The early atmosphere may not have been as reducing as originally postulated by Haldane, Oparin, Miller, and Urey. In light of current thinking about the composition of the early atmosphere, what is regarded as a likely place for the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules to have occurred

Answer:

Word Equation:

Zinc + Copper (II) nitrate → Copper + Zinc nitrate

Formula Equation:

Zn (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq) → Cu (s) + Zn(NO3)2 (aq)

Ionic Equation:

Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

Description

A 1 gram granule of zinc metal was dropped into a test tube containing 10 cm

3

of clear blue copper nitrate solution (1 M). The zinc quickly began to react with the solution producing a clear green solution and a darker solid at the bottom of the test tube.

Explanation:

Answer:

9.370 x 10 to the 23 molecules

Explanation:

91.72/1 x 1 mole Co/58.933g x 6.02 x 10 to the 23/1 mole Co

Answer:

Explanation:

Mass 1 mole of CO

C = 12

O = 16

m = 28

Mols of 91.72 grams

m = given Mass / Molar Mass

m = 91.72 / 28

m = 3.28 mols

Molecules

1 mol of anything is 6.02 * 10^23 molecules (in this case)

3.28 mol of CO = x

1/3.28 = 6.02*10^23/x      Cross multiply

x = 3.28 * 6.02 * 10^23

x = 1.97 * 10^24

Answer:

the second one that is it

Explanation:

bc i am o smaart like tht

Answer:

Ti3O5

Explanation:

The empirical formula of the compound (TiₓOᵧ) is Ti₃O₅

The balanced equation is

We'll begin by calculating the number of mole in 2.024 g of TiO₂. This can be obtained as follow:

Molar mass of TiO₂ = 47.87 + (16×2)

= 79.87 g/mol

Mass of TiO₂ = 2.024 g

Mole = mass / molar mass

Mole of TiO₂ = 2.024 / 79.87

Next, we shall determine the number of mole of Ti in 0.0253 mole of TiO₂. This can be obtained as follow:

1 mole of TiO₂ contains 1 mole of Ti.

Therefore,

0.0253 mole of TiO₂ will also contain 0.0253 mole of Ti.

Next, we shall determine the number of mole of Ti in TiₓOᵧ.

The number of mole of Ti in TiO₂ is the same in TiₓOᵧ.

Thus, the number of mole Ti in TiₓOᵧ is 0.0253 mole.

Next, we shall determine the mass of 0.0253 mole of Ti. This can be obtained as follow:

Mole of Ti = 0.0253 mole

Molar mass of Ti = 47.87 g/mol

Mass = mole × molar mass

Mass of Ti = 0.0253 × 47.87

Next, we shall determine the mass of oxygen, O in 1.889 g of TiₓOᵧ. This can be obtained as follow:

Mass of TiₓOᵧ = 1.889 g

Mass of Ti = 1.212 g

Mass of O = 1.889 – 1.212

Finally, we shall determine the empirical formula of the compound (TiₓOᵧ). This can be obtained as follow:

Mass of Ti = 1.212 g

Mass of O = 0.677 g

Ti = 1.212 g

O = 0.677 g

Ti = 1.212 / 47.87 = 0.0253

O = 0.677 / 16 = 0.0423

Ti = 0.0253 / 0.0253 = 1

O = 0.0423 / 0.0253 = 1.67

Ti = 1 × 3 = 3

O = 1.67 × 3 = 5

Therefore, the empirical formula of the compound (TiₓOᵧ) is Ti₃O₅

The balanced equation is

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Answer:

is this write chemical reaction

The mass (in grams) of lithium hydroxide, LiOH present, given that 3 moles of it were obtained from the reaction is 72 g (Last Option)

We know that the mass of a substance is related to the number of mole according to the following formula:

Mole = mass / molar mass

With the application of the above formula, we can obtain the mass of lithium hydroxide, LiOH present. Details below:

Mole = mass / molar mass

Cross multiply

Mass = Mole × molar mass

Mass of LiOH = 3 × 24

Mass of LiOH = 72 g

Thus, the mass of lithium hydroxide, LiOH is 72 g (last option)

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The student can use the following pair of equations to justify the claim:

1. HF (aq) + H₂O (l) ↔ H₃O⁺ (aq) + F⁻ (aq)
2. NaF (aq) → Na+ (aq) + F⁻ (aq)

The pH of a solution containing 0.100 M HF and 0.100 M NaF will change only slightly when small amounts of acids or bases are added due to the presence of a buffer system. A buffer system consists of a weak acid (HF) and its conjugate base (F⁻ from NaF).

When an acid is added, it reacts with the conjugate base (F⁻), while when a base is added, it reacts with the weak acid (HF). This maintains the pH by limiting the change in [H₃O⁺] or [OH⁻]. The presence of both HF and F- allows the solution to resist changes in pH, thus justifying the student's claim.

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To make an acetate buffer at ph 4.76 starting with 500 ml of 0.1 m sodium acetate (pk acetic acid = 4.76), you could add  0.025 mol

moles of sodium acetate = 0.1 M × 500 ml = 0.05 moles

volume = moles / concentration

volume = 0.05 moles / 0.1 M

volume = 0.5 L = 500 ml

( 0.1-x ) / x = 1

cross multiply

x = 0.05

x = 0.05 M

Concentration of sodium acetate = 0.1

0.1 - 0.05

= 0.05

= 0.05 M * 0.5L

= 0.025 mol

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If a non-volatile sugar is  added to water , the vapor pressure of liquid will tend to decreases and this reduction of vapor pressure is said to be proportional to the numbers of mole fraction of solute that was added to it.

In the case above,  the vapor pressure of the solution is known to be lowered if compared to the vapor pressure of the pure solution.

Therefore if a non-volatile solute is said to be place or added to a pure solution such as water, the vapor pressure of the solution will be reduced than that of the pure solution.

Hence, the statement that If a non-volatile sugar is  added to water , the vapor pressure of liquid will tend to decreases and this reduction of vapor pressure is said to be proportional to the numbers of mole fraction of solute that was added to it is correct.

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When each trial is started with 10.0 g of tert-butanol the freezing points would be higher. Hence option A is correct.

Generally the term freezing point is described as the, temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid. Basically with the melting point, increase in the pressure usually increases the normal freezing point. Basically the freezing point is always lower than the melting point in the case of mixtures and also for certain organic compounds such as fats.

When each trial is started with 10.0 g of tert-butanol the freezing points would be higher because there is more tert-butanol present in order to balance out the additives added to the solution. Therefore, when each trial is started with 10.0 g of tert-butanol, the freezing points would be higher. Hence, option A is correct.

The given question is incomplete the complete question is given as,

If each trial started with 10.0 g of tert-butanol, what would have changed? explain your reasoning.

a) the freezing points would be higher

b) the freezing points would be lower

c) the freezing points doesn't change

d) None of the above

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Answer:

I catalyst promoter is the answer

Answer: A bike

A bike is composed of various simple machines. It has a wheel and axle as one component, and it also has screws to hold the various parts together, along with levers and pulleys that are connected to the pedals. So all of these simple machine concepts work together to help transport the rider from point A to point B.

The other answer choices of screw, inclined plane, and lever, are fairly simple machines that don't have many things going on at once compared to a bike.

The least simple machine is "A Bike"

Hope this helps!

Answer:

6192.756Km

Explanation:

multiply the length value by 1.609

3,848 × 1.609 =

its an aproximate of 6193KM

Answer:

Yes, energy can be released when matter changes. In physical changes, such as phase changes, energy is released when changing from a higher energy state to a lower energy state. An example of this is when gaseous water condenses into the liquid phase.

Yes, energy is always either released or absorbed during a chemical reaction. This is because all chemical reactions involve energy. In any chemical reaction, energy is required to break the bonds in reactions, and energy is released when new bonds form after the reaction.

And no energy cannot change in matter or take place in which energy is neither releasedreased nor absorbed.

Explanation:

The strength of an acid or base is not necessarily related to its concentration. A strong acid or base can be highly concentrated or highly diluted, and the same is true for weak acids and bases.

Firstly, the strength of an acid or base is determined by its ability to donate or accept hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution. Strong acids and bases are those that dissociate completely in water, meaning they completely break down into their constituent ions. For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid because it readily dissociates into H⁺ and Cl⁻ ions in water. On the other hand, weak acids and bases only partially dissociate in water, meaning they do not completely break down into their constituent ions.

Secondly, the pH of a solution can indicate whether an acid or base is strong or weak. Strong acids have a very low pH (usually between 0 and 3) because they donate a large amount of H⁺ ions in a solution, resulting in a highly acidic environment. Conversely, strong bases have a very high pH (usually between 11 and 14) because they accept a large amount of H⁺ ions in a solution, resulting in a highly alkaline environment.

Thirdly, the strength of an acid or base can affect its chemical reactivity. Strong acids and bases are highly reactive and can easily react with other molecules to form new compounds. Weak acids and bases, on the other hand, are less reactive and are less likely to participate in chemical reactions.

Finally, it's worth noting that the strength of an acid or base is not necessarily related to its concentration. A strong acid or base can be highly concentrated or highly diluted, and the same is true for weak acids and bases.

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To fully oxidize the waste stream containing 75 mg/l of sucrose (\(C_1_2H_2_2O_1_1\)), the theoretical oxygen demand would be approximately 3.85 mo/l.

Oxidation is a chemical process in which electrons are removed from a substance, usually an atom or molecule. In this process, the oxidized substance gains an electron or protons and becomes more stable. Oxidation is a major part of the breakdown of organic materials into inorganic compounds, and is also a key part of many reactions in the body, such as the Krebs Cycle. Oxidation typically occurs when a substance is exposed to oxygen, however, other elements such as chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine can also cause oxidation. Oxidation of a substance can also cause it to become corrosive, which is why metals are often treated to prevent oxidation.

Given that the molar mass of sucrose is approximately 342.3 g/mol.

we can calculate the moles of sucrose in 75 mg (0.075 g).

The moles of sucrose would be (0.075 g) / (342.3 g/mol) ≈ 0.000219 moles.

Therefore, the theoretical oxygen demand is approximately 12 × 0.000219 ≈ 0.00263 moles per liter (mo/l), which is most nearly 0.003 mo/l.

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The compound that will readily react with the solution of bromine resulting from the mixture of hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide is option (a) Cyclohexene.

A solution is a specific kind of homogenous mixture made up of two or more components that is used in chemistry. A solute is a substance that has been dissolved in a solvent, which is the other substance in the mixture.

Free bromine (Br2), a potent electrophilic and oxidizing agent, can be produced in situ by mixing hydrobromic acid (HBr) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). So, we must choose a substance that Br2 can easily react with in these circumstances.

Cyclohexene, one of the provided compounds, is an unsaturated double-bonded molecule that can go through electrophilic addition processes. With alkenes like cyclohexene, bromine easily engages in an electrophilic addition process to generate a dibromoalkane.

Hence, option (a) cyclohexene is the substance that will most rapidly react with the bromine solution produced by the mixture of hydrobromic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

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Answer:

solid, gas

Explanation:

gasses are very low density because there is a low mass in a large volume with lots of space between atoms, solids on the other hand are very densely packed and there is very little room between atoms

This problem is providing the initial volume and pressure of nitrogen in a piston-cylinder system and asks for the final pressure it will have when the volume increases. At the end, the answer turns out to be 2.90 atm.

In chemistry, gas laws are used so as to understand the volume-pressure-temperature-moles behavior in ideal gases and relate different pairs of variables.

In this case, we focus on the Boyle's law as an inversely proportional relationship between both pressure and volume at constant both temperature and moles:

\(P_1V_1=P_2V_2\)

Thus, we solve for the final pressure by dividing both sides by V2:

\(P_2=\frac{P_1V_1}{V_2}\)

Hence, we plug in both the initial pressure and volume and final volume in order to calculate the final pressure:

\(P_2=\frac{2805mL*4.00atm}{3864mL}\\ \\P_2=2.90atm\)

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Answer:

this is the minutes and hours this is representing

The law of thermodynamics, specifically the first law, determines how much energy can be transferred when it is converted from one form to another.

This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed from one form to another. Therefore, the amount of energy before and after a conversion must be the same, but it can be in different forms (e.g. kinetic, potential, thermal, etc.). The efficiency of the conversion process also affects how much energy is transferred, as some energy may be lost as heat or other forms of waste. Overall, the first law of thermodynamics governs the transfer of energy in chemical reactions and other processes. The law of chemistry that determines how much energy can be transferred when it is converted from one form to another is the First Law of Thermodynamics. This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted between different forms. In any energy conversion process, the total amount of energy in the system remains constant. This principle, also known as the Conservation of Energy, ensures that the energy input equals the energy output, taking into account any energy lost as heat or other forms during the conversion. In summary, the First Law of Thermodynamics governs the transfer and conversion of energy in chemical systems.

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In kinematics, a scalar variable known as the speed of an object is frequently used to express how much its position varies over time or how much it changes per unit of time.

In Newtonian physics, an object's linear momentum, translational momentum, or simply momentum is defined as the product of its mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity since it has both a magnitude and a direction. The formula mathbfp = m mathbfv determines an object's momentum p if it has mass m and velocity v.

The vehicle will travel 300 cm farther while traveling at a high speed than when moving more slowly.

The truck's speed will be reduced by the weight of the 50g of earth it contains since speed is calculated as distance * time. increasing the amount of time needed to travel a distance.

When the truck is empty, however, it will take less time to travel that distance since the weightlessness will increase its speed.

The weight of an object refers to the gravitational force acting on it. Weight is the term used in many widely used textbooks to describe the gravitational force exerted on the object. Weight is sometimes referred to as a scalar quantity that gauges the strength of the gravitational pull.

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The value of the solubility product constant (Ksp) is 1.6352 × 10^-39 mol^2/L^2.

The solubility of T3U2 is given as 4.04 × 10^-20 mol/L. This means that for every liter of the solution, 4.04 × 10^-20 moles of T3U2 dissolves.

The dissociation of T3U2 can be represented by the equation:

T3U2 ⇌ T2+ + U3-

Let's assume that x moles of T3U2 dissolve, resulting in the formation of x moles of T2+ and x moles of U3-. Since the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1:1, the concentration of T2+ and U3- ions in the solution will also be x mol/L.

The solubility product constant (Ksp) is defined as the product of the concentrations of the dissociated ions raised to the power of their respective stoichiometric coefficients:

Ksp = [T2+]^1 × [U3-]^1

Substituting the values, we have:

Ksp = (x)^1 × (x)^1 = x^2

We know that the solubility of T3U2 is 4.04 × 10^-20 mol/L, so x = 4.04 × 10^-20 mol/L.

Therefore, the value of the solubility product constant (Ksp) is:

Ksp = (4.04 × 10^-20 mol/L)^2 = 1.6352 × 10^-39 mol^2/L^2.

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Answer:

Volume of 1 mole of a gas at STP =22.4L

Volume of 15 mole of a gas at STP =22.4×15=336L

Molecular weight of benzene =78g

No. of moles of benzene in 39g of benzene =

78

39

=0.5 mole

From the given reaction,

Volume of oxygen required to burn 2 mole of benzene =336L.

Therefore,

Volume of oxygen required to burn 0.5 mole of benzene =

2

336

×0.5=84L

Hence 84 litres of O

2

at STP are needed to complete the combustion of 39g of liquid benzene.

The released energy helps in pulling the solvent and solute particles apart, thus allowing the solute to dissolve in the solvent. Therefore, if the amount of energy released is greater than the amount required to dissolve the solute, the solution will always form. Thus, if ΔHsolution is exothermic, a solution will always form.

a. If ΔHsolution is slightly endothermic, a solution might form because the endothermic process requires the addition of heat which causes the solvent and solute particles to absorb more energy and move apart from one another, making room for the solute to dissolve. So, the slight amount of endothermic reaction may help to form a solution. But if the amount of endothermic reaction is highly negative, then it will be difficult for a solution to form because it will require more energy input than is available to dissolve the solute.b. If ΔHsolution is highly endothermic, a solution can never form. The highly endothermic reaction causes an energy deficit and the solvent and solute particles will not have enough energy to pull apart. Thus, if the amount of energy required to dissolve the solute is more than the available energy in the system, the solution will not form. Hence, if ΔHsolution is highly endothermic, a solution can never form.c. If ΔHsolution is exothermic, a solution will always form because the exothermic reaction releases heat energy. The solvent and solute particles release heat energy as they approach one another and bond. The released energy helps in pulling the solvent and solute particles apart, thus allowing the solute to dissolve in the solvent. Therefore, if the amount of energy released is greater than the amount required to dissolve the solute, the solution will always form. Thus, if ΔHsolution is exothermic, a solution will always form.

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Answer:

Manipulated (independent) Variable and Responding (Dependent) Variable

Answer:

Molar mass = 216.8254 (approx.)

Explanation:

Given:

FeCl2 • 5H20

Find:

Molar mass

Computation:

Atomic mass

Fe = 55.845

Cl = 35.453

H = 1.00794

So,

FeCl2 • 5H20

55.845 + 2(35.453) + (2)5(1.00794) + 5(15.999)

55.845 + 70.906 + 10.0794 + 79.995

Molar mass = 216.8254 (approx.)