The difference between the bats in the United States with the Pd fungus and bats found in Europe and China with the Pd fungus was that
Answers
The difference between the bats in the United States with the Pd fungus (which causes white-nose syndrome) and bats found in Europe and China with the Pd fungus was that the bats in Europe and China were healthy.
The difference between the bats in the United States with the Pd (Pseudogymnoascus destructans) fungus and bats found in Europe and China with the same fungus is that the bats in the United States are more susceptible to the fungal infection and often experience severe consequences, including a high mortality rate, whereas the bats in Europe and China generally exhibit milder symptoms and lower mortality rates.
The fungal disease caused by Pd, known as white-nose syndrome (WNS), affects hibernating bats and has had a devastating impact on bat populations in North America. However, bats in Europe and China have also been found to carry the Pd fungus without suffering the same level of population decline and mortality.
The reasons behind this difference in the severity of WNS between the two regions are not entirely clear, and ongoing research is being conducted to better understand the factors involved. However, several potential explanations have been proposed:
Co-evolution: Bats in Europe and China may have co-evolved with the Pd fungus over a longer period of time, allowing them to develop some level of resistance or tolerance to the infection. This co-evolutionary relationship may have provided some degree of protection against severe symptoms and high mortality.Genetic factors: Differences in the genetic makeup of bat populations between the regions could contribute to varying levels of susceptibility to the Pd fungus. Bats in Europe and China may possess genetic traits that enable them to mount a more effective immune response or prevent the fungus from causing extensive damage.Environmental conditions: Variances in environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, could play a role in the severity of WNS. The specific microclimates and cave conditions in different regions may affect the growth and activity of the Pd fungus, as well as the bats' ability to combat the infection.To know more about white-nose syndrome (WNS) follow the link:
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Related Questions
During an experiment, if you purposely change the temperature to test a hypothesis, the temperature is called the a. manipulated variable. b. responding variable. c. hypothetical variable. d. dependent variable.
Answers
Answer:
Option a (manipulated variable) would be the appropriate choice.
Explanation:
To analyze the influence on something like a dependent variable, another modified variable seems to be an important variable responsive to modifications in quite an analysis. Plainly defined, the variable has been adjusted to determine its effect on the overall outcome of the study. There would be only one manipulated component in a correctly planned analysis.The other options offered are not relevant to the situation described. So, the solution above is the best one.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
What are mutations in gametes also called?.
Answers
Mutations in gametes are also called germline mutations. When transmitted to a child, a germline mutation is incorporated in every cell of the body. Germline mutations play a key role in genetic diseases.
Any gametes produced as a result of a germ cell mutation will likewise carry the mutation. The ensuing zygote will have the mutation in all of its cells if the mutated gamete is used in fertilization. However, only a small fraction of the person will be affected if the mutation takes place in a somatic (body) cell during mitosis. Cells that have acquired a somatic mutation and lost the ability to control their proliferation are considered tumors. Only around 5%–10% of all malignancies are caused by chromosomal variations, which are much less frequent. At the time of conception, a germline variation develops in a sperm cell or an egg cell and is directly transferred from a parent to a kid.
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If a mutation occurs such that there is a duplication of the A in the 3rd codon of the mRNA sequence below. This is called a mutation. 5' - AUG CUCUAC-3
Answers
If a mutation occurs such that there is a duplication of the A in the 3rd codon of the mRNA sequence "5' - AUG CUCUAC-3'", it is called a mutation.
A mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence, which can result in alterations in the corresponding mRNA and protein sequences. In the given mRNA sequence "5' - AUG CUCUAC-3'", the codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid. The mutation involves a duplication of the A in the 3rd codon. As a result, the new sequence would be "5' - AUG CUACUCUAC-3'". This mutation leads to a change in the mRNA sequence, which in turn affects the translation process during protein synthesis.
The duplication of the A in the 3rd codon may cause several effects depending on the specific amino acid encoded by that codon and its position in the protein. It could lead to an amino acid substitution, where a different amino acid is incorporated into the growing protein chain. This substitution can alter the protein's structure and function, potentially affecting its overall activity or stability. Additionally, the duplication may also cause a frameshift mutation, where the reading frame of the mRNA is disrupted, resulting in incorrect grouping of codons and a different protein sequence downstream of the mutation site.
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Reduced permeability of potassium leak channels would affect which of the following aspects of action potentials in a neuron?A) The time to reach maximum depolarizationB) The activation thresholdC) The time to reach maximum repolarizationD) The size of the depolarization wave
Answers
Reduced permeability of potassium leak channels would affect the time to reach maximum repolarization of the action potential in a neuron.
Potassium leak channels allow potassium ions to passively diffuse out of the cell, contributing to the resting membrane potential of the neuron.
During an action potential, potassium ions move out of the cell through voltage-gated potassium channels, which contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential.
If the permeability of potassium leak channels is reduced, less potassium will be able to leak out of the cell at rest, which would result in a less negative resting membrane potential.
This would increase the excitability of the neuron and may cause it to fire more easily.
During an action potential, the reduced permeability of potassium leak channels would result in less potassium leaving the cell during repolarization, which would slow down the repolarization phase and increase the time to reach maximum repolarization.
This may affect the neuron's ability to fire at high frequencies and could potentially lead to issues with neuronal signaling.
Therefore, option C ("the time to reach maximum repolarization") is the correct answer.
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The _____________ can have lots of carpels , which comprises stigma ,style and ovary
(a) Stamen (b) Sepal
(c ) Pollen (d) Pistil
Answers
The pistil can have lots of carpels, which comprise stigma, style, and ovary.
The pistil, also known as the gynoecium, is the female reproductive organ of a flower. It can consist of one or multiple carpels. Each carpel is composed of three main parts: the stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is the receptive surface at the top of the pistil that captures pollen during pollination. The style is a slender tube-like structure that connects the stigma to the ovary. It provides support for the stigma and allows for the growth of pollen tubes after successful pollination. The ovary is the enlarged basal part of the pistil, which contains one or more ovules. The ovules are where fertilization takes place and develop into seeds after pollination. In flowers with multiple carpels, each carpel may have its own stigma and style, but they are fused together at the base to form a single ovary. This arrangement allows for efficient reproduction and seed production within the flower.
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Why does increased growth of a cell lead to cell division
A. The dna would not be able to meet the needs of the cell
B. The cell is unable to efficiently move waste and nutrients across the cell membrane
C. Both a and B
D. Neither a or B
Answers
Answer:
The DNA would not be able to meet the needs of the cell. it's the answer...
Small, prolific mussels called zebra mussels were first introduced into the Great Lakes by a foreign cargo ship. They became a serious problem because they attached themselves to smooth, hard surfaces, and often clogged water intake pipes. Congress determined that zebra mussels posed a great threat to the economic welfare of the Great Lakes region and passed a statute requiring all Great Lakes water intakes to be coated with a special chemical compound that repels zebra mussels. Studies by biologists at a major state university showed that while the special chemical compound that the federal government has required was effective, it also was toxic to other aquatic life. The biologists recommended that Great Lakes intake pipes be coated with a less toxic and less expensive copper-based paint. On the basis of those studies and the recommendation, three Great Lakes states adopted laws permitting municipal water districts to coat their intake pipes with copper paint.
Can municipalities using copper-based paint on their intake pipes successfully be prosecuted for violating the federal law?
A. No, because the Tenth Amendment prevents Congress from interfering with integral government functions.
B. No, because the municipalities are taking effective steps to combat zebra mussels in compliance with the spirit and purpose of the federal law.
C. Yes, because Congress is in a better position to regulate the entire Great Lakes region than the individual states.
D. Yes, because Congress may adopt laws regulating navigable waters.
Answers
Answer: Yes, because Congress may adopt laws regulating navigable waters.
Explanation:
It should be noted that municipalities using copper-based paint on their intake pipes can successfully be prosecuted for violating the federal law because Congress may adopt laws regulating navigable waters.
Under the Supremacy Clause, when the action of either the state government or the local government conflicts with the federal laws which are deemed valid, then such cities can be prosecuted.
where should aed pads be placed in the anterolateral placement?
Answers
Answer:
for the adult one on the skin of the left peck / shoulder area and the other on the right lower section of the peck nearing where the side of the rib cage is set.
Explanation:
can a pure culture be prepared directly from a mixed-broth culture
Answers
Yes, a pure culture can be prepared directly from a mixed-broth culture through a process known as subculturing or streak plating.
This method involves transferring a small sample of the mixed-broth culture onto a solid growth medium, such as agar, in a petri dish.
To prepare a pure culture sterilize the necessary equipment, such as an inoculating loop or needle, petri dishes, and growth medium (agar), to ensure a contamination-free environment.
Take a small sample of the mixed-broth culture using a sterilized inoculating loop or needle.
Streak the loop or needle across the surface of the agar in the petri dish, spreading the sample over a small area.
Sterilize the loop or needle again to avoid cross-contamination.
Incubate the petri dish upside down in an incubator at the appropriate temperature and conditions required for the specific organism you wish to isolate.
After incubation, individual colonies of different microorganisms should grow on the agar surface. Each colony represents a single organism derived from the original mixed-broth culture.
Using a sterilized loop or needle, carefully pick a single colony and streak it onto a new agar plate. This process is known as a subculture.
By streaking the colony onto a fresh plate, you are separating it from any remaining mixed culture and ensuring a pure culture of the desired organism.
Repeat this subculturing process multiple times, transferring colonies from one plate to another, to ensure that the culture remains pure.
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Which plant hormone(s) increases leaf size
Answers
Answer:
Gibberellin
Explanation:
I've studied that gibberellin is a plant hormone that promotes cell elongation and division, causing the cells in the leaves to elongate and divide more, this leads to an increase in leaf size.
Hope it helps! :)
The plant hormone that helps in increasing the leaf size is the phytohormone Auxin .
Plants create signalling molecules called plant hormones, which are found in low concentration. All plant's growth and progression are regulated by plant hormones.
There are basically five types of plant hormones that are considered to be essential for plant growth . They are Auxin , Cytokinin , Gibberellin , ABA , Ethylene .
The Cytokinin and Auxin work together to enhance the development of leaf as both of the phytohormones are responsible to modulate the growth of leaf as well as controlling the cell cycle . These hormones are considered essential for plant growth and it occur naturally at various concentrations within plants throughout the duration .
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Which of these are analogous concepts from touch, vision, and hearing, respectively?
A. fast adaptation; dark adaptation; auditory adaptation
B. two-point threshold; rod and cone adaptation; two-tone suppression
C. megnalimbic coding; visualimbic coding; audiolimbic coding
D. somatotopic mapping; retinotopic mapping; tonotopic mapping
Answers
D. Somatotopic mapping; retinotopic mapping; tonotopic mapping.
Somatotopic mapping refers to the organization of the somatosensory system, where sensory information from different body parts is represented in an ordered manner on the somatosensory cortex. Retinotopic mapping refers to the organization of the visual system, where visual information from different regions of the retina is represented in a spatially organized manner in the visual cortex. Tonotopic mapping refers to the organization of the auditory system, where different frequencies of sound are represented in an orderly manner along the auditory pathway, from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. These concepts highlight the idea of spatial organization and mapping of sensory information in the respective sensory systems. They demonstrate how different areas of the brain are dedicated to processing specific aspects of touch, vision, and hearing, allowing for efficient perception and interpretation of sensory stimuli in each modality. are somatotopic mapping, retinotopic mapping, and tonotopic mapping.
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Use the image to complete the statements.
An image at left labeled aluminum atom has a mix of red and blue balls in its center and 3 concentric black rings around the center. The inner ring has 2 small green balls on it. The middle ring has 6 small green balls on it. The outer ring has 3 small green balls on it. A blue arrow leads to an image at right labeled aluminum ion with a mix of red and blue balls in its center. 2 concentric black rings around the center. The inner ring has 2 small green balls on it. The middle ring has 6 small green balls on it.
The aluminum atom
electrons to form an ion.
The ion that is formed is
.
Answers
Answer:
The aluminum atom loses electrons to form an ion.
The ion that is formed is positive.
Explanation:
Just thought that I'd clear the above answer up a little. Have a good day/night!
Answer:
Use the image to complete the statements.
An image at left labeled aluminum atom has a mix of red and blue balls in its center and 3 concentric black rings around the center. The inner ring has 2 small green balls on it. The middle ring has 6 small green balls on it. The outer ring has 3 small green balls on it. A blue arrow leads to an image at right labeled aluminum ion with a mix of red and blue balls in its center. 2 concentric black rings around the center. The inner ring has 2 small green balls on it. The middle ring has 6 small green balls on it.
The aluminum atom
✔ loses
electrons to form an ion.
The ion that is formed is
✔ positive
.
Explanation:
In what locations can ribosomes be found inside the cell? Golgi apparatus Chloroplasts Central vacuole Mitochondria Cytosol Endoplasmic reticulum
Answers
Answer:
Cytosol
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Explanation:
These are the locations in which ribosomes can be found inside the cell
Based on the audio, what ecosystems can people explore in the park? glaciers and waterfalls jungles and mountains rivers and mountains waterfalls and rivers.
Answers
In accordance with the Spanish audio, the South American park stated there has the following tourist attractions. Ecosystem which people can explore in the park are mountains, glaciers, and lakes.
Topography of South America
Mountains and glaciers are frequently found in South America because of the continent's extensive mountain chain, which is formed from the Andes mountain range and spans seven nations and 3,371 million km2.
The audio also includes volcanoes, lakes, and other features that are not discussed in this audio, but lakes are a common feature in South American landscapes.
Studying the contours and characteristics of land surfaces is known as topography. The elevation, slope, and orientation of landforms like mountains, valleys, rivers, and other physical features are typically depicted on maps or charts. In addition, topography can relate to a location's actual physical characteristics, such as its topography, climate, and vegetation.
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Answer:
Jungles and mountains
Explanation:
i did it
Which metal salts (cuso 4 or agno 3 ) caused albumin denaturation? how does this observation relate to the toxicity of silver salts versus copper salts?
Answers
For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a thorough investigation on the pH-dependent inhibition of 22 metal salts has been made. We have proven that Cu, Co, inhibits the development of plants.
How does observation work?a practice that complies with a law, regulation, or custom. 2: the action of perceiving something or the capacity to focus one's attention on it. 3: a process of compiling data (as for scientific investigations) by keeping track of events, facts, or weather observations.
Preparing to copper salt:Anhydrous copper sulfate is used as a drying agent in a variety of industrial processes, including the production of textiles, leather, wood, batteries, ink, paint, and metal, as well as an addition for fertilizers and meals. It is also utilized as an animal dietary supplement.
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a teacher wants to find out what type of marker lasts the longest.Which is the dependent variable and which is the independent variable
Answers
2. The difference between an organism "adapting" to the environment vs. an organism being
"biologically adapted to the environment.
Answers
How do you link these together?
Answers
Answer:
Frequency: Are events occurring more often than they did in the past?
Intensity: Are events getting more severe, with the potential for more damaging effects?
Duration: Are events lasting longer than "the norm"?
Timing: Are events occurring earlier or later in the season or the year than they used to? Extreme weather is typically rare. But climate change is increasing the odds of more extreme weather events taking place.
Explanation:
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I would give you brainlist
Answers
Explanation:
Is The Hill (thehill.com) a trusted news website or does it have a strong bias?
From what I’ve seen, The Hill’s news reporting is pretty even handed and accurate, although the site is considered to be slightly right leaning.
However, they also employ John Solomon as their executive VP of digital video and as a columnist. With a strong background in investigative journalism, his work of late has descended into promoting baseless conspiracy theories, like the widely discredited Uranium One. I’ve seen stories of his promoted by the right-wing media in the past couple of years that have fallen apart under scrutiny.
UPDATE (5–23–2020): Someone a couple of revisions that I rejected. Nothing about spelling or grammar. This answer was accurate when it was written, although The Hill has since parted with Solomon. Brendan Delaney’s second edit suggestion was not only inaccurate, but would have made the answer his own. Better that he simply answer the question himself or make his points in a comment. But then again if you do think about it Well…John Solomon was their chief editor for a long time and he’s a hard-right, loony conspiracy theorist nutbar. The site is also owned by Jerry Finkelstein, who is good friends with Trump. Furthermore, The Hill does gives face time to a lot of hard-right opinion pieces.
On the flipside, they ARE a good aggregator of political news and publish stories you won’t find elsewhere, which balances things out somewhat.
Solomon left a few months ago Fox News and The Hill seems to be making an honest effort to balance their editorial more. Jury is still out on whether they’ll be successful or not.
This seems really pity I know, but my biology course reading doesn't help answer these questions whatsoever- at least not in a way that would be easy to understand so, brainly please help.
1) Why did 40% of the human population evolve to tolerate lactose?(1 point)
A Lactose tolerance allows people to enjoy a wide variety of food, including milk, butter, ice cream, and cheese.
B People who have an intolerance experience physical pain, so a tolerance evolved to avoid that.
C Within cultures that rely on milk-producing animals, individuals who tolerated lactose had a survival advantage.
D Babies rely on milk to survive, so they need to be able to tolerate lactose.
2) What is the difference between genetic drift and natural selection?(1 point)
A Genetic drift is the change in a population’s genes over time; natural selection is the evolution of a population over time.
B Genetic drift is the frequency of genes in a population; natural selection is the frequency of adaptations in a population.
C Genetic drift is the random increase or decrease of certain genes in a population; natural selection is not random.
D Genetic drift is the selection of random traits in a population; natural selection is the selection of specific traits.
3 What is an interferon?(1 point)
A An interferon is used by a virus to stop the body from detecting it.
B An interferon disrupts DNA replication.
C An interferon reduces the efficacy of antibiotics on bacteria.
D An interferon activates the body’s immune system response to a virus.
4 Why is there such a wide variety of immune system responses between hosts when they are infected with the same virus?(1 point)
A Slight variations due to mutations in the virus trigger different responses in people.
B People that have already been infected are asymptomatic.
C Some viruses are resistant to antibiotics, so they cause a stronger immune system response.
D Each person’s immune system employs different tactics to get rid of the virus.
5 Is the following statement true? “Antigenic drift and other mutations to the DNA of viruses are always beneficial for the virus.”(1 point)
A Yes, because mutated viruses are able to infect more hosts.
B Yes, because mutated viruses have less mRNA so they can copy and replicate faster.
C No, because mutated viruses are may be less likely to replicate.
D No, because different mutations cause a variety of immune responses.
Answers
Answer:
1. D- Within cultures that rely on milk-producing animals, individuals who tolerated lactose had a survival advantage.
2. B- Genetic drift is the random increase or decrease of certain genes in a population; natural selection is not random.
3. A- An interferon activates the body's immune system response to a virus.
4. D- Each persons immune system employs different tactics to get rid of the virus.
5. D- yes, because mutated viruses are able to infect more hosts.
i just did this test, 100% with these answers
1. The correct option D Within cultures that rely on milk-producing animals, individuals who accepted lactose had a survival advantage.
2. The correct option B Genetic drift is the random increase or decrease of certain genes in a population; natural selection is not random.
3. The correct option A An interferon activates the body's immune system response to a virus.
4. The correct option D Each person's immune system employs different tactics to get rid of the virus.
5. The correct option D yes, because mutated viruses are able to infect more hosts.
Define:1. Genetic Drift2. Natural Selection Genetic Drift:Genetic drift is a means of evolution. It refers to random changes in the commonnesses of alleles from generation to generation due to chance events.
Genetic drift can cause features to be dominant population. The effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.
Natural SelectionNatural selection is the process in nature by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more than those less adapted to their environment.
Thus, these are the correct option.
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Angiosperms such as grasses, oaks, and maples are wind pollinated. The ancestors of these subgroups were probably pollinated by insects, however. As an adaptive advantage, why might a species "revert" to wind pollination? (Hint: Think about the costs and benefits of being pollinated by insects versus wind.
Why is it logical to observe that wind-pollinated species usually grow in dense stands containing many individuals of the same species?
Why is it logical to observe that in wind-pollinated deciduous trees, flowers form very early in spring-before leaves form?
Answers
If there are benefits from doing so, such as low prices and high efficiency, a species may "revert" from insect pollination to wind pollination.
The creation of blossoms that are appealing to pollinators, as well as the creation of nectar and pollen, are necessary for insect pollination. It also calls for the creation of intricate mechanisms, like vivid colors and enticing aromas, for luring and rewarding pollinators.
In contrast, since the bud is merely released into the atmosphere and transported to other flowers by the wind, wind pollination uses less energy and resources. Wind-pollinated plants can devote more resources to development and reproduction since they do not need to generate nectar or showy flowers.
Because air currents pollination is a less precise process than insect pollination, wind-pollinated species typically grow in dense stands with numerous people belonging to a single species. Long-distance wind-pollinated plant pollen can travel great distances and land on nearby blossoms of the same species. This raises the possibility of fruitful pollination and consequently the production of healthy seeds.
Contrarily, insect-pollinated species typically require more particular conditions, such as the existence of certain insect species or the interest of insects to particular floral features, which can restrict the range and efficacy of pollination.
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how can carbon dioxide limit the rate of photosynthesis
Answers
Answer:
An increased level of carbon dioxide leads to a higher rate of photosynthesis when compared to the lower carbon dioxide level. This shows that the carbon dioxide level has an effect and is now limiting the rate of photosynthesis.
Explanation:
What are organelles?
A. Groups of organs.
B. The different types of cells.
C. The tiny structures inside cells; kind of like our organs, but at a cellular level.
Answers
Answer:
C) Organelles are the tiny structures inside cells; kind of like our organs, but at a cellular level
Explanation:
The organelles inside of cells perform actions that are vital for survival, much like our organs perform actions that help us survive.
Hope this helps!
in humans, having a hitchhikers thumb is a recessive trait
Answers
Answer:
yes, a person must inherit two copies of the gene for it to be expressed.
Explanation:
Having a hitchhiker's thumb is a genetic trait that is passed down from parents to their children. An individual must inherit two copies of the gene for it to be expressed.
This means that if one parent has a hitchhiker's thumb and the other parent does not, their children will not necessarily have the trait, but may inherit one copy of the gene for the trait. If both parents have a hitchhiker's thumb, their children are more likely to have the trait.
helppp plz i’ll give brainlest
Answers
Answer:
the carbohydrate my dude
Explanation:
Fish rely on coral for _______. a. shelter b. food supply c. camouflage d. all of the above please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
Answers
Fish rely on coral for shelter, food supply, and camouflage. So, the correct option is D, i.e. All of the above.
What do you mean by Coral?Coral may be defined as a tiny soft-bodied animal that typically lives within a stony skeleton grouped in large colonies and that is related to the jellyfish.
Fishes and other organisms depend on the coral for many purposes. Such as to find food, shelter, reproduce, rear their young ones, camouflage. Coral may be considered the main factor to increase the biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystem.
Therefore, Fish rely on coral for shelter, food supply, and camouflage.
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Answer: B
Explanation:
How might the same environmental change affect a different species?
Answers
Answer: The same environmental change might affect a different species by causing both or more to lose food or lose their environment which lowers their survival rates.
Explanation: For example, climate change alters the abundance and distribution of predator and prey species, less food, less successful reproduction, and interfering with the environment for native wildlife.
A protein undergoes post-translational processing in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi complex. however, the protein is incorrectly folded and won't be functional. what will happen to it?
Answers
It will be eliminated in the cytoplasm, according to the supplied statement.
The correct option is C.
What exactly is the endoplasmic reticulum?The endoplasmic reticulum serves as the eukaryotic cell nucleus transportation system in addition to carrying out numerous other essential functions like protein folding.
What exactly is the Golgi complex?The Golgi apparatus is a component located in all eukaryotic cells. It is also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or merely simply Golgi. It is a component of the cytoplasmic endomembrane system that bundles proteins onto membrane-bound vesicles before they are transported to their destination.
What is the purpose of the Golgi complex?The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, serves as a factory where proteins from the ER have been further processed and sorted before being transported to their final destinations: lysosomes, endothelial plasma membrane, or secretion.
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I understand that the question you are looking for is:
A protein undergoes post-translational processing in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. However, the protein is incorrectly folded and won't be functional. What will happen to it?
a. It will be returned to the ribosomes.
b. It will be carried to the plasma membrane for removal from the cell.
c. It will be destroyed in the cytoplasm.
d. It will travel through the nuclear pores to the nucleus.
e. It will be transported to the lysosomes in vesicles for destruction
Which biological property of a pathogen could block the successful design of an effective vaccine? Group of answer choices
Expresses one immunodominant antigen shared amongst all strains
Has high antigenic variation through increased mutation rates
Lack of infrastructure required to transport and store vaccines
Stimulates robust immune memory response
Answers
High antigenic variation through increased mutation rates. The biological property of a pathogen that could block the successful design of an effective vaccine is having a high antigenic variation through increased mutation rates.
Antigenic variation is a biological property of pathogens that involves changes in their antigenic structure, and it could block the successful design of an effective vaccine. Increased mutation rates cause the emergence of new antigenic variants that are different from previously existing ones. This makes it challenging to design a vaccine that targets all the existing antigenic variants, particularly if they are continually emerging or evolving. This means that even if an effective vaccine is intended for a particular variant, it may not be effective against other variants, limiting its efficacy.
Antigenic variation is common in RNA viruses like influenza viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. The influenza virus has a high mutation rate, which explains why people need to get vaccinated annually because the vaccine efficacy reduces due to the emergence of new strains. HIV also undergoes antigenic variation, which makes it challenging to design a vaccine that targets all existing strains.
In conclusion, the high antigenic variation through increased mutation rates is a biological property of pathogens that could block the successful design of an effective vaccine.
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HELP PLEASE
6. Why do leaves tend to be flat?
A. so that water can easily be absorbed and carried to the rest of the plant
B. so that sunlight can easily penetrate to the leaf's photosynthetic tissues
C. so that nutrients can easily enter the plant and be used for structure and support
D. so that plants can easily find balance due to the symmetrical nature of their branches
Answers
Just a quick note, please dont click on any links (just like the answer above me) that supposedly answers your question. Just don’t, it seems sus.