rutherford performed an experiment in which alpha particles were shot at a thin gold foil. about how many of the alpha particles bounced backward from the gold foil? a. 1/10 b. 1/100 c. 1/500 d. 1/1000 e. 1/10,000

Answer:

shell ,orbit , this is the answer of this qn

Yes, H₂SO₄ is the conjugate acid of SO₄²⁻, because they differ by two hydrogen ions.

In a conjugate acid-base pair, the acid and base differ by a single proton (H⁺). In this case, H₂SO₄ loses two hydrogen ions (2H⁺) to become SO₄²⁻.

When H₂SO₄ donates its two protons, it forms the conjugate base SO₄²⁻, and when SO₄²⁻ accepts two protons, it forms the conjugate acid H₂SO₄.

Although they differ by two hydrogen ions instead of one, they still constitute a conjugate acid-base pair because the loss and gain of protons are involved in their interconversion.

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An atom's radius is well under 1 nanometer, or one billionth of a meter.

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Answer:

you will use the filter and iodine seperation

When NaCl is placed in water, it becomes an aqueous solution, one thing that occurs in this situation is that NaCl, which is an ionic compound, will dissociate into Na+ and Cl-, this dissociation into ions will cause the solution to become a good conductor of electricity. Therefore the correct answer will be letter A

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is formed by the decay of uranium in rocks, soil, and water. It is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, making it difficult to detect without specialized equipment. Radon is considered the second-leading cause of lung cancer after smoking.

When radon gas is released from the ground or water sources, it can accumulate in enclosed spaces such as homes, buildings, and underground mines. Breathing in high levels of radon over an extended period of time can increase the risk of developing lung cancer. Radon gas decays and releases tiny radioactive particles called radon progeny, which can damage the cells lining the lungs when inhaled. To mitigate the risks associated with radon exposure, it is recommended to test homes and buildings for radon levels and, if necessary, take measures to reduce radon concentrations, such as improving ventilation or installing radon mitigation systems.

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Filtration and evaporation are used to separate sand and salt mixture.

Separation of salt and sand mixture is as follows :-

In other words,  based on the fact that salt is soluble in water, while sand is not. So, you used the difference in solubility to separate a mixture of sand and salt.

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Answer: Filtration to collect the sand and distillation to collect the salt.

Explanation:

The laboratory experiment where a solution of a known concentration is reacted with a solution of an unknown concentration to determine its molarity is called a titration.                                                                                                                            

This method involves gradually adding the known solution to the unknown solution until a chemical reaction occurs, and then calculating the molarity of the unknown solution based on the amount of known solution used. Titration is a widely used technique in chemistry, and is commonly used to analyze the concentration of acids, bases, and other chemical compounds in various samples.
This technique is widely used in chemistry to determine the concentration of various substances in solution.

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The wire will deform plastically and it will show necking.

To determine whether the wire will deform elastically or plastically, we need to compare the stress applied to the wire with its yield strength.

First, let's calculate the cross-sectional area of the wire. The diameter of the wire is given as 0.40 cm, so the radius (r) can be calculated as follows:

r = 0.40 cm / 2 = 0.20 cm = 0.0020 m

The cross-sectional area (A) can be calculated using the formula for the area of a circle:

A = πr^2 = π(0.0020 m)^2 ≈ 0.00001257 m^2

Next, we can calculate the stress (σ) applied to the wire using the formula:

σ = F/A

where F is the applied load. In this case, F = 4000 N.

σ = 4000 N / 0.00001257 m^2 ≈ 318,624,641.74 Pa

The stress applied to the wire is approximately 318.62 MPa.

Comparing this stress with the yield strength of the wire (305 MPa), we can see that the stress exceeds the yield strength. Therefore, the wire will deform plastically.

To determine whether the wire will show necking, we need to compare the stress applied to the wire with its tensile strength.

The stress applied to the wire is 318.62 MPa, which is less than the tensile strength of the wire (360 MPa). Therefore, the wire will not reach its tensile strength and undergo necking.

The titanium wire will deform plastically under the applied load of 4000 N, and it will not show necking.

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Explanation:

Find moles first

moles = number of particles/ 6×10^23

= 7.52 ×10^25 / 6×10^23

=125.33

calculate molar mass

(1×14) +(3×1) =17

convert to mass

mass= moles × molar mass

=125.33 × 17

=2130.67g

This is a pretty big value usually it's smaller but I'd assume it's because the number of particles was large.

often are multiplicative (the mixed toxicants may multiply each other's effects).

When toxicants are mixed together, they can exhibit synergistic effects, which means that the combined effect of the toxicants is greater than the sum of their individual effects. Synergistic effects are characterized by an enhancement or multiplication of the toxicity when two or more toxicants are present together. This can result in a more significant impact on organisms or systems than would be predicted based on the effects of each toxicant alone.

Synergistic effects are not uncommon in the natural environment and can occur with a variety of toxicants, including both natural and synthetic substances. It is important to note that while synergistic effects are often observed, the specific interactions between different toxicants can vary, and not all combinations will result in synergy.

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The energy required to break one mole of the C-C bond is 348 kJ and the maximum wavelength is 3.44 X 10⁻⁷ m.

Thus, the amount of energy needed to break one C-C bond is given as,

348 x 1000 / 6.023 x 10^23

Required energy is 5.78 x 10^-19 Joules.

The relationship between wavelength and energy is given as,

E = hc / λ

Where,

wavelength is λ

Planck's constant is h.

the speed of light, is c

Substitute the values in the expression to obtain the value of λ,

5.78 X 10⁻¹⁹ Joules = 6.62 X 10⁻³⁴ X 3 X 10⁸ / λ

λ = 3.44 X 10⁻⁷ m

The highest wavelength of light at which a single photon may break a carbon-carbon single bond is 3.44 X 10⁻⁷ m.

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Answer:

A mole in chemistry is defined as the number or quantity of a chemical substance that consists of as many fundamental entities such as atoms, molecules, and ions. Therefore, the statement that best describes a mole is that, it is used for directly comparing the amounts of substances.

Explanation:

I found this hope it helps!! (read and try your best)

Th statement which describes a way in which moles is useful is that it can be used to keep track of chemical amounts.

Mole is unit to calculate the amount of chemical substances and it is represented as:
n = W/M, where

W = given mass

M = molar mass

It can be useful in chemical reactions to calculate the relative amount of species present before and after the reaction. In one mole of substance 6.022 × 10²³ atoms of that substance is present.

Hence, option (A) is correct.

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Answer:

Se + 2e- => Se-2

Explanation:

Ions are electrically charged particles, formed due to the gain or loss of electrons by an atom.

There are two types of ions cations and anions. An element that loses their electrons and forms positive ions are cations while metals and element that gains one or more electrons and forms negative ions are anions.

Selenium is an atom with atomic number 34 and represented as Se. The electronic configuration of Se is  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4. Selenium will gain 2 more electrons to complete it p orbital and form an ion Se-2.

The equation is as below:

Se + 2e- => Se-2

Answer:

Its a rock planet and has an iron core

Explanation:

Answer:

"a rocky planet with a huge iron core"

it takes up nearly 3/4of the planets diameter

It orbits around the sun

When you touch a hot potato with your finger, energy flows. Touch is a sense that is associated with the detection of pressure, temperature, and pain. In the scenario presented the touch of the hot potato by the finger results in the transfer of heat energy from the potato to the finger.

When the finger comes into contact with the hot potato, the energy from the potato flows to the finger. The hot potato has more energy, which is transferred to the finger, making the finger feel hotter. This heat energy transfer is caused by a difference in temperature between the two objects. The flow of energy from the hot potato to the finger occurs until both objects reach thermal equilibrium (the same temperature). In this case, the transfer of energy continues until the finger and the potato have reached the same temperature. The rate of energy transfer depends on the temperature difference between the two objects. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the rate of energy transfer.In conclusion, when you touch a hot potato with your finger, energy flows from the hot potato to the finger, resulting in the transfer of heat energy.

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Contrary to kegend, caneks di bit store water in their humps, which actually consist of large fat deposits. These fat deposits serve as a source of water because oxidation of fats releases metabolic water.

During the oxidation of organic substances (fats) releases metabolic water along with release of energy which will be explained with the example below

For example –  

Oxidation of one mole of Palmitic acid (C16H32O7) acid releases 146 mole of H2O. In Tri palmitoyl glycerol (fat C51H98O6) , there are 3 palmitic acid residues connected to glycerol molecule via ester bonds.

The equation of Oxidation of Palmitoyl CoA will be as follows;

palmitoyl-CoA + 23O2 + 108Pi + 108 ADP => 88nCoA + 108 ATP + 16CO2 + 23 H2O

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Answer:

its 4

Explanation:

1) The temperature of the egg at time t can be calculated using the equation T(t) = 18 + 80 * e^(-0.168t), where t is the time measured in minutes.

2) The realistic domain of the temperature function is t ≥ 0, meaning time cannot be negative.

3) A rough analysis of the temperature function shows an exponential decay curve starting at 98°C and approaching 18°C asymptotically. There is an intercept at t = 0, corresponding to the initial temperature of 98°C.

4) It takes approximately 18.17 minutes for the egg to cool to a temperature of 20°C.

1.

To solve for T(t), we can use the formula derived from Newton's Law of Cooling:

T(t) - Ts = (T0 - Ts) * e^(-kt)

Given the initial conditions:

T0 = 98°C (initial temperature of the egg)

Ts = 18°C (surrounding temperature)

T(5) = 38°C (temperature of the egg after 5 minutes)

We can substitute these values into the equation:

T(5) - 18 = (98 - 18) * e^(-5k)

20 = 80 * e^(-5k)

Dividing both sides by 80:

1/4 = e^(-5k)

Take the natural logarithm of both sides:

ln(1/4) = -5k

Solving for k:

k = -ln(1/4) / 5 ≈ 0.168

Now we have the value of k. We can substitute it back into the equation to get the temperature function:

T(t) - 18 = (98 - 18) * e^(-0.168t)

Simplifying further:

T(t) = 18 + 80 * e^(-0.168t)

2.

The realistic domain of the temperature function is t ≥ 0 since time cannot be negative.

3.

Analyzing the function:

The function is exponential decay, starting at 98°C and approaching 18°C asymptotically. There is an intercept at t = 0, where the temperature is 98°C. As time progresses, the temperature decreases and approaches 18°C. However, it never reaches exactly 18°C due to the exponential decay nature of the function.

4.

To find the time it takes for the egg to cool to a temperature of 20°C, we can substitute T(t) = 20 and solve for t:

20 = 18 + 80 * e^(-0.168t)

2 = 80 * e^(-0.168t)

Dividing both sides by 80:

1/40 = e^(-0.168t)

Taking the natural logarithm of both sides:

ln(1/40) = -0.168t

Solving for t:

t = -ln(1/40) / (-0.168) ≈ 18.17 minutes

Therefore, it takes approximately 18.17 minutes for the egg to cool to a temperature of 20°C.

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In quantum mechanics, the angular momentum quantum number "l" defines the shape of the atomic orbital. The l value is an integer ranging from 0 to (n-1) where n is the principal quantum number.

Therefore, for an electron in the L(n=2) shell of an atom, the possible values of the angular momentum quantum number l would range from 0 to 1, since n=2.

This is because the L shell is the second shell, which has n=2. Therefore, it can have subshells with l=0 and l=1, also known as the s and p subshells respectively.

The angular momentum quantum number also has an effect on the energy of the electron, with higher l values having higher energy.

Thus, the possible values of the angular momentum quantum number l for an electron in the L(n=2) shell of an atom are l=0 and l=1.

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The expected product is (R)-2-bromobutane.

Stereochemistry plays a crucial role in determining the outcome of chemical reactions. In the given question, the stereochemistry of the intermediate I needs to be considered to determine the expected product.

The intermediate I indicates a chiral carbon center, denoted by an asterisk (*), which means it has four different substituents attached to it. This chiral carbon results in two possible stereoisomers: (R)-2-bromobutane and (S)-2-bromobutane.

When a reaction occurs at a chiral carbon, the stereochemistry of the reactant is usually retained in the product, assuming no racemization or inversion takes place during the reaction. In this case, the intermediate I has an (R) configuration, which implies that the product will also have an (R) configuration.

Therefore, the expected product is (R)-2-bromobutane.

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To prepare the pH 4.00 buffer solution, you should mix approximately 61.35 mL of the 0.100 M benzoic acid solution with 38.65 mL of the 0.240 M sodium benzoate solution.The ratio of benzoic acid to sodium benzoate in the buffer solution using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

To prepare a pH 4.00 buffer solution using benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, we need to calculate the appropriate volumes of the 0.100 M benzoic acid and 0.240 M sodium benzoate solutions.

First, we need to determine the ratio of benzoic acid to sodium benzoate in the buffer solution. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can help us with this calculation:

pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])

Given that the pH is 4.00 and pKa is 4.20, we can rearrange the equation:

log([A-]/[HA]) = pH - pKa

log([A-]/[HA]) = 4.00 - 4.20

log([A-]/[HA]) = -0.20

Next, we take the antilog of -0.20 to find the ratio of [A-] to [HA]:

[A-]/[HA] = antilog(-0.20)

[A-]/[HA] = 0.63

The ratio of [A-] to [HA] is 0.63.

Now, let's calculate the volumes of each solution needed. Let's assume x represents the volume (in mL) of the 0.100 M benzoic acid solution and y represents the volume (in mL) of the 0.240 M sodium benzoate solution.

Since the total volume is 100.0 mL, we have the equation: x + y = 100

Considering the ratio of [A-] to [HA] as 0.63, we can write the equation: y/x = 0.63

Solving these two equations simultaneously will give us the volumes of each solution:

x + y = 100

y/x = 0.63

By substituting y = 0.63x from the second equation into the first equation, we get:

x + 0.63x = 100

1.63x = 100

x = 61.35 mL (rounded to two decimal places)

Substituting this value back into the equation x + y = 100, we find:

61.35 + y = 100

y = 38.65 mL (rounded to two decimal places)

Therefore, to prepare the pH 4.00 buffer solution, you should mix approximately 61.35 mL of the 0.100 M benzoic acid solution with 38.65 mL of the 0.240 M sodium benzoate solution.

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Answer:

I think its B

Explanation:

Answer:

In graphite, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 3 other carbon atoms. ... These extra electrons are delocalised, or free to move, in the area between layers of carbon atoms. As these electrons are free to move they are able to carry charge and thus graphite can conduct electricity.

Explanation:

Graphite has a layered structure, with each layer consisting of a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms. Within each layer, carbon atoms are covalently bonded in a flat, trigonal planar arrangement, forming strong σ bonds.

In graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in a flat, hexagonal lattice within each layer, forming strong covalent σ bonds. These layers are stacked on top of each other, held together by weaker van der Waals forces, which allow for easy slippage.

The presence of π bonds between the carbon atoms in each layer results in delocalized π electrons above and below the plane, creating a "sea" of mobile electrons. This delocalization gives graphite its remarkable properties, including electrical conductivity and lubrication.

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The factors that most directly affect whether a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously are:

1. Temperature: Increasing the temperature generally speeds up chemical reactions. This is because higher temperatures provide more energy to the reactant molecules, increasing their kinetic energy and the likelihood of successful collisions. For example, when heating hydrogen and oxygen gases, they react more rapidly to form water at higher temperatures.

2. Concentration or Pressure: Higher concentrations or pressures of reactant molecules increase the frequency of collisions between them. This leads to a higher chance of successful collisions and thus increases the reaction rate. For instance, increasing the concentration of hydrogen gas in a reaction with nitrogen gas will lead to a faster reaction and the formation of ammonia.

3. Catalysts: Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. They work by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy. This allows more reactant molecules to have enough energy to overcome the activation barrier and proceed to the products. For example, enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

4. Nature of Reactants: The chemical composition and properties of the reactants can also affect whether a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously. Some reactions are more likely to occur because of the inherent instability or reactivity of the reactant molecules. For instance, the reaction between sodium and water is highly exothermic and occurs spontaneously due to the high reactivity of sodium metal.

It's important to note that while these factors influence the rate of a reaction, they don't guarantee that a reaction will occur. The concept of spontaneity in chemical reactions is related to thermodynamics, specifically the change in free energy (∆G) during a reaction. A reaction is spontaneous if ∆G is negative, indicating that the reaction will proceed without any external influence.

Overall, these factors collectively determine whether a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously or not, by affecting the collision frequency, energy, and stability of the reactant molecules.

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The factors that most directly affect whether a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously are Temperature, Concentration, Pressure, and Catalysts.

The spontaneity of a reaction is primarily determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (∆G) associated with the reaction. If ∆G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous, while a positive ∆G indicates a non-spontaneous reaction.

The factors that most directly affect whether a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously are the following:

1. Temperature: Increasing the temperature usually increases the rate of a chemical reaction. This is because at higher temperatures, the reactant particles have more kinetic energy, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions. As a result, the reactant molecules are more likely to overcome the activation energy barrier and react.

2. Concentration: Higher concentrations of reactants typically increase the rate of a chemical reaction. This is because when the concentration of reactant particles is higher, there are more collisions between them, leading to a higher probability of successful collisions and therefore an increased reaction rate.

3. Pressure (for gases): For reactions involving gases, increasing the pressure can also increase the reaction rate. This is because higher pressure leads to a higher concentration of gas particles, which in turn increases the frequency of collisions between them.

4. Catalysts: Catalysts are substances that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. They achieve this by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. By lowering the activation energy, catalysts make it easier for reactant particles to overcome the energy barrier and react, thereby speeding up the reaction.

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Given data:H2O vapor content: 13 gramsH2O vapor capacity: 52 grams at 25 degrees Celsius 13 grams at 10∘C52 grams at 30∘CFormula used to find the dew point:$$\dfrac{13}{52}=\dfrac{(A*3\pi)/(ln100)}{(17.27-A)}$$$$\frac{1}{4}=\dfrac{(A*3\pi)/(ln100)}{(17.27-A)}$$

Where A is the constantDew Point:It is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor when the temperature drops to a point where dew, frost or ice forms. To solve this question, substitute the given data into the formula.$$13/52=\dfrac{(A*3\pi)/(ln100)}{(17.27-A)}$$$$13(17.27-A)=3\pi A(ln100)$$By simplifying the above expression, we get$$A^2-17.27A+64.78=0$$Using the quadratic formula, we get$$A=9.9,7.4$$

The dew point is 7.4 since it is less than 10°C.More than 100:The term "More than 100" has not been used in the question provided.

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The daily mean, given the data from the question is 15 °C

Mean = Sumation of data / Number of data

Mean = (20 + 10) / 2

Mean = 30 / 2

Mean = 15 °C

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When the volume is decreased, according to Le Chatelier's principle, the equilibrium will shift to the side with fewer moles of gas.

This is because reducing the volume means there is less space for the gas molecules to move around, which causes an increase in pressure. Therefore, the system will shift in the direction that reduces the number of gas molecules, which will ultimately result in an equilibrium that is reestablished. This phenomenon can be explained by Le Chatelier's principle, which states that when a system is subjected to a stress, it will respond in a way that minimizes the stress.

In this case, the stress is the increase in pressure due to the decreased volume, and the response is a shift in the equilibrium to reduce the number of gas molecules.

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