A full bridge voltage source inverter (VSI) is a power electronic circuit used to convert a DC voltage source into an AC voltage of desired magnitude and frequency. It consists of four switches arranged in a bridge configuration, with each switch connected to one leg of the bridge.
SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) is a common control method used in VSI circuits to achieve AC output waveforms that closely resemble sinusoidal waveforms. It involves modulating the width of the pulses applied to the switches based on a reference sinusoidal waveform.
To simulate the circuit, you can use engineering software such as MATLAB/Simulink, PSpice, or LTspice. These software packages provide tools for modeling and simulating power electronic circuits.
Here is a general step-by-step procedure to design and simulate a SPWM controlled full bridge VSI circuit:
Design the circuit: Determine the values of the components such as the DC voltage source, resistive load, and switches. Choose appropriate values for the switches to handle the desired voltage and current ratings.
Model the circuit: Use the software's circuit editor to create the full bridge VSI circuit, including the switches, DC voltage source, and load resistor.
Apply SPWM control: Implement the SPWM control algorithm in the software. This involves generating a reference sinusoidal waveform and comparing it with a carrier waveform to determine the width of the pulses to be applied to the switches.
Set modulation index and chopping ratio: Use the selected data from Table 1 to set the modulation index (M) to 0.7 and the chopping ratio (N) to 5 pulses. This will determine the shape and characteristics of the output waveform.
Run simulation: Run the simulation and observe the results. The software will provide the inverter output waveform (Vo), the number of pulses in each half cycle of the waveform, and the inverter frequency.
Analyze the results: Compare the obtained results with the expected behavior. Analyze the waveform shape, harmonics, and distortion. Discuss the impact of over-modulation (M > 1) on the output waveform and its effects on harmonics and total harmonic distortion (THD).
Please note that the specific details and procedures may vary depending on the software you are using and the complexity of the circuit. It is recommended to consult the documentation and tutorials provided by the software manufacturer for detailed instructions on modeling and simulating power electronic circuits.
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A linear frequency-modulated signal makes a good test for aliasing, because the frequency moves over a range. This signal is
A cylindrical specimen of a hypothetical metal alloy is stressed in compression. If its original and final diameters are 20.000 and 20.025 mm, respectively, and its final length is 74.96 mm, compute its original length if the deformation is totally elastic. The elastic and shear moduli for this alloy are 105 GPa and 39.7 GPa, respectively.
Answer:
L = 75.25 mm
Explanation:
First we need to find the lateral strain:
Lateral Strain = Change in Diameter/Original Diameter
Lateral Strain = (20.025 mm - 20 mm)/20 mm
Lateral Strain = 1.25 x 10⁻³
Now, we will find the Poisson's Ratio:
Poisson's Ratio = (E/2G) - 1
where,
E = Elastic Modulus = 105 GPa
G = Shear Modulus = 39.7 GPa
Therefore,
Poisson's Ratio = [(105 GPa)/(2)(39.7 GPa)] - 1
Poisson's Ratio = 0.322
Now, we find longitudinal strain by following formula:
Poisson's Ratio = - Lateral Strain/Longitudinal Strain
Longitudinal Strain = - Lateral Strain/Poisson's Ratio
Longitudinal Strain = - (1.25 x 10⁻³)/0.322
Longitudinal Strain = - 3.87 x 10⁻³
Now, we can fin the original length:
Longitudinal Strain = Change in Length/L
where,
L = Original Length = ?
Therefore,
- 3.87 x 10⁻³ = (74.96 mm - L)/L
(- 3.87 x 10⁻³)(L) + L = 74.96 mm
0.99612 L = 74.96 mm
L = 74.96 mm/0.99612
L = 75.25 mm
A weld symbol below the reference line signifies a weld on the "ARROW" side of the joint.
An o ring intended for use in a hydraulic system using MIL-H-5606 (mineral base) fluid will be marked with
An o ring intended for use in a hydraulic system using MIL-H-5606 (mineral base) fluid will be marked with a blue stripe or dot.
Which items are NOT found on a
door?*
5 points
Cladding
Moulding
Weatherstrip
Check Strap
Striker
All of the above
None of the above
Answer:
None of the above cause thats what i put
What computer program can you use to publish and share a research project with others?
Excel Charts
Email application
Pie chart program
Word Online
Answer:
Word Online is the program
Technician A says engine vacuum is normally measured in inches of mercury (in. Hg). Technician B says a pressure gauge that is labeled psig will read 14.7 psi at sea level. Who is correct
Both Technician A and Technician B are correct in their statements.
Technician A is correct in stating that engine vacuum is typically measured in inches of mercury (in. Hg).
Engine vacuum refers to the difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the engine. It is commonly measured using a vacuum gauge, and the unit of measurement is inches of mercury.
The vacuum gauge displays the amount of vacuum present in the engine by measuring how far the pressure deviates below atmospheric pressure, which is typically expressed in inches of mercury.
Technician B is also correct in stating that a pressure gauge labeled psig (pounds per square inch gauge) will read 14.7 psi (pounds per square inch) at sea level.
The abbreviation "psig" indicates that the pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is approximately 14.7 psi.
Therefore, a pressure gauge labeled psig will read 14.7 psi when the pressure being measured is equal to atmospheric pressure.
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Which of the following are examples of guarding? Select all that apply. warning labels elevated platforms partitions locked circuit breaker panel enclosed rooms lockout/tagout Question 8 of 10
The option that is an example of Guarding are:
warning labels elevated platforms partitions locked circuit breaker.What is a locked circuit breaker?
Circuit breaker locks are used to prevent the unintentional or deliberate shutting off of certain electrical circuits. A circuit breaker lock is fitted on a Square-D circuit breaker, which is suitably colored red and marked. This breaker lock can only be opened with a key.
Guarding is situating or enclosing electric equipment to prevent individuals from unintentionally coming into touch with live parts. Effective guarding necessitates placing equipment with exposed parts that operates at 50 volts or more in a location that is only accessible to authorized individuals who are competent to deal with it.
Shielding, protective barriers, or insulating materials must be used to protect workers from electric shock, burns, or other electrical-related injuries when working on exposed low-voltage parts that may be touched or that may generate hazardous electrical heat or arcing.
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The received signal is the sum of the direct and ground-reflected signals and since they travel at different distances they have different time delays. If the transmitted signal is s(t) then the received signal is x t s t t s t t ( ) ( ) ( ) = − + − 1 2 The amount of delay (in seconds) can be computed for both propagation paths, using the fact that the time delay is the distance divided by the speed of light (3 10 × 8 m/sec). Determine t1 and t2 as a function of d1.
Answer:
duuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
Explanation:
duhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh
_____ The SRY gene is an example of a homeotic gene.
_____ A replicated chromosome is made up of one chromatid.
_____ Histones are proteins that wrap around DNA strands
_____ M-RNA is the same as DNA except for its shape
_____ Introns are discarded before translation
_____ Monozygotic twins are formed by one egg and one sperm
_____ Epigenetics is the study of how mutations effect traits
_____ Using recombinant DNA technology we can completely cure a person of a genetic disease
_____ A substitution mutation causes a frame shift
_____ Down’s Syndrome is an example of aneuploidy
False. The SRY gene is not an example of a homeotic gene. It is a sex-determining gene.
True. A replicated chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids.
True. Histones are proteins that wrap around DNA strands to form nucleosomes.
False. mRNA (messenger RNA) is different from DNA in both its composition and function.
True. Introns are non-coding regions of DNA that are removed during mRNA processing before translation.
False. Monozygotic twins are formed from a single fertilized egg, which splits into two embryos.
False. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence.
False. While recombinant DNA technology has provided significant advancements in treating genetic diseases, it does not guarantee a complete cure.
False. A substitution mutation does not cause a frame shift. It involves the replacement of one nucleotide with another.
True. Down's Syndrome is caused by aneuploidy, specifically an extra copy of chromosome 21.
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An engine has been diagnosed with blowby. Technician a says the engine could have a cracked flywheel. Technician b says the compression rings could be worn. Who is right?.
When an engine has been diagnosed with blowby, technician B is only correct who states that the compression rings could be worn.
Engine blowby happens when a mixture of combustion gases or air-fuel leaks between the pistons and cylinder wall into the crankcase of the engine because of the lose pistons's rings. Engine blowby can occur within both gas and diesel engines. Minor levels of engine blowby are normal but excessive levels of engine blowby are an indicator of larger issues. So technician B says correctly.
While technician A is not right to say that a cracked flywheel could be a reason for the blowby engine.
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Both forms of the rmf illustrate a(n) _______ engineering process as a way to plan, design, and build a complicated system.
Both forms of the Risk Management Framework (RMF) illustrate a systems engineering process as a way to plan, design, and build a complicated system.
What is engineering?Engineering is a discipline and profession that involves the application of scientific, mathematical, and practical knowledge to design, develop, build, and improve various systems, structures, machines, processes, and technologies.
Engineers utilize their expertise to solve complex problems and create practical solutions that meet societal needs.
Engineers employ a systematic and analytical approach, combining creativity, technical skills, and scientific principles to tackle challenges across different fields.
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FAULT LOCATION METHODS(input-output)
Fault location techniques are used in power systems for accurate pinpointing of the fault position.
This paper presents a comparative study between two fault location methods in distribution network with Distributed Generation (DG). Both methods are based on computing the impedance using fundamental voltage and current signals. The first method uses one-end information and the second uses both ends
Which three items below should a driver be able to identify under the hood of a car?
Answer:
Engine oil level.
Brake fluid.
Power steering fluid.
Tech A says that some vehicles used fixed calipers. Tech B says that some vehicles use sliding/floating calipers. Who is correct?
a. Tech a
b. Tech b
c. Both
d. Neither
Note that if Tech A says that some vehicles used fixed calipers and Tech B says that some vehicles use sliding/floating calipers. Both Tech A and Tech B are correct. (Option C)
What is the rationale for the above response?Some vehicles use fixed calipers, which means that the caliper housing is bolted directly to the steering knuckle or other suspension component, and the pistons move in and out of the housing to apply and release the brake pads.
Other vehicles use sliding/floating calipers, which means that the caliper is mounted on sliding pins or bushings, allowing it to move back and forth slightly to apply and release the brake pads.
Therefore, the correct answer is c. Both.
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For a manufacturing process that produces copper tubing, a(n) would track the variability of the tubing's diameter. A. R-chart B. x-bar chart C. p-chart D.m-chart E. v-chart
A. R-chart An R-chart, also known as a range chart, is used to track the variability or dispersion of a manufacturing process.
It is commonly used in statistical process control (SPC) to monitor the consistency of a process over time.
In the case of copper tubing production, an R-chart would be suitable for tracking the variability of the tubing's diameter. The chart displays the range (the difference between the largest and smallest values) of a set of samples taken from the manufacturing process. By analyzing the range values, one can assess whether the process is producing tubing with consistent diameter or if there is excessive variability.
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20. The preferred method for applying the field excitation voltage uses a field relay which operates on the
principle of
Ar speed application
B. time application
C. thermal application
D. angle application
braided rings, scalloped edges, gaps, knots, and kinks can all be caused by
Braided rings, scalloped edges, gaps, knots, and kinks can all be caused by mechanical interactions, such as twisting, bending, or compression forces, acting on flexible materials or structures.
Braided rings, scalloped edges, gaps, knots, and kinks are often observed in flexible materials or structures and can result from various mechanical interactions. When flexible materials are subjected to twisting or bending forces, they can form braided rings or exhibit scalloped edges. These phenomena occur due to the uneven distribution of stress and strain along the material, leading to localized deformations. Gaps can arise when there is insufficient contact or bonding between different parts of a structure, causing separations or spaces. Knots and kinks occur when flexible elements become tangled or bent in unexpected ways, usually due to external forces or improper handling. Overall, these manifestations are indicative of the complex behaviors and responses of flexible materials under mechanical stresses, highlighting the importance of understanding their properties and applications.
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1. In a base bias configuration with a supply voltage is 15v, what does Ver equal when reverse biased?
a. 7.5V
b. OM
c. 15V
d. the Q point
Calculate the theoretical percent removal of particles having a settling velocity of 0. 15 cm/s settling in a water with a velocity of 0. 10 cm/s if: a. The basin is a circular, upflow clarifier b. The basin is a horizontal-flow, rectangular sedimentation basin c. Assuming all other conditions are constant, if the flow rate (q) to the sedimentation basin is doubled, what percent of particles will now be removed in a circular upflow clarifier
The theoretical percent removal of particles settling in water can be calculated based on the settling velocity and flow velocity in different types of sedimentation basins. If the flow rate to the basin is doubled, the percent removal of particles in a circular upflow clarifier can also be recalculated.
The theoretical percent removal of particles settling in water can be calculated using the Stokes' Law equation, which takes into account the settling velocity of particles and the velocity of water in the sedimentation basin. For a circular, upflow clarifier, the theoretical percent removal would be around 64%. For a horizontal-flow, rectangular sedimentation basin, the theoretical percent removal would be around 72%. If the flow rate to the sedimentation basin is doubled, the percent removal of particles in a circular upflow clarifier would increase to approximately 87%.
However, it is important to note that these are theoretical values and actual removal efficiency can be affected by various factors such as the shape and size of particles, the turbulence of water, and the design of the sedimentation basin.
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Why wouldn't it be advisable to compare growth of the organisms, on each plate, to each other?
It may not be advisable to directly compare the growth of organisms on each plate to each other for several reasons:
Variability in conditions: Each plate may have different conditions that affect organism growth, such as variations in temperature, pH, nutrient availability, or exposure to antibiotics. These differences can lead to growth rate variations, making direct comparisons unreliable.
Different organisms, different growth requirements: Organisms have diverse growth requirements, and comparing their growth directly may not provide meaningful insights. Some organisms may require specific nutrients or environmental conditions not present in all plates. Comparing growth between organisms with distinct growth requirements can lead to inaccurate conclusions.
Interference and competition: Some organisms interact with each other on the plate, through cooperation or competition. This can impact their growth rates and make direct comparisons challenging. For example, one organism may inhibit another's growth, resulting in apparent differences in growth rates that are not reflective of their individual capacities.
Statistical considerations: To draw reliable conclusions, consider data analyses when comparing growth. Simply observing growth visually may not provide a comprehensive understanding of the data. Statistical tests can help determine if observed differences are significant or simply due to random chance.
Instead of comparing growth directly between plates, it is often more advisable to analyze growth patterns within each plate individually. This allows for a better understanding of the specific conditions and interactions on each plate. This can provide valuable insights into individual organism growth characteristics.
Highway safety engineer tests newly designed road signboards with the objective to increase the reflectivity so that the signboards will be more visible to drivers. Volunteers drive through a test course with new and old design signboards and they rate which design is more visible. Hypothesis testing is conducted and P-value of the difference between rate of visibility for new and old signboard sis found to be 0.04. i) Identify the possible parameter in the study. [1 Mark] ii) Is there enough evidence that the new improved design is helping in improving visibility? [5 Marks] iii) Identify the type of error in the study. Justify your answer.
The probability of making a Type 1 error is equal to the level of significance (α).The probability of making a Type 2 error is the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. In other words, it is a false negative result. The probability of making a Type 2 error is denoted by β.
i) Possible parameters in the studyThe possible parameter in the study is the rate of visibility of the signboards for drivers.ii) Is there enough evidence that the new improved design is helping in improving visibility?
The p-value obtained in the hypothesis test is 0.04, which means that the null hypothesis should be rejected. Since the level of significance is not given, we can assume that it is 0.05.
Since the p-value is less than the level of significance, there is enough evidence to conclude that the new improved design is helping in improving visibility.
iii) Identify the type of error in the study.Type 1 error is an error that occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when it is true. In other words, it is a false positive result.
The probability of making a Type 1 error is equal to the level of significance (α).The probability of making a Type 2 error is the probability of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. In other words, it is a false negative result. The probability of making a Type 2 error is denoted by β.
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Determine the settings of KP, TI and TD required for a three-mode controller which gave a process reaction curve with a lag L of 200 s and a gradient R of 0.010%/s when the test signal was a 5% change in the control valve position.
Answer:
\(\mathbf{K_p =2.857}\)
\(\mathbf{\tau_1= 400 \ s}\)
\(\mathbf{ \tau_d = 100 \ s}\)
Explanation:
We can determine each parameter by using the first method of Zeigler Nichols
\(K_p = 1.2 \times \dfrac{\tau}{KL}\)
\(\tau_1= 2L\)
\(\tau_d = 0.5 L\)
For this process;
the initial state of the output = \(A_o\)
\(\tau = constant\)
For calculating the gradient, we use the equation:
\(y-y_o = G(t-t_o) \\ \\ y-A_o = 0.01 \% A_o (t-L)\)
where.
Time constant relates to the time \(y = K = 1.05 A_o\)
∴
\(1.05A_o -A_o = 0.01\% A_o (t-200)\)
\(0.05 A_o = 0.0001 A_o (t-200)\)
\(t = 500A_o + 200\)
To find time t
\(\tau = (500A_o +200) -200\)
\(\tau = 500 \ A_o\)
Recall that:
Using the first method of Zeigler Nichols
\(K_p = 1.2 \times \dfrac{\tau}{KL}\)
\(\tau_1= 2L\)
\(\tau_d = 0.5 L\)
\(K_p = 1.2 \times \dfrac{500 \ A_o}{1.05\ A_o \times 200}\)
\(K_p = 1.2 \times 2.38095\)
\(\mathbf{K_p =2.857}\)
\(\tau_1= 2L\)
\(\tau_1= 2(200)\)
\(\mathbf{\tau_1= 400 \ s}\)
\(\tau_d = 0.5 \ L\)
\(\tau_d = 0.5 \times 200\)
\(\mathbf{ \tau_d = 100 \ s}\)
Advantages top-down design
Answer:
The following are some advantages of a Top-down design approach:
1. Separating a problem into more smaller parts causes it to be far more simpler and easier to tackle and manage.
2. Top down design permits programmers or groups to work on a similar projects without getting in one another's way.
3. Every module of code to be tested independently.
4. Top-down plan permits the systems analyst to analyze the general organizational objectives first.
5. The top-down design likewise gives attractive accentuation on collaboration or the interfaces that systems and their subsystems require.
6. Top-down design allows system analyst to work in parallel on different sub-systems which can save a lot of time.
Explanation:
Most systems comprise of progressively more modest and more modest sub-systems.
Top down design is the name given to separating an issue into progressively smaller and more smaller sensible parts (otherwise called decomposition).
Evolvex Inc, uses a serial assembly system. An output of 900 units per shift (7.5 hours) is desired for this processing system. This system also requires product to pass through four stations where the work content at each station is 30 seconds. What is the required cycle time for such a system? 120 secands/unit 30 seconds/unit 0.008 seconds/unit 5 seconds/unit
The required cycle time for the serial assembly system is 30 seconds per unit.
In a serial assembly system, the output per shift is determined by the cycle time, which is the time it takes to complete one unit of production. In this case, the desired output is 900 units per shift. Since there are four stations where the work content is 30 seconds each, the total work content for one unit is 4 * 30 seconds = 120 seconds. Therefore, the required cycle time can be calculated by dividing the total work content by the desired output: 120 seconds / 900 units = 0.1333 seconds per unit. Rounding this to the nearest whole number, the required cycle time for this system is approximately 30 seconds per unit.
The required cycle time of 30 seconds per unit means that each unit in the assembly system will take 30 seconds to pass through all four stations and complete the necessary work at each station. This cycle time is determined by the work content at each station, which in this case is 30 seconds. To achieve the desired output of 900 units per shift, the system needs to ensure that each unit is processed within this cycle time. By maintaining a consistent cycle time, the system can effectively produce the desired number of units per shift.
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The rev/min for rough turning a 3 inch diameter machine steel shaft (CS=90) using a high-speed steel toolbit would be? 120 rpm 100 rpm 90 rpm 115 rpm In the previous question, if the tool material was changed to solid carbide what would the new spindle speed be? 120 rpm 160 rpm 180 rpm 240 rpm
The rev/min for rough turning a 3 inch diameter machine steel shaft (CS is 90) using a high-speed steel toolbit would be 120 rpm
What is the explanation?The rev/min for rough turning a 3 inch diameter machine steel shaft (CS is 90) using a high-speed steel toolbit would be 120 rpm
The spindle may be computed after the SFM for a certain material and tool has been established as this value depends on cutting speed and tool diameter.
(CS * 4) / D = RPM
RPM stands for revolutions per minute.
CS is short-foot-meter speed.
D stands for tool diameter in inches.
(90 * 4) /3 = 120 rpm
if the tool material was changed to solid carbide what would the new spindle speed be 120 rpm
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for a single crystal fcc metal, under uniaxial tension test along its [124] direction, the yield point is 150 mpa. the slip system is (bar{1}11) [101]. calculate the critically resolved shear stress of this particular metal, in units of mpa.
The critically resolved shear stress of this particular metal, along the (bar{1}11) [101] slip system, is 150 MPa
The critically resolved shear stress (CRSS) is a measure of the amount of stress required to initiate plastic deformation in a crystal along a particular slip system. It is calculated using the Schmid's law, which states that the CRSS is equal to the resolved shear stress (RSS) on the slip system that has the highest value.
The resolved shear stress (RSS) can be calculated using the following formula:
\(RSS = \sigma * cos(\theta ) * cos(\lambda )\)
Where:
σ is the applied stress along the loading direction,
θ is the angle between the slip direction and the loading direction, and
λ is the angle between the slip plane and the sample surface normal.
Given:
Yield point (σ) = 150 MPa
Slip system: (bar{1}11) [101]
θ = angle between slip direction and loading direction = 0 degrees (since slip direction [101] is perpendicular to loading direction [124])
λ = angle between slip plane and sample surface normal = 0 degrees (since slip plane is parallel to sample surface)
Plugging in these values into the formula:
\(RSS = 150 * sin(0) * cos(0) = 150 * 1 * 1 = 150 MPa\)
Since there is only one slip system given, which is (bar{1}11) [101], the CRSS will be equal to the RSS, which is 150 MPa.
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Sharon has just invented a new tractor that will plow and plant a new hybrid of corn at the same time. Which type of engineer is she?
Answer:
Agricultural engineer
Use the following clues to help fill in the chart on the next page. Put an X in the spaces that are INCORRECT and Highlight the
CORRECT
1 The wizard with the lavender wand is in Ravenel or Sparrowan, and earned 50 or 60 points
2. Gorgonscale earned 10 points less than Sparrowman
3 Lynn scored 20 points less than the wizard with the incense wand.
4. Timmy scored 70 or 80 points. He is in Gorgonscale or Hydraden
5. Among Bennie and the wizard from Sparrowan, one earned 70 points and the other has the lavender wand.
6. The mandragore wand belongs to Edward or to the House of Hydraden
7 Ravenel didn't earn 60 points and Edward is not among it's wizards
8. Bennie scored 10 points more than Edward
9. The wizard with the mandragore wand didn't earn 70 points.
hy are microwaves not an effective mechanism of sterilization?
Microwaves are not an effective mechanism of sterilization because they are only effective against specific types of microorganisms. Moreover, microwaves may fail to penetrate materials, leading to ineffective sterilization.Microwaves use radiation to heat up food and materials. This radiation causes the water molecules within the material to vibrate, which leads to the generation of heat.
The generated heat helps to kill microorganisms within the material being heated.Microwaves are only effective against microorganisms that are heat-sensitive. Bacterial spores are heat-resistant, and this is why microwaves are not an effective mechanism of sterilization. Additionally, if the material being sterilized is large or dense, microwaves may not penetrate all parts of it, leading to ineffective sterilization.Microwaves are more suitable for disinfection of food and kitchen surfaces as they are better at destroying heat-sensitive bacteria such as Salmonella and Listeria. However, when it comes to sterilization, other methods such as autoclaving and gamma irradiation are more reliable and effective.
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