Research that seeks to understand the structure, nature, or scope of a nation's or nations' criminal justice systems or rates of crime is comparative research.
Comparative research involves the systematic study and analysis of different entities or phenomena with the aim of identifying similarities, differences, and patterns across them. In the context of criminal justice, comparative research focuses on examining and comparing aspects of criminal justice systems or rates of crime in different countries or regions.
This type of research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the variations in criminal justice practices, policies, and outcomes across different jurisdictions. It involves comparing factors such as legal frameworks, law enforcement practices, court systems, correctional systems, crime rates, and social factors that influence crime and justice.
By conducting comparative research, researchers can explore the effectiveness of different criminal justice approaches, identify best practices, and gain insights into the factors that contribute to variations in crime rates and criminal justice outcomes. It helps in assessing the strengths and weaknesses of different systems, highlighting areas for improvement, and facilitating knowledge sharing and policy development among nations.
Comparative research in criminal justice often involves collecting and analyzing data from multiple sources, such as official statistics, research studies, legal documents, and policy reports. It may employ qualitative or quantitative methods, or a combination of both, to examine the various dimensions of criminal justice systems and crime rates.
The findings of comparative research can inform policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in making evidence-based decisions, developing effective interventions, and fostering collaborations and exchanges between countries to enhance their criminal justice systems.
In summary, research that seeks to understand the structure, nature, or scope of a nation's or nations' criminal justice systems or rates of crime is known as comparative research. This approach involves comparing and analyzing different jurisdictions to identify similarities, differences, and patterns in criminal justice practices and crime rates.
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In a federal system of government:
1)the federal government holds all the power.
2)a monarch holds all the political power.
3)capitalism is against the law.
4)states can pass laws and hold elections.
5)dictatorships are common.
Describe a situation where two different people might perceive a crime scene in different ways.
Answer:
a mur*** that can be seen as a suici** some people may think it was a mur*** some think it looks like a suici**.
On February 1st, a building owner in New York, Barry Builder, contracted with a tenant from New Jersey, Lisa Leaser, for the lease of Barry Builder's building in Baltimore, MD beginning on April 1st. At the same time, Barry Builder contracted with Caren's Construction, a Baltimore, MD business, to renovate the building. The contract between Barry Builder and Caren's Construction specified that all renovations were to be completed no later than March 20th.
The lease agreement between Barry Builder and Lisa Leaser contained a clause providing that if the building were not ready for occupancy by April 1st, Barry Builder would pay the costs incident to storing Lisa Leaser's business inventory until such time that Barry Builder's building would be ready. As of April 1st, Caren's Construction had not completed the agreed upon renovations, which prompted Barry Builder to file a lawsuit against the renovation company seeking to recover not only the rental value of the building during the period of delay but also the amount that he had been obliged to pay Lisa Leaser for storing her inventory.
What type (in personam, in rem, quasi in rem) jurisdiction would the court (identified in your answer A) have for this case? Explain your answer.
Winston pays a yearly fee to Barbara to rent stall space for his horse at the fairgrounds. Winston’s tenancy is best classified as:
Write 2-3 sentences (around 50 words) in response to the prompt below.
1) How, in your opinion, should the incorporation clause and the citizenship clause be applied today?
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Based on the first sentence of section 1,1 the Court has held that a child born in the United States of Chinese parents who were ineligible to be naturalized themselves is nevertheless a citizen of the United States entitled to all the rights and privileges of citizenship.2 The requirement that a person be "subject to the jurisdiction thereof," however, excludes its application to children born of diplomatic representatives of a foreign state, children born of alien enemies in hostile occupation,3 or children of members of Indian tribes subject to tribal laws.4 In addition, the citizenship of children born on vessels in United States territorial waters or on the high seas has generally been held by the lower courts to be determined by the citizenship of the parents.5 Citizens of the United States within the meaning of this Amendment must be natural and not artificial persons; a corporate body is not a citizen of the United States.6
incorporation doctrine
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Overview
The incorporation doctrine is a constitutional doctrine through which the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (known as the Bill of Rights) are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Incorporation applies both substantively and procedurally. Prior to the doctrine's (and the Fourteenth Amendment's) existence, the Bill of Rights applied only to the Federal Government and to federal court cases. States and state courts could choose to adopt similar laws, but were under no obligation to do so.
After the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court favored a process called "selective incorporation." Under selective incorporation, the Supreme Court would incorporate certain parts of certain amendments, rather than incorporating an entire amendment at once.
Some argue that Privileges or Immunities Clause is a more appropriate textual basis than the due process clause for incorporation of the Bill of Rights but because Slaughter-House Cases dealing with this clause are surrounded by controversy this theory is not supported by the majority of the court.
As a note, the Ninth Amendment and the Tenth Amendment have not been incorporated, and it is unlikely that they ever will be. The text of the Tenth Amendment directly interacts with state law, and the Supreme Court rarely relies upon the Ninth Amendment when deciding cases.
The incorporation clause, as incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment, applies the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution (Bill of Rights) to the states via the Due Process clause.
This clause applies substantively and procedurally, meaning the Supreme Court is supposed to incorporate certain parts of certain amendments and not an entire amendment at once.
The Citizenship Clause, on the other hand, specifies that all people born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are United States citizens and citizens of the State where they live.
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Which of the following is NOT a right that the state has in privately owned property?
Answer:
Although unpaid taxes result in a lien (which is an encumbrance), an encumbrance is not a state right in and of itself in private property.
Explanation:
IF IT HELPED UH PLEASE MARK ME A BRAINLIEST :))True or False, If the statue of Frauds bars the enforcement of an oral contract, a will not impose a quasi contract regardless of the other circumstances. True or False?
Answer:
true it is true it is true
Jury duty is an example of social contract.
True
O False
Which of the following is an advantage of being a sole trader?
Select one:
a. the owner has unlimited liability
b. the business has limited life
c. the owner has total autonomy over business decisions
d. the business is not a separate legal entity
Leteisha McCarthy had a confirmed two-night reservation at the Oracle Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts. The nightly rate for Oracle was $175.00. Unfortunately, when Ms. McCarthy arrived at the front desk to check-in, the hotel explained that it did not have a room available. Multiple guests in a block of rooms had decided to add another night to their stay. The hotel did not offer Ms. McCarthy an alternative and the only available accommodations she was able to find were at a nearby hotel called the Oasis, which had a nightly rate of $300.00. Having no other options, Ms. McCarthy registered for a two-night stay at the Oasis and spent $35.00 on a cab ride to get there. When she arrived home, Ms. McCarthy sent a demand letter to the Oracle Hotel insisting that she be reimbursed for the full cost of her two-night stay at Oasis, plus cab fare. Under the law, Ms. McCarthy should be able to collect:
a.
$630.00, the full cost of two nights at Oasis plus cab fare.
b.
$600.00, the full cost of two nights at Oasis as Ms. McCarthy is not entitled to cab fare.
c.
$380.00, the full cost of two nights at Oracle, plus cab fare.
d.
$285.00, the difference between the cost at Oasis minus the cost at Oracle, plus cab fare.
Under the law, Ms. McCarthy should be able to collect:d. $285.00, the difference between the cost at Oasis minus the cost at Oracle, plus cab fare.
What is the law about?Ms. McCarthy had a confirmed two-night reservation at the Oracle Hotel in Boston, Massachusetts, but upon arrival, she was informed that the hotel did not have a room available for her. She had to book a stay at a nearby hotel, the Oasis, which had a higher nightly rate of $300.00. She is now claiming reimbursement from the Oracle Hotel for the full cost of her two-night stay at the Oasis ($600.00) plus the cost of her cab ride ($35.00), which would come to a total of $635.00.
Therefore, Under the law, the answer to the question of what Ms. McCarthy should be able to collect would depend on the contract between her and the Oracle Hotel, as well as the laws of the state where the hotel is located. The most accurate answer would be d. $285.00, the difference between the cost at Oasis minus the cost at Oracle, plus cab fare.
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A contract is said to be executed when all parties have completed their performances.True or False?
True. A contract is considered to be executed when all parties have fulfilled their obligations and performed the promises they made under the contract.
What is Executed Contract?When all parties to an agreement have carried out their responsibilities and finished all required performances as specified in the contract's provisions, the agreement is deemed to have been executed. This certifies that all representations made by each party have been kept and that all essential actions have been performed to fully implement the agreement.
A contract is finished when it is executed, and all parties are expected to abide by the terms and conditions stated therein. The contract's terms should be straightforward, enforceable, and clear to all parties so that they are all aware of their respective responsibilities.
A contract becomes a legally binding instrument once it is signed, and all parties are required to fulfill their responsibilities under it. The other party may be entitled to pursue remedies, such as monetary damages or specific performance, in the event that the first party breaches their commitments.
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What are some disadvantages to alternative dispute resolution (ADR) over litigation?
a) Some disadvantages are: decisions are not binding, no way to collect a settlement, and no continued relationship between the parties.
b) Some disadvantages are: no cost or time savings, no official record of the proceeding, and no continued relationship between the parties.
c) Some disadvantages are: no right to discovery or appeal, and no precedential value to the decision.
d) Some disadvantages are: no time and cost savings, no unique settlement possible, and no appeal process.
e) Some disadvantages are: discovery is required, no court enforcement of the judgment, and no precedential value of the decision.
The correct answer is c) Some disadvantages are: no right to discovery or appeal, and no precedential value to the decision.
While alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods offer several advantages over litigation, they also have some disadvantages. These disadvantages include the absence of certain rights and limitations compared to traditional litigation processes. The options a), b), d), and e) include either incorrect disadvantages or duplicate disadvantages.
Option c) provides the accurate disadvantages of ADR:
No right to discovery or appeal: Unlike litigation, ADR processes, such as mediation or arbitration, may not offer the same level of formal discovery. Parties may not have access to the same extent of information gathering and disclosure as they would in a court-based process. Additionally, in some cases, the right to appeal the decision reached through ADR may be limited or non-existent.
No precedential value to the decision: Decisions made through ADR typically do not establish legal precedents. Unlike court judgments, which can set legal standards and serve as guidance for future cases, ADR decisions are often specific to the particular dispute and do not carry the same weight in establishing legal principles or binding future cases.It is important to consider these disadvantages when deciding whether to pursue ADR or litigation. While ADR methods can provide efficient and flexible means of resolving disputes, they may not offer the same procedural rights, formal record-keeping, or legal precedents as traditional litigation processes.
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when a regulator is captured by the industry it is regulating, the consumer is almost always worse off.
When a regulator is captured by the industry it is regulating, the consumer is almost always worse off. This is because the regulator is no longer able to effectively regulate and enforce rules and regulations in the industry, leading to a lack of oversight and accountability.
When a regulator is captured by the industry it is regulating, the consumer is almost always worse off. This is because the regulator is no longer able to effectively regulate and enforce rules and regulations in the industry, leading to a lack of oversight and accountability. As a result, companies may prioritize their own interests over those of consumers, leading to harmful practices that can result in financial or physical harm. This can range from financial fraud to unsafe products being sold to the public. Ultimately, when the industry is allowed to dictate the actions of the regulator, consumers lose out. It is crucial that regulators remain independent and impartial in their decision-making to ensure that they are acting in the best interest of consumers and the public at large.
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What would be the likely outcome if the courts and the criminal justice system did not treat cases differently simply because of the offense involved
When serving an alcoholic beverage, a promotional permit holder or their agent or employee should
Should local police departments work with federal agencies to enforce immigration policies? Why or
why not?
Answer:
No, because local law enforcement has other priorities especially to protect the people of their community, by adding extra task to local law enforcement would obstruct how they respond to local issues and apply more stress that they already have.
After an outcry, how long do educators have to report the outcry to family services according to texas law?.
After an outcry, educators are required to report the outcry to family services according to Texas law immediately but not later than 48 hours.
What is an outcry according to Texas law?An outcry refers to the passage of information by a child or disabled victim of a statutorily- designated offense, like a sexual offense.
Educators are regarded as outcry witnesses. An outcry witness is legally obligated to report the statutorily-designated offense and may be invited during the trial proceedings to testify.
Under Texas law, an outcry by a child against any form of abuse can be used as sufficient legal evidence to support a criminal conviction of the perpetrator.
Thus, after an outcry, educators are required to report the outcry to family services according to Texas law immediately but not later than 48 hours.
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1. Why do you think the Constitution left to the states the authority for regulating voting? Throughout
history, what have been the pluses and minuses of this for some voters?
2. What were some of the voting "tests" Southern states devised to restrict African Americans from
voting? How did the Voting Rights Act take some of this authority away from the states, and what
were the results?
3. Describe some voter ID laws that were enacted in some states and how recently federal courts
have responded to them. Do you agree or disagree with these courts' decisions and why?|
For many Americans, voting is not a “prime time” event. Less than 60 percent of eligible voters voted in the 2012 general election. Yet, for other Americans, voting is a very meaningful, almost sacred duty. In this lesson, students will view three short films that explore the importance of voting. Each film/activity examines the topic from a different, thought-provoking perspective. Show each film in sequence and follow with the discussion questions or activity provided. Culminate with an activity that revisits students’ initial ideas about the importance of voting.
The right to choose when, when, and how elections for senators and representatives must be held is outlined in the federal constitution and is subject to change.
Several state legislatures are each given this authority. The Congress does, however, have the authority to amend any aspect of these rules, save from the locations where senators are chosen. In a similar vein, the constitution grants the states broad authority to specify and choose the date, location, and manner of elections for senators and representatives, who have equal power under state supervision of the election process.
A state's ability to conduct an election at its own discretion is granted when it comes to elections. The Constitution gave the states these powers so they could decide how to ensure a free and fair election with peace and to maintain law and order rather than have chaos during the election. This is the main reason for the facilitation of such a strong degree of power in the hands of the states for regulating the process of election.
The authority granted to the states for election administration, has led to a mixed bag of gains and losses for the various voters. In these unfavorable circumstances, the State might postpone the election process and wait until the election can be conducted in a free and fair manner when the situation has stabilized.
On the other side, some voters are against this because they believe that the state may use this ability to advance the federal government that is already in power since they could delay the election process if circumstances were not favorable or within their control. So, the ability to vote may be restricted or even disallowed in specific circumstances.
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Lead weekly meetings where I ask the leaders of
executive branch departments for advice on how
to handle the country's most difficult problems.
It is one of US president's power to lead weekly meetings with executive departments to handle various issues in the country.
About US President's responsibilities
The Commander-in-Chief of armed forces and the chief of state and the United States government of America are the President. According to Article II of the Constitution, the President has the responsibility of carrying out and upholding the laws passed by Congress.
A President does have the authority to veto measures passed by Congress or to sign them into law. However, Legislative branch can override a two - thirds vote majority in both houses. The President has the authority to discuss & sign treaties, which are then ratified by the Senate. The Executive Branch also engages in diplomacy with other countries.
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why did the mexican government refuse to honor the terms of the treaty of velasco?
The mexican government refuse to honor the terms of the treaty of velasco because Santa Anna signed the treaties as a captive.
What were the treaties?The Texans government decisively defeated the Mexican army forces led by General Santa Anna on April 21, 1836, at San Jacinto. Santa Anna made an attempt to escape while dressed as a common soldier, but was captured the next day. Santa Anna and David G. Burnet, the acting president of Texas, signed two peace treaties on May 14. Ten articles made up the public treaty, and six more items made up the secret pact. When the terms of the open treaty were met, the secret agreement would be put into effect. The official treaty stipulated that fighting would end, Santa Anna would withdraw his men below the Rio Grande, and he would refrain from waging war against Texas in the future.
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What more, if anything, must the trial court find in order to sustain the defendant's Sixth Amendment claim
The trial court must find a witness in order to sustain the defendant's Sixth Amendment claim.
Sixth Amendment ClaimThe rights of criminal defendants are guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, including the right to an impartial jury, the right to an impartial judge, the right to a public trial without undue delay, and the right to know your accusers and the details of the allegations and evidence against you. It has been put to the test most visibly in a number of cases concerning terrorism, but it appears much more frequently in matters requiring, for instance, jury selection or witness protection.The accused has the legal right to a quick and open trial by an impartial jury of the state and district where the offense was committed, such district shall have been determined in advance by law, in all criminal cases.
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Drag each label to the correct location on the chart. Each label can be used more than once.
Compare the different aspects of the Supreme Court by placing the tiles in the correct location.
Highest ranking
officer
Number is determined
by Congress
Lifetime
Can be removed
appointment through impeachment
Supreme
Court
Highest level of
federal judiciary
Chief
Justice
Established in
the Constitution
Associate
Justice
Based on the judiciary branch of government, and the available options, by dragging each label to the correct location on the chart we have the Supreme Court = Highest level of the federal judiciary, Established in the Constitution.
What is the Judiciary Branch of GovernmentThe Judiciary branch of government is a government branch whose duty is the definitive adjudication of controversies over the application of laws in specific situations.
Judiciary is one of the three main branches of government and it has various structures from the magistrate court to the Supreme Court.
Other labels and their correct location are:
Supreme Court = Highest level of the federal judiciary, Established in the Constitution.Chief Justice = Highest Ranking officer, Lifetime Appointment, Associate Justice = Number is determined by Congress, Can be removed through Impeachment.Hence, in this case, it is concluded that Judiciary has different aspects that are governed by different rules and regulations.
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1. What are sentencing and institutional alternatives for juveniles who are judged delinquent?
2. What Due Process Rights do juveniles have? What rights don't they have?
Answer:
When a juvenile is judged delinquent, there are several sentencing and institutional alternatives that can be considered. These include probation, community service, restitution, fines, and juvenile detention centers. Probation involves placing the juvenile under the supervision of a probation officer for a specified period of time. Community service requires the juvenile to perform a specified number of hours of unpaid work in the community. Restitution involves the juvenile paying back any financial losses incurred by the victim of their offense. Fines involve the juvenile paying a monetary penalty. Juvenile detention centers are secure facilities where juveniles are placed for a specified period of time. The specific alternative chosen will depend on the nature of the offense, the needs of the juvenile, and the available resources in the community.
Juveniles have a right to due process under the law, which includes the right to notice of the charges against them, the right to an attorney, the right to a fair and impartial hearing, and the right to confront witnesses. However, juveniles do not have the same rights as adults when it comes to criminal proceedings. For example, juveniles do not have the right to a trial by jury in most cases, and their cases are usually heard in juvenile court, which is less formal than adult court. Additionally, the penalties imposed on juveniles are generally less severe than those imposed on adults. Finally, juveniles may be subject to certain restrictions on their rights, such as curfews or restrictions on their freedom of movement, that would not be imposed on adults in similar circumstances.
Explanation:
Of the 50 U.S. states, the only one that it did not choose to essentially follow the English common law was . . . Louisiana
The statement that Louisiana was the only one that it did not choose to essentially follow the English common law is True.
Why does Louisiana not follow English Common Law ?Louisiana chose to adopt the Napoleonic Code as its legal system, which was based on the French civil law tradition. This decision was due to Louisiana's history as a French colony before it was sold to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
The state's unique legal system has distinct differences from the English common law system followed by the other 49 states, including the use of a civil law code and the presence of a civil law court system.
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Options for this question include:
True FalseIn Sara's suit against Tim, their attorneys present the case to a judge and jury. The jury renders an advisory verdict. The judge then meets with the parties to encourage a settlement. This is
Answer: a summary jury trial
Explanation:
In Sara's suit against Tim, their attorneys present the case to a judge and jury. The jury renders an advisory verdict. The judge then meets with the parties to encourage a settlement. This is a summary jury trial.
Summary jury trial is also referred to as an alternative dispute resolution. It is usually conducted in a single day, it is economical and typically used to settle civil disputes. It is a binding jury trial that is presided over by a judge and done before a panel that is usually made up of about six jurors.
When after rendering an advisory verdict, Judge meets with the parties to encourage a settlement, this is known as Summary Jury Trial.
Summary Jury Trial
It is an alternative dispute resolution system, where the matter is related to civil rather than criminal. A Civil matter from the legal perspective is the one where the judgement is not to punish but to make civil wrongs right.
In these cases, Judges encourage settlement so that the affected parties does not lose much time and money, and it is also helpful in decreasing the cases load on judges.
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All of the following are exempt from antitrust laws EXCEPT
a. public utilities
b. professional baseball
c. labor unions
d. oil companies
All of the following are exempt from antitrust laws EXCEPT option D. oil companies
What is an antitrust legislation?Antitrust laws implies the legislations that were operated by the United States national government to prevent organizations from coming together to form a monopoly. A monopoly means a market system that is controlled by limited bodies or sellers. There is no competition since the sellers are limited in this mode of marketing.
Therefore, the correct answer is as given above
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The due process clause of the United States Constitution is specifically
stated in which amendment?
Answer:
The 5th amendment
Explanation:
The fifth amendment of the U.S. constitution states that citizens are entitled to due process
Answer:
5th Amendment!
The difference between unlimited wants and limited resources affects both individuals and the economy.
A.
True
OB.
False
Answer:
True.
Explanation:
I believe by having unlimited wants but not enough resources would be chaos. Resources are important in our life because they are used to sustain life and meet people's requirements. Any substance that people utilize can be recognized as a resource. By lacking them, common individuals would be highly affected, as the economy will collapse.
A Sargent span of control is over who:
A group of employees go on strike for one hour. The strike is not protected industrial
action. How much pay must the employees lose for the strike? Identify the relevant
section of the Fair Work Act 2009.
Under the Fair Work Act 2009, when employees engage in unprotected industrial action such as an unauthorized strike, they can face consequences including the loss of pay for the period of the strike.
Section 471 of the Fair Work Act 2009 states that when employees participate in unprotected industrial action, their employer has the right to deduct pay for the period of the strike. The deduction should reflect the amount the employees would have earned if they had worked during that time.
In the case of a one-hour strike, the employees would typically lose one hour's worth of pay. The specific amount deducted would depend on the employees' regular rate of pay, taking into account any applicable penalties, overtime rates, or other relevant factors determined by the applicable industrial instrument or employment agreement.
It is important to note that the Fair Work Act 2009 provides provisions for protected industrial action, which is lawful and provides certain protections for employees. However, when employees engage in unprotected industrial action, the employer has the right to take disciplinary actions, including the deduction of pay for the duration of the strike.
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