Velocity of circulation of money refers to the number of times money changes hands within an economy over a specific period of time.
It measures the rate at which money is exchanged in the economy. It is the frequency at which money is spent in a given time.
b) if the velocity of circulation constant, real GDP growth rate is 2%, and the money supply growth is 8%, what is the growth in the price level inflation)?
The equation of exchange in growth terms (also known as the quantity theory of money in growth terms) is:
MV = PY.
Where,
M = Money supply
V = Velocity of money circulation
P = Price level
Y = Real output.
If we differentiate both sides with respect to time, we get:
M(dV/dt) + V(dM/dt) = P(dY/dt) + Y(dP/dt).
Given that the velocity of money circulation (V) is constant at 1, and we are required to find the Growth in the price level inflation (dP/dt).
Since V = 1, we get:
dM/dt = (P x dY/dt)/M
= P(2%)/8%
= 0.25P.
Thus, the Growth in the price level inflation = 0.25 or 25%
c) The equation of exchange in growth terms (also known as the quantity theory of money in growth terms) is:
MV = PY
Where,
M = Money supply
V = Velocity of money circulation
P = Price level
Y = Real output.
If we differentiate both sides with respect to time, we get:
M(dV/dt) + V(dM/dt)
= P(dY/dt) + Y(dP/dt)
Given that the velocity of money circulation (V) is constant at 1, and we are required to find the Growth in the price level inflation (dP/dt).
Since V = 1, we get:
dM/dt = (P x dY/dt)/M
= P(5%)/20%
= 0.25P.
Thus, the Growth in the price level inflation = 0.25 or 25%
d) Why is inflation generally high when governments print a lot of money?
When governments print a lot of money, the money supply in the economy increases. According to the Quantity Theory of Money, if there is an increase in the supply of money, but no change in the velocity of money circulation, the prices of goods and services will increase. In other words, the purchasing power of the currency will decrease, causing inflation.e) What is meant by the term money neutrality?
Money neutrality is an economic theory that suggests that changes in the money supply will only have an impact on nominal variables.such as the price level, but not on real variables such as real GDP and unemployment. In other words, money is neutral in the long run and only affects the nominal economy, not the real economy.To know more on economy visit:
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Challenger Shuttle Disaster: Discuss the potential awards and risks of 3 scenarios (no launch, successful launch, unsuccessful launch), consider the impact of these scenarios on Morton Thiokol engineers. (Note-Typed answer required)
The potential awards and risks for Morton Thiokol engineers in the Challenger shuttle disaster were as follows:
No launch: Risk of losing future contracts but avoiding potential legal and financial repercussions.
Successful launch: Potential for future contracts and business growth but risk of ethical and legal ramifications if issues were ignored.
Unsuccessful launch: Risk of legal action, loss of reputation, and future business opportunities.
Morton Thiokol engineers faced significant challenges in the aftermath of the Challenger shuttle disaster. If the launch was canceled, the company risked losing future contracts and revenue.
However, avoiding the potential legal and financial repercussions associated with a disaster would be a benefit. In the event of a successful launch, Morton Thiokol would have the potential for future contracts and business growth, but also faced the risk of ethical and legal ramifications if issues were ignored or downplayed.
Finally, an unsuccessful launch would result in significant legal action, loss of reputation, and a decrease in future business opportunities. Morton Thiokol engineers would have to weigh these potential outcomes and their ethical responsibilities when making decisions about the launch.
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While owning stocks can create strong profits for investors, what makes buying stocks riskier than buying bonds ?
Answer:
While owning stocks can create strong profits for investors, buying stocks is considered riskier than buying bonds because stocks are more volatile and can fluctuate significantly in value depending on the performance of the underlying company or the overall stock market. Additionally, there is no guarantee that a company will pay dividends or that the stock price will increase, whereas bonds usually pay a fixed interest rate.
mention 5 functions of distribution channels
Answer:
movement of goods
information provider
negotiation
financing
risk taking
Explanation:
a distribution channel is a chain of businesses through which a good or service passes until it reaches to the final consumer. hope it helps
Movement of goods, information provider, negotiation, financing and risk taking are the five functions of distribution channels.
What is distribution channels?A product or service could travel down a distribution channel to reach the market. A direct distribution channel is defined. A corporation can sell to customers directly through a direct distribution channel, which is typically a website or physical store.
Wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and the Internet are examples of distribution channels. The manufacturer sells directly to the customer through a direct distribution channel. Before the product reaches the customer, indirect routes use a number of middlemen.
Channels of distribution are crucial to organizations because they enable efficient delivery of products or services to clients. Unhappy customers and a subpar service may result from a firm failing to find the best group of businesses for this reason.
Thus, Movement of goods, information provider, negotiation, financing and risk taking.
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On Oct.31 2021, The Wall Street Journal reported that ; Tesla's Model 3 Rush Costs Battery Maker Panasonic, '' Panasonic providing battery cells for Tessa posts 65 million USD operating loss for latest quarter.(...)because Panasonic had to add production more quickly than anticipated and hire more workers at the Nevada battery factory it runs.
Using the properties of cost functions justify the loss of Panasonic.
The operating loss of $65 million incurred by Panasonic can be analyzed using the properties of cost functions, specifically the relationship between costs and the level of activity. In this case, the level of activity relates to the production output of battery cells for Tesla's Model 3.
Panasonic had to add production more quickly than anticipated and hire more workers at the Nevada battery factory it runs, which resulted in increased fixed costs such as salaries, maintenance, and overhead costs. This means that the total cost curve shifted upward, resulting in higher costs per unit of battery produced. Additionally, the rush to increase production may have led to inefficiencies and suboptimal utilization of resources, causing an increase in variable costs.
Furthermore, if the price of battery cells remained constant, then the increase in the cost per unit of battery produced would lead to a decrease in profit margins or even losses, which is what happened in this case. Therefore, the operating loss of $65 million can be attributed to the increase in fixed and variable costs due to the rush to increase production, without a corresponding increase in revenue or price per unit.
In summary, the increase in costs due to rushed production and increased hiring led to a shift in the total cost curve, resulting in a decrease in profit margins or losses for Panasonic in producing battery cells for Tesla's Model 3.
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What is TRUE about non-depository financial institutions?
Non-Depository financial institutions are those institutions that provide various financial assistance. These institutions serves as an intermediaries between borrowers and savers. ... The non-depository financial institutions include commercial banks, credit unions, and saving banks. Therefore, option D is correct
As PlastiPharm’s business has expanded, the company has built a new addition and added new equipment. Each machine has the capacity to monitor the heat of the raw materials as they go through the machine – maintaining a temperate of 370 degrees, plus or minus ten degrees. If the temperate fluctuates beyond those parameters, the machine shuts down, and floor technicians address the issue and adjust ensure quality is maintained in the product. In addition, 100 percent of all products are visually inspected for defects. Why does PlastiPharm take such great efforts to ensure its products meet industry standards and customers’ needs?
The PlastiPharm take great efforts to ensure its products meet industry standards and customers’ needs because fulfilling the customer need and providing the customers good quality produce is one of the long-term goal of the industry.
What is an industry?An industry refers to a group of enterprises or companies or businesses in the market. An industry provides and services to the customers in the market.
The terms industry and sector are often used interchangeably to describe a group of companies that operate in the same segment of the economy or share a similar business type.
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Which of the following is not one of the purposes of an internal control system?
A) The evaluation of performance
B) Safeguarding the company's assets
C) Ensuring that the company is using the most effective marketing plan
D) The assessment of the degree of compliance with company policies and public laws
C). A system of internal controls is not intended to ensure that an organization is employing the best marketing strategy.
Describe the internal control system.Internal control is a practice carried out by management, the board of directors, and other employees of a firm with the goal of providing a reasonable level of assurance that the information is accurate, timely, and reliable.
Internal controls were developed as a means of safeguarding a business and lowering the risk to its objectives. Internal controls support risk mitigation, asset protection, accurate record-keeping, improved operational performance, and regulatory compliance.
Types: There are two main types of internal controls: preventative and detective. Both belong to a successful internal control system.
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the role of an art director is to multiple choice create the words and concepts for ads and commercials. determine the design and look and feel of the ad. take ultimate responsibility for the creative product and final ad. develop the verbal message and the copy within a print ad. act as the head of a creative team of agency copywriters and artists.
Take ultimate responsibility for the creative product and final ad is the role of an art director. Hence, option C is correct.
What is art director?
Art directors choose which photographs, pieces of art, or other design elements to employ. Art directors provide the visual style and images that are utilized in periodicals, newspapers, commercial packaging, and film and television productions. They create the overall plan and provide guidance to others who create the artwork or layouts.
A "art director" is a professional who makes up a creative team in an advertising agency, similar to a "copywriter." However, in the context of design, it alludes to a hierarchical level and the leader of a team of designers.
Thus, option C is correct.
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MOTIVATION TIME
Success doesn’t just find you. You have to go out and get it.
Answer:
thnak u that made my day
Explanation:
What do most businesses use to store information for future use?
Answer:
Flash Memory Thumb Drives.
Explanation:
For storing information in the future, most businesses make use of Flash Memory Thumb Drives. With Flash Memory Thumb Drives, you can connect to a PC USB port in an attempt to back up your files on the go.
If 4 million of those who are currently unemployed become discouraged workers, teh unemployment rate will:________
If 4 million of those who are currently unemployed become discouraged workers, the unemployment rate will decrease.
Offering government training programs to those who are structurally unemployed, paying subsidies to businesses that train displaced workers, assisting those who are unemployed in relocating to areas where jobs are available, and encouraging job seekers to find employment are all suggested policy measures to reduce structural unemployment.
Fiscal policy is the government's second method for lowering unemployment. By expanding spending on government programs, the president and Congress expand the fiscal policy to generate jobs. The New Deal and the Economic Stimulus Program of 2009 are two excellent examples.
By lowering taxes, the program can also provide people with more money to spend. The economy is deemed to be overheated if unemployment is excessively low. Inflation raises its level of concern at that point.
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What is the manufacturing industry
Answer:
Manufacturing is the production of products for use or sale, using labor and machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. It is the essence of secondary industry. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high-tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial design, in which raw materials from primary industry are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
You have found a home that you are interested in purchasing. Instead of a conventional loan, you agree to pay the premium for the private mortgage insurance (pmi), which finances 95% of the loan. The amount of the home is listed at $125,000. From the given information, determine the amount needed for the down payment to qualify for the pmi loan
Deposit is 5% of the stated amount, 100-95=5D44 down payment amount, 95,278 × 0.05 = 4,763.9.
If your mortgage down payment is less than 20%, it's important to understand your personal mortgage insurance (PMI) options. Some people can't afford the 20% down payment. Others may choose to pay a smaller down payment to have more cash available for repairs, alterations, furnishings, and emergencies.
Personal Mortgage Insurance (PMI) is a type of insurance that a borrower must purchase as a condition of a traditional mortgage. Most lenders charge a PMI when a homebuyer makes a down payment of less than her 20% of the home purchase price. If the borrower makes a down payment of less than 20% of the value of the property, the loan to value ratio (LTV) of the mortgage is over 80%.
Unlike most types of insurance, this policy protects the investment of the home lender, not the person buying the insurance (the borrower). However, PMI allows some people to become homeowners early. For individuals who choose to finance between her 5% and her 19.99% of their housing costs, PMI offers the opportunity to obtain loans.
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why would a business ower lower the price of a product
Answer:
he would do so becaus the canadiens wer smugling syrup and it was making trhe price go yeet, so ppl who didnt sell at thaat price had to lower or go ot of business!1
Explanation:
Answer: A business owner may lower the price of a product if there isn't enough demand or as a promotion. A business owner's price for their products/services should only be what consumers would pay for. If they aren't willing to pay the expensive price, they should lower it. The owner may also lower the price as part of a sale to attract customers or to get rid of the product.
I hope this helped!
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which would be an example of an organizational occupational crime? question 13 options: the police chief allows an illegal business to continue for a portion of the profit. the manager of a high-end clothing store tries on an outfit while at work and wears it home. a tobacco company knows that its cigarettes are addictive but nevertheless, advertises them as safe. the regional manager of a janitorial supply company slyly bills his customers $10 more per visit, boosting his branch's profit.
An example of an organizational occupational crime is when the police chief allows an illegal business to continue for a portion of the profit. The Option A is correct.
What is an Occupational Crime?In law, occupational crime means any criminal activity that an individual commits in the course of their legal occupation. An occupational crimes also mean crimes committed by an individual while they are working or at their workplace.
In most cases, these crime is committed by abusing existing system structures in the workplace and may be committed by one or more than one person, depending on the crime.
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Explanation: Gradpoint
Because an insurance policy is a legal contract, it must conform to the state laws governing contracts which require all of the following elements EXCEPT?
All of the following, with the exception of conditions, are required.
Describe insurance.One party will agree to compensate another in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury in exchange for a fee in order to safeguard oneself from financial loss. It is a risk management technique that is typically used to guard against the danger of a hypothetical loss that may or may not materialise.
An underwriter, insurer, firm, or carrier is a company that provides insurance. A person or organisation that obtains insurance is known as a policyholder, whereas a person or organisation that the policy protects is known as an insured.
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the chester company will sell 100 units (x1000) of capacity from their cozy product line. each unit of capacity is worth $6 plus $4 per automation rating. the chester company will sell the capacity for 35% off. how much do they receive when the capacity is sold?
When the capacity is sold, the Chester Company will receive $650.
The Chester Company will sell 100 units of capacity from their Cozy product line. Each unit of capacity is worth $6, plus an additional $4 per automation rating. The company is offering a 35% discount on the capacity.
To calculate the amount received when the capacity is sold, we need to consider the value of each unit and the discount applied.
First, let's calculate the value of each unit by multiplying the number of units (100) by the cost per unit ($6) and the automation rating ($4). This will give us the total value of all units before the discount.
Total value = (Number of units) x (Cost per unit + Automation rating) = 100 x ($6 + $4) = $1000
Next, let's calculate the amount of discount by multiplying the total value by the discount rate (35%).
Discount = Total value x (Discount rate/100) = $1000 x (35/100) = $350
Finally, to find the amount received when the capacity is sold, we subtract the discount from the total value.
Amount received = Total value - Discount = $1000 - $350 = $650
Therefore, when the capacity is sold, the Chester Company will receive $650.
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TRUE OR FALSE: A mathematics professor at a university would fall under both the Education and Training career cluster and the STEM career cluster.
Objectives that seek to satisfy stockholders, customers, suppliers, employees, and government are called ________.
A.consumerism-based
B.macromarketing
C.satisfaction of publics' objectives
D.social marketing
The correct answer to the question is C. satisfaction of publics' objectives. This term refers to the overall goal of meeting the needs and expectations of various stakeholder groups, including stockholders, customers, suppliers, employees, and government entities.
To achieve this objective, businesses must engage in practices that are ethical, socially responsible, and sustainable. This means taking steps to ensure that their products and services are of high quality, that they treat their employees fairly and respectfully, that they work to minimize their environmental impact, and that they give back to the communities in which they operate.Satisfying the objectives of these various stakeholder groups is important for a number of reasons. For one, it helps to build trust and loyalty among customers and employees, which can lead to increased sales and productivity. Additionally, it helps to create a positive image for the company, which can enhance its reputation and brand value. Finally, it helps to ensure that the company is operating in a way that is consistent with the broader social and environmental values of the communities in which it operates.Overall, satisfying the objectives of various stakeholder groups is an important part of modern business practice. By doing so, companies can help to build long-term relationships with customers, suppliers, employees, and other stakeholders, while also contributing to the broader social and environmental goals of society as a whole.
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For each scenario, calculate the cross-price elasticity between the two goods and identify how the goods are related. Please use the midpoint method when applicable, and specify answers to one decimal place. A 20% price increase for Product A causes a 10% decrease in its quantity demanded, but no change in the quantity demanded for Product B.
Answer:
No relation
Explanation:
The computation of the cross elasticity of demand is shown below:
= Percentage change in quantity demanded ÷ Percentage change in price
here the price is increased by 20% for product A
But there is no change in the quantity demanded for product B
So, the cross elasticity of demand is
= 0 ÷ 20%
= 0
Therefore there is no relation between two products or goods
what can i do if my total in cash account is not the same in credit and debit side?
Answer:
Consider which items are meant for debit and credit.
Explanation:
The principle of double entry States that for every debit entries, there must be a corresponding credit entries and vice versa. This principle follow suits when preparing ledger accounts and trial balance.
Trial balance is the arithmetrical accuracy of the ledger. Once double entry principle is adhered to, the trial balance must definitely balance.
Where there are differences, check that items which ought to be debited and credited are correctly done. Also check if correct amount is posted like avoiding transposition error.
Explain the role and purpose of performing economic analysis on engineering projects
The purpose of performing economic analysis on engineering projects is to determine the costs, benefits, and risks associated with the project in order to make a decision on whether or not to move forward.
Economic analysis will involve forecasting the potential future cash flows, evaluating the risk of the project, and quantifying the potential costs of the project.
Economic analysis on engineering projects involves the following steps:
1. Identify the economic objective of the project.
2. Gather data related to the project.
3. Estimate the project’s costs and cash flows.
4. Evaluate the project’s risks.
5. Calculate the expected present value of the project.
6. Determine the project’s expected internal rate of return.
7. Analyze the project’s sensitivity to changes in certain variables.
8. Make a decision about whether to move forward with the project.
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100 points if you have the correct answer ^^
Assignment Introduction
Assume that you are involved in a job search. You are ready to construct an outstanding résumé to put before employers. You have carefully reviewed and documented your list of abilities, hard and soft skills, education, credentials, and past work experience (including volunteering). You have also considered your personality traits and job preferences. However, you have not narrowed your search to just one type of consumer services job, and you have seen several that interest you.
Assignment Directions
Using any or multiple sources (newspaper, trade or association publication, online job board, networking site, etc.), select two job listings. They must have very different job descriptions in different fields. For example, bookkeeping in a hospital and a customer service position in a retail setting. Using your own actual information, construct a general purpose résumé suitable for handing out in person. You may choose any format that is appropriate to your situation. Using the same information, build two more résumés, one each targeting the two different job descriptions and formatted to submit digitally/online.
Assignment Guidelines
Your submission must do the following:
Total three sheets; one typed page each for your basic and two targeted résumés
Include copies of your two chosen job descriptions as an attachment.
Each résumé must contain the following:
Your contact information
Educational background
Employment history, most recent to oldest (minimum 3 entries; if you do not have 3, you may make one up, as long as it is plausible and appropriate).
Accomplishments (two or three entries)
Special skills, including foreign languages spoken, as applicable
Submission Requirements
Proofread for spelling, grammar, and punctuation
Use complete sentence structure and standard written English; do not use texting abbreviations or other shortcuts
Source all references in a proper format
Your submission should include three sheets; one typed page each for your basic and two targeted résumés. The basic résumé should contain your contact information, educational background, employment history, accomplishments, and special skills.
What is education?Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. It is an important part of our life and it helps us to develop as individuals and to become better citizens. Education is an essential part of our society and it provides us with the necessary tools to grow and succeed.
The two targeted résumés should be tailored to the two job descriptions you have chosen, and should include the same information as the basic résumé. You should also include copies of your two chosen job descriptions as an attachment.
When writing your résumés, you should proofread for spelling, grammar, and punctuation, use complete sentence structure and standard written English, and source all references in a proper format.
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What are some jobs you can get before 16?
Answer:
Babysitting.
You can work at a lot of places, normal jobs, you're just required to takes breaks because you're a minor. You really just have to check with businesses in your area and see where you can work.
My friends work at a pizza place in our town, they were all under 16 when they started working there.
Explanation:
Let's say that the economy consists of 100 people. Each person is to divide 1 unit of time between work and leisure given the wage rate w (paid on the labor market). Each person also receives dividends of T. The final total profit of this firm is n. The person's utility function depends on consumption c and leisure I and it is assumed to satisfy u(c, l) = 0 ln(c) + (1 - 0) ln(l), where 0 € (0, 1). On the flip side of the market, there are firms who hire workers and produce output. The representative firm operates with a Cobb-Douglas production technology Y = 2K ¹N ², Z = total factory productivity K = fixed amount of capital. Each of these firm's employees receive a wage of w (total labor cost of the firm is equal to wN). The profit is then given back equally to the shareholder as dividend income. G=0 0=3,2=1, K = 1600. Let's say initially 1. Write the equation that will show relation between each person's dividend income and firms total profit П. 2. Write the consumers budge constraint and maximization problem. Plot these 3. Write down the maximization problem of the firm. 4. Write down the government budget constraint. 5. Find the equilibrium price w, allocations c, N
The equation T = П / 100 relates each person's dividend income (T) to the firm's total profit (П), distributing profit equally among the 100 individuals.
The consumer's budget constraint, c + w - T = 1, constrains consumption (c), wage income (w), and dividend income (T), while the maximization problem aims to optimize utility subject to the budget constraint. Firm maximization problem and equilibrium price w are not provided.
The equation T = П / 100 represents the relationship between each person's dividend income (T) and the firm's total profit (П). Since there are 100 people in the economy, the total profit is divided equally among them, resulting in each person's dividend income being equal to the total profit divided by 100.
The consumer's budget constraint, c + w - T = 1, defines the limitations on the individual's consumption (c), wage income (w), and dividend income (T). It states that the sum of consumption, wage income, and dividend income should equal 1 unit of time available to each individual, indicating that all income must be allocated between consumption, leisure, and other expenses.
The consumer's maximization problem involves maximizing the utility function u(c, l) = 0 ln(c) + (1 - 0) ln(l), where c represents consumption and l represents leisure. The objective is to find the combination of consumption and leisure that maximizes the individual's utility, subject to the budget constraint. By solving this problem, the optimal levels of consumption and leisure can be determined.
The information provided does not include the maximization problem of the firm, which would involve determining the optimal combination of inputs (capital and labor) to maximize output or profit based on the Cobb-Douglas production technology given.
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Discuss the four dissimilaries between oligopoly and monopolistic market structure
The main dissimilarities between oligopoly and monopolistic market structures lie in the number of firms, product differentiation, market power distribution, and entry barriers.
Number of Firms: In an oligopoly, there are only a few dominant firms that control the majority of the market. These firms compete against each other, and their actions can have a significant impact on market conditions. On the other hand, monopolistic markets consist of a single firm that dominates the industry and faces limited competition.
Product Differentiation: Oligopolies often involve firms offering similar or differentiated products. Product differentiation can be achieved through branding, advertising, or unique features. In contrast, monopolistic markets feature firms offering differentiated products that are distinct from their competitors, giving them some degree of market power.
Market Power: While both oligopolies and monopolistic markets possess market power, the extent differs. In an oligopoly, firms have substantial market power due to their dominant positions, and their actions can influence prices and output levels. In a monopolistic market, the single firm enjoys significant market power, allowing it to exert greater control over prices and market conditions.
Entry Barriers: Oligopolies often exhibit high barriers to entry, such as significant capital requirements or economies of scale, making it challenging for new firms to enter and compete effectively. Monopolistic markets also tend to have entry barriers, but they are typically even higher, as the dominant firm enjoys a monopoly on the product or service, preventing other firms from entering the market and capturing market share.
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Keri has already installed Microsoft Office Tools. When she opens Excel, the first step toward making the Analysis ToolPak available is to
open Advanced Filter under the Data tab.
open Microsoft Office Help.
go to the Formulas tab and click More Functions.
go to the Excel Options dialog box.
Answer:
Open Microsoft Office Help.
Go to the Formulas tab and click More Functions.
Explanation:
Select File → select Options → select Advanced → scroll to General → insert the location in the "At startup, open all files in" dialog box.
Answer:
open Microsoft Office Help
Explanation:
:)
Which of the following is an example of a command economy?a) hunter-gatherer systems.b) decisions by individuals to satisfy their own self-interest.c) centralized decision-making by the Chinese government.d) 'sin taxes' on alcohol and tobacco.
The right preference is (c). Centralized decision-making with the resource of the Chinese government.
What is a command monetary device in economics?A command economy, also acknowledged as a planned economy, is one in which the central government plans, organizes, and controls all economic activities to maximize social welfare. Command economies, as adverse to free-market economies, do no longer enable market forces like provide and demand to decide manufacturing or prices.
What are some examples of a command financial machine existing in our market system?This is a central monetary goal which is the purpose for allocating assets and production. Examples of a command financial system encompass the likes of China, North Korea, Cuba, Russia, and Vietnam.
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https://brainly.com/question/4379731#SPJ4massive dynamics has an ebit of $2 million per year forecast in perpetuity. its cost of equity is 16% and its tax rate is 28%. if massive dynamics borrows $5 million, what will be the value of the firm?
If massive dynamics borrows $5 million, then the value of the firm is 10.40 million.
Value of all equity Firm =EBIT(1-Tax Rate)/Cost of Equity =2000000(1-28%)/16%=9000000
Value of the firm =Value of all equity firm +Debt ×Tax Rate =9000000+5000000 ×28% =10,400,000 or 10.40 million
An investment company that uses its own money or capital from other investors for its expansion and startup operations is referred to as an equity firm or private equity firm. Typically, equity firms do not have a public listing and their shares are not traded on the stock exchange. The market value of a company is determined by adding the market values of all outstanding debt, common shares, and preferred shares. Comparing the market value of capital (equity) to the adjusted value of capital yields this measurement (equity).
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If a firm decreases its leverage (i.e., borrowing less debt), its financial risk will decrease as well. however, there is absolutely no way that the firm can completely get rid of financial risk because it always exists.
a. True
b. False
The given statement "If a firm decreases its leverage (i.e., borrowing less debt), its financial risk will decrease as well. however, there is absolutely no way that the firm can completely get rid of financial risk because it always exists." is true.
When a firm decreases its leverage by borrowing less debt, it decreases its financial risk as it has less debt to repay, and therefore, less interest payments to make. However, it is impossible for a firm to completely get rid of financial risk as there are always external factors such as economic downturns or unexpected events that can impact the firm's financial performance and create financial risk.
Additionally, a firm's operating risk also contributes to its overall financial risk, which cannot be eliminated completely. Operating risk refers to the risk of losses due to factors such as changes in market conditions, competition, and technological advancements. Therefore, even if a firm reduces its leverage and borrowing, it will still have financial risk to manage and mitigate. It is important for firms to maintain a balance between financial risk and returns to ensure their long-term sustainability and success.
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