The concentration of grain alcohol (C2H5OH) in whisky is given in "degrees proof", which is twice the percent alcohol by volume (v/v). What are the mole fraction and molality of C2H5OH in 85°proof vodka? Assume that vodka is a solution of only C2H5OH and water and that the volumes are additive. The density of C2H5OH is 0.79 g/mL.

Answers

Answer 1

The mole fraction and molality of alcohol, C₂H₅OH, in 85°proof vodka is 0.186 and 12.70 mol/kg respectively.

Data provided:

Molality = moles of solute/kilogram of solventMole fraction = number of moles of solute/ total number of molesDensity = mass/volumenumber of moles = mass/molar massmolar mass alcohol, C₂H₅OH = 46 g/molmolar mass of water = 18 g/moldensity of water = 1 g/mLdensity of alcohol = 0.79 g/mL

Calculating moles of solute

85° proof vodka = 1/2 * 85% v/v

85° proof vodka = 42.5 % alcohol

In 100 mL vodka:

Volume of alcohol = 42.5 mL

volume of water = 57.5 mL

mass of alcohol, C₂H₅OH = density * volume

mass of alcohol, C₂H₅OH = 0.79 * 42.5

mass of alcohol, C₂H₅OH = 33.575 g

moles of alcohol = 33.575 g / 46 g/mol

moles of alcohol = 0.730 moles

Calculating mole fraction

mass of water = 57.5 ml * 1 g/mL

mass of water = 57.5 g

moles of water = 57.5 g/ 18 g/mL

moles of water = 3.194 moles

Total moles = 3.194 + 0.730

Total moles = 3.924 moles

Mole fraction of alcohol = 0.730/3.924

Mole fraction of alcohol = 0.186

Calculating molality of alcohol

mass of solvent = 57.5 = 0.0575 kg

Molality of alcohol = 0.730 / 0.0575

Molality of alcohol = 12.70 mol/kg

Therefore, the mole fraction and molality of alcohol, C₂H₅OH, in 85°proof vodka is 0.186 and 12.70 mol/kg respectively.

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Related Questions

Which compounds have the same empirical formula?

Answers

The compounds that have the same empirical formula in the model are A B C.

What is the empirical formula?

The empirical formula is the formula that shows the ration of the atoms that we have in a compound. We know that, the empirical formula can be said to be the simplest formula of the compound. The structural formula is the formula that shows the arrangement of the atoms that are in a compound. The molecular formula shows the number of atoms that we have in a compound.

Now, we can try to label the models as they appear from left to right. Let us give them the labels A B C D. If we look at them, we can notice that A B C have the same two blue colors and one red color. Let bus recall that these colors show us the ratio of each of the atoms that are present in the compound as is clear from the image attached to the question.

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Urgent help pleasee

Question 7 (1 point)
The volume of a sample of gas doubled in a weather balloon. What happened to the
temperature?
It increased.
It remained constant.
It cannot be determined.
It decreased.

Answers

Answer:

the temperature increased

in the photosynthesis the energy starts as ___ energy and ends up as___energy

light heat
chemical: chemical
heat light
light chemical

Answers

Answer: Light, Chemical

Explanation: This is the answer because "photosynthesis takes place in two stages: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light-dependent reactions, which take place at the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and then converts it into chemical energy with the use of water." - source https://opentextbc.ca/

In the photosynthesis the energy starts as Light energy and ends up as Chemical Energy. Hence option (D) is correct

What is Photosynthesis ?

The process by that inexperienced plants and a few different organisms use daylight to synthesize nutrients from carbonic acid gas and water. chemical action in plants usually involves the inexperienced pigment and generates element as a by-product.

Photosynthesis may be a method employed by plants and different organisms to convert lightweight energy into energy that, through internal respiration, will later be discharged to fuel the organism's activities.

photosynthesis takes place in 2 stages: the light-dependent reactions and also the Calvin cycle. within the light-dependent reactions, that manifest itself at the thylakoid membrane, pigment absorbs energy from daylight and so converts it into energy with the employment of water.

Therefore, In the photosynthesis the energy starts as Light energy and ends up as Chemical Energy. Hence option (D) is correct

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Explain the effect of increasing or
decreasing volume of a gas. What
happens to the pressure?

Answers

Answer:

Increase

Explanation:

More collisions mean more force, so the pressure will increase. When the volume decreases, the pressure increases. This shows that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

Describe the environment of Antarctica.

Answers

Answer:

Antarctica is a desert. It does not rain or snow a lot there. When it snows, the snow does not melt and builds up over many years to make large, thick sheets of ice, called ice sheets.

Explanation:

i need help what is s-1/3=7/9???? please help guys and thank you

Answers

Answer:

10/9

Explanation:

First, let's convert 1/3 and 7/9 so that the have the same denominator. To do this let's find the least common multiple of 3 and 9.

List the multiples of 3 and 9:

3: 3, 9

9: 9

They have a least common multiple of 9

We need to convert 1/3 so it has a denominator of 9:

1/3*3/3 (we can multiply it by 3/3 because any number over itself is 1) = 3/9

s-3/9=7/9

Add 3/9 to both sides to isolate s

s=10/9

which gas is fossil fuel

Answers

Answer:

methane

Explanation: methane is obtained from the decaying of flora and fauna mostlyunder damp

according to the theory of plate tectonics which is one feature that plates carry

Answers

According to the theory of plate tectonics, plates carry both the oceanic and continental crusts of the Earth's lithosphere.

The lithosphere is the rigid outermost layer of the Earth, which is broken into several large plates that move relative to one another over time.

What is plate tectonics theory?

The plate tectonics theory is a scientific model that explains the movement and behavior of the Earth's lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost layer of the planet. According to this theory, the lithosphere is divided into several large plates that move and interact with one another over time.

The driving force behind plate movement is the convection currents in the mantle layer beneath the lithosphere. As these currents move, they drag the plates along with them, causing them to collide, slide past one another, or move apart. These interactions can cause geological events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and the formation of new landmasses.

The plate tectonics theory has provided a framework for understanding many of the geological features of the Earth's surface, including the distribution of mountain ranges, the formation of ocean basins, and the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanic activity. The theory has also helped explain the distribution of plant and animal species, as well as the historical movements of the continents over geological time.

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Answer: a. seafloor

Explanation:

according to the theory of plate tectonics which is one feature that plates carry

number 4, i just need an explanation on how to solve these—big test tomorrow

Answers

Cl2 is the limiting reactant and the unreacted Al is 1.7 g

What is the limiting reagent?

We know that the reaction equation is;

2Al + 3Cl2 ------> 2AlCl3

Now we know that;

Number of moles of Al = 2.7/27 g/mol

= 0.1 moles

Number of moles of Cl2 = 4.0 g/71 g/mol

= 0.056 moles

If 2 moles of Al reacts with 3 moles of Cl2

0.1 moles of Al reacts with 0.1 * 3/2

= 0.15 moles

The Cl2 is the limiting reactant

Now;

2 moles of Al reacts with 3 moles of Cl2

x moles of Al reacts with 0.056 moles of Cl2

x = 0.037 moles

Moles of unreacted Al = 0.1 moles - 0.037 moles

= 0.063 moles

Mass of unreacted Al = 0.063 moles * 27 g/mol

= 1.7 g

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Polar air masses bring warm temperature and have lower air temperature? T or F

Answers

Answer:

t? im pretty sure have a good day

giving 300 pts if u get it correct I will put up a separate link so u can get the
Which gases makes up most of Earth’s atmosphere?

Question 1 options:

argon and water vapor

carbon dioxide and oxygen

nitrogen and oxygen

oxygen and argon

Question 2 (1 point)
What is the correct order of earth's atmospheric layers from bottom to top?

Question 2 options:

Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere

Stratosphere, Troposphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere.

Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere Exosphere.

Question 3 (1 point)
Which characteristics makes the mesosphere different from the other layers of the atmosphere?

Question 3 options:

It is the lowest layer

It is the largest layer

It is the coldest layer

It is the thinnest layer.

Question 4 (1 point)
Based on the diagram above which change can be observed when moving from the troposphere into the stratosphere?

Question 4 options:

Air pressure decreases

Air particles increase

Temperature increases

Question 5 (1 point)
Certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere slow down the movement of energy away from Earth’s surface by absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation. This helps to keep the surface of Earth at an average temperature of 15°C (59°F). What is this process called?

Question 5 options:

The Coriolis Effect

The Solar Effect

The Greenhouse Effect

The Global Warming Effect

Question 6 (1 point)
How might the increase of volcanic eruptions affect Earth?

Question 6 options:

It might produce more ozone in the atmosphere

It might decrease temperature across Earth

It might increase the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

It might cause the Earth’s surface to absorb more oxygen.
\

Determine which heat transfers below are due to the process of conduction.

I) You walk barefoot on the hot street and it burns your toes.

II) When you get into a car with hot black leather seats in the middle of the summer and your skin starts to get burned when you touch the seats.

III) A flame heats the air inside a hot air balloon and the balloon rises.

IV) A boy sits to the side of a campfire. He is 10 feet away, but still feels warm.

Question 1 options:

I & II

III & IV

I, II, & IV

II, III, IV

Question 2 (1 point)
Saved
The heat transfer depicted in the image is MOST likely

Question 2 options:

circulation

conduction

convection

radiation
he method of heat transfer by which the sun energy reaches the earth is

Question 3 options:

conduction

convection

radiation

solaration

Question 4 (1 point)
Carol owns a two story house with a heating and cooling unit on each floor. In the winter she mostly uses the downstairs unit because the volume of warm air __________ warming the whole house through __________.

Question 4 options:

rises, convection

sinks, conduction

rises, conversion

sinks, radiation

Question 5 (1 point)
The prevailing westerlies are global winds that move from west to east and push most weather in this direction in the United States.

Question 5 options:
True
False
Question 6 (1 point)
Due to the Earth's rotation, global winds follow a curved path known as___.

Question 6 options:

Sea breezes

Wind Direction

Coriolis effect

Wind Chill effect

Answers

1) carbon dioxide and oxygen

2) troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

3) it is the coldest layer

4)(there is no diagram so i can’t help with that...if you dolmens it i will try to help)

5) The greenhouse effect

6) Volcanoes can impact climate change. During major explosive eruptions huge amounts of volcanic gas, aerosol droplets, and ash are injected into the stratosphere. ... But volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide can cause global cooling, while volcanic carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, has the potential to promote global warming.
———————————————————
# 1 and #2
———————————————————
(there is no image for the next one)

The next one is radiation

QUESTION #4: rises; convection

QUESTION #5: true

QUESTION #6: coriolis effect

*hope this helps*

What is the exact value of sin⁡(157.5°)?

THE ANSWER IS B. √2-√2 / 2

points if anyone wants the answer is here^^

Answers

i love you and where are you from

Consider an electrochemical decomposition apparatus comprised of a strontium chloride cell, a berylium chloride cell, and a barium chloride cell (you should be able deduce the formulae for these compounds). If sufficient charge is passed through the circuit to produce 20 g of strontium in the molten strontium chloride cell, what quantity of berylium is expected in the berylium chloride cell

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Atomic weight of strontium ( Sr ) is 88 .

Atomic weight of Beryllium ( Be) is 9 .

Both are bivalent .

2 x 96500 coulomb is required to decompose 88 g of Sr .

88 g of Sr requires 2 x 96500 coulomb of charge

20 g of Sr will require 2 x 96500 x 20 / 88 coulomb of charge

coulomb of charge required = 43863.63 coulomb .

9 g of Be requires 2 x 96500 coulomb of charge

2 x 96500 coulomb of charge gives 9 g of Be

43863.63 coulomb .of charge gives 9 x 43863.63 / (2 x 96500 ) g of Be

= 2.04 g.

2Fe2O3 + 3C → 4Fe + CO2

IS this a balanced equation?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

In the left side of the reaction, there are 6O and 3C but on the right side, there are only 1C and 2O

It is difficult to break the ionic bonds in a compound because of the

Answers

I don’t know, I’m doing this to ask another question

What is the pH of 6.00 M H2CO3 if it has 7% dissociation? SHOW YOUR WORK!!!

Answers

From the calculation, the pH of the solution can be obtained as 0.39.

What is the pH of the solution?

We first have to obtain the dissociation constant of the solution;

α = √Ka/C

Ka = Cα^2

Ka = 4.9 * 10^-3 * 6

Ka = 0.0294

Then we have that;

0.0294 = [x]^2/[6 - x]

0.0294 * [6 - x] = x^2

0.1764 - 0.0294 x = x^2

x^2 + 0.0294 x - 0.1764 =0

x = 0.41 M

Thus the pH of the solution is;

pH = -log[0.41]

= 0.39

pH is an important parameter in chemistry, biology, and many other fields, as it can affect the behavior and properties of substances and reactions.

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which of the following nuclear equations has a correct characterization?

Answers

The correct answer is A.

The nuclear equation that correctly characterizes a nuclear reaction is one where the sum of the atomic numbers and the sum of the mass numbers on both sides of the equation are equal.

\(_{92}^{235}\textrm{U}+_{0}^{1}\textrm{n}\rightarrow _{54}^{140}\textrm{Xe}+_{38}^{94}\textrm{Sr}+3_{0}^{1}\textrm{n}\)

This conservation of both atomic and mass numbers ensures that the nuclear reaction obeys the laws of conservation of mass and conservation of charge.For example, consider the following nuclear equation:

\(_{92}^{235}\textrm{U}+_{0}^{1}\textrm{n}\rightarrow _{54}^{140}\textrm{Xe}+_{38}^{94}\textrm{Sr}+3_{0}^{1}\textrm{n}\)

In this equation, the sum of the atomic numbers (92 + 0) and the sum of the mass numbers (235 + 1) on the left side are equal to the sum of the atomic numbers (54 + 38 + 0) and the sum of the mass numbers (140 + 94 + 3) on the right side. Therefore, this nuclear equation is correctly characterized and satisfies the conservation laws.

The correct answer is A.

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For this lab we used an analogy of a pet adoption to help you understand the parts of the collision theory. Match the vocabulary word from collision theory to what was happening at the pet adoption.

Answers

The vocabulary word from collision theory to what was happening at the pet adoption.

Reactants - The foster family with the pet and the adoptive family entering the park alone

Products - The adoptive family with their new pet and the foster family petless

What is the collision theory all about?

Collision theory says that for a chemical reaction to happen, the reactant molecules must come in contact with each other with enough energy and with all things being equal or in sync. The rate of the reaction is proportional to the number of collisions that occur.

The other answers are:

Temperature - More adoptions happen in the summer than in the winter.

Surface Area - The foster families started in a solid block, but decided to spread out in the park.

Concentration - Once the foster families spread out, they were able to invite more foster families to the event

Catalyst - The foster families and adoptive families would sit together at a picnic table to meet the pet and fill out paperwork.

Activated Complex - Meeting between foster families and adoptive families to meet the pet and fill out paperwork

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Which characteristic of rocks does
radioactive decay measure?

Answers

Explanation:

Because radioactive isotopes decay at a constant rate, they can be used like clocks to measure the age of the material that contains them. In this process, called radiometric dating, scientists measure the amount of parent isotope and daughter isotope in a sample of the material they want to date.

Answer:

Explanation:

Below are several squares of various sizes which represent their volume. The number of dots inside the squares represents the mass of the object. Answer the questions about the squares that follow.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

Answer:

It's saying to answer the questions about the squares but I don't see any of the questions. We need the question(s) so we can answer them.

When the following solutions are mixed together, what precipitate (if any) will form?
a. Hg(NO,)(ag) + CuSO (ag)
b. Ni(NO,)(ag) + CaCh(ag)
c. K;COg(ag) + Mgl.(ag)
d. Na;CrO.(ag) + AlBs(ag)

Answers

The precipitates that will be formed respectively from the reactions would be:

\(HgSO_4\)No precipitate \(MgCO_3\) \(Al_2 (CrO_4)_3\)

What are precipitation reactions?

Precipitation reactions are reactions during which two aqueous salt solutions combine to produce one aqueous and one insoluble salt.

Following this definition, the precipitates that will be formed from each of the reactions can be deduced as follows:

\(Hg_2(NO_3)(aq) + CuSO_4 (aq) --- > HgSO_4 (s) + CuNO_3 (aq)\). The precipitate here is \(HgSO_4\)\(Ni(NO_3)_2(aq) + CaCl_2(aq) --- > NiCl_2 (aq) + Ca (NO_3)_2 (aq)\). No precipitate is formed here.\(K_2CO_3(aq) + Mgl_2(aq)--- > KI (aq) + MgCO_3 (s)\). The precipitate formed here is \(MgCO_3\)\(Na_2CrO_4(aq) + AlBr_3(aq) --- > NaBr (aq) + Al_2 (CrO_4)_3 (s)\). The precipitate formed here is \(Al_2 (CrO_4)_3\)

The production of precipitates follows solubility rules. Some of the rules are:

All sodium salts are solubleAll chloride salts are solubleAll iodide salts are solubleAll nitrate salts are soluble

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100 POINTS IF YOU ANSWER THIS CORRECTLY

Answers

1) Note that Tectonic plate interactions cause geological events. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle drive plate movements and create divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The movement creates earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain formations. The type of boundary determines the type of geological event that occurs.

2) One example of a geological event caused by tectonic plate interactions is the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a string of active volcanoes and seismic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean.

What are geological events?

Geological events are natural occurrences that result from the movements and interactions of tectonic plates, driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle.

These events include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building and can have significant impacts on the Earth's surface and its inhabitants. Some examples of geological events include volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and mountain building.

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Paul Cezanne's Still Life with Apples in a Bowl (1879-83) represents a break with the tradition of using ____in art.

value

modeled forms

local color

linear perspective

Answers

Paul Cezanne's Still Life with Apples in a Bowl (1879-83) represents a break with the tradition of using linear perspective in art.

Linear perspective is a technique used in traditional art to create the illusion of depth and three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface. It involves using converging lines and vanishing points to create the illusion of depth and space.

In Cezanne's painting, however, he breaks away from the traditional use of linear perspective and instead emphasizes the flatness of the picture plane. He uses overlapping shapes and changes in color and value to create the illusion of depth, rather than relying on linear perspective. This approach to art is considered a significant break from the traditional use of linear perspective and marks the beginning of modern art.

true or false: chemical reactions are usually written left to right

Answers

True:

it is always reaction-> product

H2+O-> H2O

A container with a volume 2.0L is filled with a gas at a pressure of 1.5 atm. By decreasing the volume of the container to 1.0 L, what is the resulting pressure? Type in your answer using the correct number of significant figures . Remember to use formula for Boyles law; P1V1=P2V2

Need help with this question!!!

Answers

Answer:

P2 = 3

Explanation:

u know that:

V1 = 2.0L

P1 = 1.5 atm

V2 = 1.0L

P2 = ? (p1v1=p2v2)

1.5x2 = P2x1.0

3=P2x1.0 =>> 3.0 =P2

divided both side by 1.0 the remove 1.0 (left P2)

The pressure by decreasing the volume to 1 L will be \(P_2=3 \ atm\)

what will be a new pressure?

The given data is that

Volume \(V_1=2 \ Litres\)

Pressure \(P_1=1.5\ atm\)

When volume is reduced to

\(V_2=1\ liters\)

By using Boyles Law

\(P_1V_1=P_2V_2\)

\(P_2=\dfrac{P_1V_1}{V_2}\)

\(P_2=\dfrac{2\times 1.5}{1} =3 \ atm\)

Thus the pressure by decreasing the volume to 1 L will be \(P_2=3 \ atm\)

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How many electrons does an atom need in its outer shell in order to be stable?

Answers

Answer:

eight electrons

Explanation:

Most of the elements important in biology need eight electrons in their outermost shell in order to be stable, and this rule of thumb is known as the octet rule. Some atoms can be stable with an octet even though their balance she'll is the 3n shell, which can hold up to 18 electrons.

Identify all of the ions that are
formed when H3PO4 ionizes in water

Answers

Answer:

H3PO4 + H2O (Phosphoric acid + Water)

Explanation:hope its help

Conclusion Problems:
1) A metal and a nonmetal form an compound while two non metals form a compound.
2) How many particles are equal to 1 mole? 6.02×10³
3) How many moles are equal to 22.4l of gas? 1 mole
4) How many moles are equal 6.02×10³ molecules? 1 mole
5) Find the molar mass of each of the following and label the STATE of matter:

Answers

1. A metal and a nonmetal form an ionic compound while two non-metals form a covalent compound.

2) The number of particles that are equal to 1 mole is 6.02 x 10²³

3) The number of moles that are equal to 22.4 L of gas is 1 mole of gas

4) The number of moles that are equal to 6.02 x 10²³ molecules is 1 mole

5) The molar mass of each of the following and their states of matter are

Fe = 56 g/mol; solid stateCuSO₄.5 H₂O = 249.5 g/mol; liquid (aqueous) stateNaCl = 58.8 g/mol; liquid stateCO₂ = 44 g/mol; gaseous state

What is the molar mass of a compound?

The molar mass of a compound is the mass of 1 mole of a compound.

1 mole of a substance contains 6.02 x 10²³ particles.

For gas, 22.4 L of a gas is equal to 1 mole of the gas and contains 6.02 x 10²³ gas molecules.

The molar mass of the given compounds is calculated from the sum of the atomic masses of the elements in the compound.

The mass of the elements and compounds are as follows;

Moar mass of Fe = 56 g/mol;

Molar mass of CuSO₄.5 H₂O = 63.5 + 32 + (4 * 16) + 5 ( 2 * 1 + 16)

Molar mass of CuSO₄.5 H₂O = 249.5 g/mol

Molar mass of NaCl = 35.5 + 23

Molar mass of NaCl = 58.8 g/mol

Molar mass of CO₂ = 12 + (16 * 2)

Molar mass of CO₂ = 44 g/mol

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Write the balanced nuclear equation for the formation of 203 83 Bi through a decay.

Answers

The balanced nuclear equation for the formation of ²⁰³Bi (83) through a decay is ²⁰⁷At(87) → ²⁰³Bi(83) + ⁴He(2)(alpha)

What exactly is a nuclear equation?

In nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, and radioactive decay, the reactants and products are represented by nuclear equations. Nuclear reactions show the conservation of atomic mass and proton number rather than the different number of elements as in chemical equations.

Nuclear reactions can be divided into three categories:

Nuclear fusion is the joining of two tiny atomic nuclei to form a single larger nucleus.

Nuclear fission is the division of an enormous atomic nucleus into smaller pieces.

The transformation of a less stable nucleus into a more stable nucleus is known as radioactive decay.

²⁰⁷At(87) → ²⁰³Bi(83) + ⁴He(2)( alpha )

final product mass = 243-4-0-4 = 235

final product atomic number = 95-2+1-2 = 92

hence final product 235U(92)Â.

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Suppose you were doing a titration where you start out with a basic solution of around 8.0 and you expect to keep adding an acid until the mixture has a pH of 3.0. Based on the indicator chart which pH indicator would be the best one to use. Describe the color change that would be observed

Answers

Based on the indicator chart, the pH indicator that would be the best one to use would be Thymol Blue.

The color change would be from light blue to yellow to orange.

Why is this pH indicator best ?

Thymol blue would be best because it would show you where your starting point is and then when you reach the desired pH value of 3. 0. Looking at the indicator chart, Thymol blue has a color of light blue between 8. 0 and 9. 0 so you will know you are at 8. 0 when the reaction starts.

As you add more acid, the color would move to yellow to let you know that it is getting more acidic. Once it reaches orange, the titration should stop.

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