate the velocity of the steel ball immediately after the collision, we can use the principle of conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum of a closed system remains constant in the absence of external forces.
Before the collision, the system consists of the steel ball and the block, which are both stationary. Therefore, the total momentum of the system before the collision is zero.
After the collision, the system consists of the block moving to the right and the steel ball swinging upwards. To determine the velocity of the steel ball immediately after the collision, we need to find the momentum of the block after the collision. We can use the equation:
p = m * v
where p is the momentum, m is the mass, and v is the velocity.
The momentum of the block after the collision is:
p = m * v
p = 2 kg * 4.95 m/s
p = 9.9 kg m/s
Since the total momentum of the system is conserved, the momentum of the steel ball after the collision is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the momentum of the block. Therefore:
p = -9.9 kg m/s
We can now use the momentum equation to find the velocity of the steel ball after the collision:
p = m * v
-9.9 kg m/s = 5 kg * v
Solving for v, we get:
v = -1.98 m/s
The negative sign indicates that the velocity of the steel ball is in the opposite direction to the velocity of the block.
Therefore, immediately after the collision, the steel ball is moving to the left with a velocity of 1.98 m/s.
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What is the skeletal system?
O It is a system comprised of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream.
It is a system that supports the body, helps with movement, protects internal organs, and serves as a site for
blood cell formation.
O It is a system that coordinates and controls functions throughout the body and responds to stimuli.
It
is a system comprised of a series of organs that takes in oxygen from the atmosphere and releases carbon
dioxide.
Previous
Answer:It is a system that supports the body, helps with movement, protects internal organs, and serves as a site for
blood cell formation.
Explanation: reason it is a system of which supports the body weight and holds your organs in without such a system theyd fly around damaging them due to such the answer is exactly as said it supports the body weight the movement of your legs and holds you up and it creates blood cells from your bome maro
Answer: The answer is: It is a system that supports the body, helps with movement, protects internal organs, and serves as a site for
blood cell formation.
Explanation: I have my ways ;>
Find the equation of the line with slope 23 and y-intercept (0,2).
We have the next form of the equation of the line that is the slope-
\(y=mx+b\)where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept
in our case
m=23
the y-intercept is the value of the y-coordinate when the x coordinate is 0 therefore
b=2
then we substitute the values
\(y=23x+2\)The max power of an elevator is 20,000 J/s. How much time would it take the elevator to lift 800 Kg 30 meters?
Answer:
11.76s
Explanation:
Answer:komedvkfo
ftkgkrfepdlw
Explanation:jikmo
komkji
a steam engine works on its vicinity and 285 k heat is released with the help of 225 degree centigrade energy absorbed to the system. what is the efficiency of steam engine
The efficiency of the steam engine is 78.9%.
What is the efficiency of a machine?The efficiency of a machine is a measure of the useful work done by the machine as against the work input into the machine.
Efficiency of a machine = work output/work input × 100%Work output of the steam engine = 225 K
Work input of the steam engine = 285 K
The efficiency of the machine = 225/275 × 100% = 78.9%
Therefore, the efficiency of the steam engine is 78.9%.
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What is the economic term for the act of sacrificing one good or service to purchase or produce another?
Answer:
Trade-off. sacrificing one good or service to purchase or produce another.Convert the BCD number given to its Excess-3 equivalent: 1001 0011 1000.
To convert a BCD number to Excess-3, we add 3 to each BCD digit.
The BCD number given is: 1001 0011 1000
Adding 3 to each digit, we get:
1011 0100 1111
Therefore, the Excess-3 equivalent of the given BCD number is: 1011 0100 1111.
Which of the following actions will increase the current induced in a wire by a
magnetic field?
Answer:
The induced current can be increased in the coil in the following ways: By increasing the strength of the magnet. By increasing the speed of the magnet through the coil.
Explanation:
Rotation axis. Big disk on the bottom M2 and small disk on the top M1 or mass1. Angular frequency of M₁ is zero. M₂ initial angular frequency is Wi = 6π rad/s. Two objets both can spine freely in the axis someone is holding M1 and M2 is fixed on the axis. So M1 can slide down the axis and M₂ is fixed its rotating. Surface of M₂ is rough like sand paper but bottom of M1 surface is soft and it can rub on M₂ rough surface. then M1 disk is dropped on M2. then both disks are rotating and M1 cant slipe because of M2 rough surface. find wf final anular frequency of the system
The final angular frequency of the system is 3π/2 rad/s. Moment of inertia increased, frictional torque decreased angular momentum, conservation of energy equation used.
At the point when M1 is dropped onto M2, the two circles will be coupled together and pivot as a solitary framework. The complete precise force of the framework should be saved. At first, just M2 was turning with a precise recurrence of Wi = 6π rad/s, while M1 was very still, so the underlying rakish force was L = I2 * Wi, where I2 is the snapshot of dormancy of M2.
At the point when M1 is dropped onto M2, the snapshot of latency of the framework expands, so to preserve rakish energy, the precise recurrence of the framework should diminish. The last rakish recurrence can be tracked down utilizing the preservation of precise force condition: L = I1 * wf + I2 * wf, where I1 is the snapshot of dormancy of M1 and wf is the last rakish recurrence of the framework.
Since M1 is sliding on the unpleasant surface of M2, there is frictional power that goes against its movement. This frictional power creates a force on the framework, which makes the precise energy decline. The last precise recurrence can be determined utilizing the preservation of energy condition, which compares the underlying active energy of the framework to the last dynamic energy of the framework:
0.5 * I1 * 0^2 + 0.5 * I2 * (6π)^2 = 0.5 * (I1 + I2) * wf^2
Improving on the situation and tackling for wf, we get:
wf = 3π/2 rad/s
Thusly, the last rakish recurrence of the framework is 3π/2 rad/s.
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Can someone please help me label this right
The tension at the top of the horizontal circle is T = m (v²/r - g ).
The tension at the bottom of the horizontal circle is m (v²/r + g ).
What is the tension at the bottom and top of the rope?
The tension at the bottom and top of he rope is calculated by applying the following formula as shown below;
The tension at the top of the horizontal circle is calculated as;
T = ma - mg
T = mv²/r - mg
T = m (v²/r - g )
where;
v is the speedr is the radius of the circleg is acceleration due to gravityThe tension at the bottom of the horizontal circle is calculated as;
T = ma + mg
T = mv²/r + mg
T = m (v²/r + g )
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The complete question is below:
Find the expression for the tension at the bottom and top of the circle
What is the magnetic force on a 2.0-m length of (straight) wire carrying a current of 30 A in a region where a uniform magnetic field has a magnitude of 55 mT and is directed at an angle of 20° away from the wire?
To determine the magnetic force on a straight wire carrying a current in a uniform magnetic field, we can use the formula for the magnetic force:
F = I * L * B * sin(θ)
where:
F is the magnetic force,
I is the current in the wire,
L is the length of the wire,
B is the magnitude of the magnetic field, and
θ is the angle between the wire and the magnetic field.
In this case, the values are:
I = 30 A (current in the wire)
L = 2.0 m (length of the wire)
B = 55 mT = 0.055 T (magnitude of the magnetic field)
θ = 20° (angle between the wire and the magnetic field)
Substituting the values into the formula:
F = 30 A * 2.0 m * 0.055 T * sin(20°)
Calculating sin(20°):
F = 30 A * 2.0 m * 0.055 T * 0.3420
F ≈ 1.5714 N
Therefore, the magnetic force on the 2.0-meter length of wire carrying a current of 30 A in a region with a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 55 mT and at an angle of 20° away from the wire is approximately 1.5714 N.
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What physical property does the symbol I_enclosed in problem 5 represent? a. The current along the path in the same direction as the magnetic field b. The current in the path in the opposite direction from the magnetic field c. The total current passing through the loop in either direction d. The net current through the loop
Answer:
C
Explanation:
Current passing through the loop in either direction
Describe the phenomenon of lightning?