QUESTION 3 (a) Ammonium sulphate, (NH),50, is a soluble salt and it is used in agriculture as fertiliser. 5 g of ammonium sulphate is dissolved in 1 litre of water to produce ammonium sulphate solution. (Relative atomie mass: H = 1, N = 14,0 = 16, )
Calculate

(1) the number of inoles of dissolved ammonium sulphate

(ii) the number of molecules present in the ammonium sulphate solution.

(iii) the number of positive ions present in the ammonium sulphate solution

(iv) the number of negative ions present in the ammonium sulphate solution

(v) the total number of ions present in the ammonium sulphate solution​

Answer:

The combustion of diborane (B2H6) is as follows:

2B2H6(g) + 6O2(g) → 4H2O(g) + B4O(g)

The balanced chemical equation shows that 2 moles of B2H6 react with 6 moles of O2 to produce 4 moles of H2O and 1 mole of B4O. We can use this information to calculate the amount of heat released by the combustion of 0.491 g of B2H6:

0.491 g B2H6 × (1 mol B2H6/27.67 g B2H6) × (1 mole B4O/2 moles B2H6) × (-2037 kJ/mol B4O) = -7.89 kJ

The negative sign indicates that the reaction releases heat.

The heat released by the reaction is absorbed by the calorimeter, which causes its temperature to increase. We can use the equation:

q = Ccalorimeter × ΔT

where q is the amount of heat absorbed by the calorimeter, Ccalorimeter is the heat capacity of the calorimeter, and ΔT is the change in temperature of the calorimeter.

Rearranging the equation, we get:

ΔT = q/Ccalorimeter

Substituting the values we obtained, we get:

ΔT = (-7.89 kJ)/(7.854 kJ/°C) = -1.005°C

The negative sign indicates that the temperature of the calorimeter decreases by 1.005°C. Therefore, the final temperature of the calorimeter is:

19.63°C - 1.005°C = 18.625°C

Rounding to the appropriate number of significant figures, the final temperature of the calorimeter is 18.6°C.

Hope this is what you are looking for.

Answer:

i think it's D tbh, just cus it was the scientist who did the work

Answer:

It depends on secondary sources and references of that secondary source. If it references just that primary source I would compare both of them and see the difference between them. Generally primary sources are more reliable but this situation is different.

Answer:

As you move across a period the electrons are being added to the same shell. But, protons are being added as well. This makes the nucleus more positively charged and, increasing protons has a greater effect than electrons. So, there is a greater nuclear attraction and, because the electrons are being added to the same shell that shell gets pulled in more. This causes a decrease in atomic radius.

Explanation:

The primary reason that atomic radius decreases as you move from left to right across the periodic table is; Due to the increase in electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nucleus and the negatively charged electrons.

The number of shells in elements located in the same period are equal.

However, with successive increase in the atomic number, the number of electrons and protons increases.

Consequently, the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons increases and the radius reduces accordingly.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Hess’s law derives directly from the law of conservation of energy, as well as its expression in the first law of thermodynamics. By Hess’s law, the net change in enthalpy of the overall reaction is equal to the sum of the changes in enthalpy for each intermediate transformation: ΔH = ΔH1+ΔH2+ΔH3.

In the J = 0 state, the BrF molecule does not undergo any revolutions per second. In the J = 1 state, it undergoes approximately 0.498 revolutions per second, and in the J = 10 state, it undergoes approximately 15.71 revolutions per second.

To calculate the rotational constant B, we can use the formula:

B = 1 / (2 * π * Δν)

Where:

B = rotational constant

Δν = spacing between consecutive lines in the rotational spectrum

Given that the spacing between consecutive lines is 0.71433 cm^(-1), we can substitute this value into the formula:

B = 1 / (2 * π * 0.71433 cm^(-1))

B ≈ 0.079 cm^(-1)

The moment of inertia (I) of the molecule can be calculated using the formula:

I = h / (8 * π^2 * B)

Where:

h = Planck's constant

Given that the value of Planck's constant (h) is approximately 6.626 x 10^(-34) J·s, we can substitute the values into the formula:

I = (6.626 x 10^(-34) J·s) / (8 * π^2 * 0.079 cm^(-1))

I ≈ 2.11 x 10^(-46) kg·m^2

The bond length (r) of the molecule can be determined using the formula:

r = sqrt((h / (4 * π^2 * μ * B)) - r_e^2)

Where:

μ = reduced mass of the molecule

r_e = equilibrium bond length

To calculate the wavenumber (ν) of the J = 9+ to J = 10 transition, we can use the formula:

ν = 2 * B * (J + 1)

Substituting J = 9 into the formula, we get:

ν = 2 * 0.079 cm^(-1) * (9 + 1)

ν ≈ 1.58 cm^(-1)

To determine the most intense spectral line at room temperature (300 K), we can use the Boltzmann distribution law. The intensity (I) of a spectral line is proportional to the population of the corresponding rotational level:

I ∝ exp(-E / (k * T))

Where:

E = energy difference between the levels

k = Boltzmann constant

T = temperature in Kelvin

At room temperature (300 K), the population distribution decreases rapidly with increasing energy difference. Therefore, the transition with the lowest energy difference will have the most intense spectral line. In this case, the transition from J = 0 to J = 1 will have the most intense spectral line.

To calculate the number of revolutions per second, we can use the formula:

ω = 2 * π * B * J

Where:

ω = angular frequency (in radians per second)

J = rotational quantum number

For J = 0:

ω = 2 * π * 0.079 cm^(-1) * 0 = 0 rad/s

For J = 1:

ω = 2 * π * 0.079 cm^(-1) * 1 ≈ 0.498 rad/s

For J = 10:

ω = 2 * π * 0.079 cm^(-1) * 10 ≈ 15.71 rad/s

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The reaction is endothermic since the energy level of the products have are higher than that of the reactants.

The activation energy (AE) is the energy difference between the reactants and the transition state.

The change in energy E and the energy difference between the reactants and the products

The data given is as follows:

Reactants: 0 kJ/mol

AE forward 125 kJ/mol

AE reverse: 86 kJ/mol

Products: 39 kJ/mol

The values of ΔE forward and ΔE reverse are as follows:

ΔE forward = (39 - 0) kJ/mol

ΔE forward = +39 kJ/mol

ΔE reverse = (0 - 39) kJ/mol

ΔE reverse =  -39 kJ/mol

3. Given that Ea = 154 kJ/mol and ΔE = 136 kJ/mol

AE reverse = ΔE - AE forward

E = 136 kJ/mol - 154 kJ/mol

E = -18 kJ/mol

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Answer:THE ANSWER IS B

Explanation:

DO NOT TRUST THE OPTHER GUY I JUST DID IT AND GOT IT WRONG BECAUSE OF HIm

The global warming causes severe impacts on plants, animals and all living organisms. Some areas on Earth will experience an increase in rainfall, whereas other areas will experience severe droughts .The correct option is B.

The phenomenon in which there is a gradual increase in the temperature near earth's surface due to the green house effect of the gases like carbon dioxide, methane, etc. is known as global warming.

The green house effect is defined as a process in which the radiations from the sun are absorbed by the green house gases and not reflected back into space. This will depletes the ozone layer.

The major cause of global warming is the incredible increase in the temperature which melts glaciers, increases evaporation and there by causes heavy rainfall. The climatic conditions are changed due to this. There are droughts at some places and floods at some.

Thus the correct option is B.

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To graph the function g(x) = f(-x), you can start with the graph of f(x) and then reflect it about the y-axis.

To find the graph of the function g(x) = f(-x), we can start with the graph of the function f(x) and then reflect it about the y-axis.

If the graph of f(x) is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, meaning it is unchanged when reflected, then g(x) = f(-x) will have the same graph as f(x).

However, if the graph of f(x) is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis, then g(x) = f(-x) will be a reflection of f(x) about the y-axis.

In either case, the resulting graph of g(x) = f(-x) will be symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

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Answer:

D) 2( 6.02 ×10^23)

Explanation:

using n=m

M

where n = moles

m=mass of substance

M=molar mass .

n( sulfur ) =64

32

= 2

using N =nL

where N is number of entities

n = moles

L= 6.02×20^23

N( of atoms of sulfur) =2(6.02×10^23)

32(6.02 x 10²³) number of atoms are in 64 g sulfur (S) is:

C. 32(6.02 x 10²³) atoms

To determine the number of atoms in 64 grams of sulfur (S), you need to use Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.02 x 10²³ atoms/mol. This number represents the number of atoms or molecules in one mole of a substance.

1. Find the molar mass of sulfur (S):

The molar mass of sulfur (S) is the mass of one mole of sulfur atoms, and you can find it on the periodic table. The molar mass of sulfur is approximately 32.06 g/mol.

2. Calculate the number of moles of sulfur:

To calculate the number of moles, divide the given mass (64 g) by the molar mass of sulfur (32.06 g/mol):

Number of moles = Mass of sulfur / Molar mass of sulfur

Number of moles = 64 g / 32.06 g/mol

Number of moles = 1.997 moles

3. Use Avogadro's number to find the number of atoms:

Now, multiply the number of moles by Avogadro's number:

Number of atoms = Number of moles × Avogadro's number

Number of atoms = 1.997 moles × 6.02 x 10²³ atoms/mol

Number of atoms = 1.202 x 10²⁴ atoms

So, there are approximately 1.202 x 10²⁴ atoms in 64 grams of sulfur (S). The closest option to this value is:

C. 32(6.02 x 10²³) atoms (which is equivalent to 1.924 x 10²⁴ atoms)

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Answer:

1.9

Then

-75.4 C

Explanation:

In tHe PiCtuRe

The enthalpy change for the given reaction is 1344 kJ/mol.

First, we need to write the balanced chemical equation for the given reaction:

HCN(g) + 2 H2(g) → CH3NH2(g)

To calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) for this reaction, we need to subtract the total energy of the reactants from the total energy of the products. We can do this by calculating the energy required to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy released when new bonds are formed in the products.

Reactants:

HCN(g): 1 C-N bond (305 kJ/mol) + 1 C-H bond (413 kJ/mol) + 1 N-H bond (391 kJ/mol) = 1109 kJ/mol

2 H2(g): 4 H-H bonds (4 x 432 kJ/mol) = 1728 kJ/mol

Total energy of reactants: 1109 kJ/mol + 1728 kJ/mol = 2837 kJ/mol

Products:

CH3NH2(g): 1 C-H bond (413 kJ/mol) + 3 C-N bonds (3 x 305 kJ/mol) + 7 H-H bonds (7 x 432 kJ/mol) = 4181 kJ/mol

Total energy of products: 4181 kJ/mol

ΔH = (total energy of products) - (total energy of reactants)

ΔH = 4181 kJ/mol - 2837 kJ/mol

ΔH = 1344 kJ/mol

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Answer:

Heat lost by the pancake = Heat gained by butter

Explanation:

Because energy is always conserved, this process involves the loss of energy by one substance which is gained by another.

The pancakes were freshly made, so they are hot; having the required energy to melt the butter placed on them. The butter absorbs heat from the pancakes which is equal to or greater than its melting point. Thus, the butter melts due to the heat absorbed.

Therefore,

Heat lost by the pancakes = Heat gained by butter

Answer:

[H₃O⁺] = 2.5 × 10⁻¹³ M

pH = 12.6

Explanation:

Step 1: Given data

Concentration of OH⁻: 0.04 M

Step 2: Calculate the concentration of H₃O⁺

Let's consider the self-ionization of water reaction.

2 H₂O(l) ⇄ OH⁻(aq) + H₃O⁺(aq)

The ionic product of water is:

Kw = [OH⁻] × [H₃O⁺] = 10⁻¹⁴

[H₃O⁺] = 10⁻¹⁴ / [OH⁻]

[H₃O⁺] = 10⁻¹⁴ / 0.04

[H₃O⁺] = 2.5 × 10⁻¹³ M

Step 3: Calculate the pH

The pH is:

pH = -log [H₃O⁺] = -log 2.5 × 10⁻¹³ = 12.6

The oxidation state of nitrogen (N) in NaNO3 is +5. option B

To determine the oxidation state of nitrogen (N) in sodium nitrate (NaNO3), we need to assign oxidation numbers to each element in the compound.

In NaNO3, we know that the sodium ion (Na+) has a +1 oxidation state because it is an alkali metal. Oxygen (O) typically has an oxidation state of -2 in compounds, and there are three oxygen atoms in NaNO3. Since the compound is neutral, the sum of the oxidation states must be zero.

Let's assume that the oxidation state of nitrogen is x. Therefore, we can set up the equation:

(+1) + x + (-2) * 3 = 0

Simplifying the equation:

+1 + x - 6 = 0

x - 5 = 0

x = +5

Therefore, the oxidation state of nitrogen (N) in NaNO3 is +5.

The oxidation state of an element indicates the number of electrons it has gained or lost in a compound. In this case, the nitrogen atom in NaNO3 has gained five electrons to achieve a stable oxidation state of +5.

It is important to note that oxidation states are formal charges and do not necessarily represent the actual distribution of electrons in a compound. They are assigned based on a set of rules and can be useful in understanding the reactivity and behavior of elements in chemical reactions.

Option B

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Answer:

The answer is 144g

Explanation:

This is because oxygen gas (O2) has a mass of 32g and you have 4.5 moles of O2, so you have to multiply 4.5 and 32.

Answer:

lungs

Explanation:

Answer:

use depth and height to calculate volume

Explanation:

Answer: Whereas the basic formula for the area of a rectangular shape is length × width, the basic formula for volume is length × width × height. How you refer to the different dimensions does not change the calculation: you may, for example, use 'depth' instead of 'height'.

Explanation: Google lol

The number of moles of \(MnO_2\) required is  3.345 moles.

In the given reaction, the balanced equation shows that for every 4 moles of \(MnO_2\), 4 moles of \(KMnO_4\) are produced. Therefore, we can use the stoichiometry of the reaction to calculate the moles of \(MnO_2\) and the moles of \(KMnO_4\)

Given:

Mass of \(MnO_2\) = 291 g

Molar mass of\(MnO_2\) = 87 g/mol

To find the moles of \(MnO_2\), we use the formula:

Moles = Mass / Molar mass

Moles of \(MnO_2\) = 291 g / 87 g/mol = 3.345 mol

Now, since the stoichiometry of the reaction tells us that the ratio of \(MnO_2\)to \(KMnO_4\) is 4:4, we can conclude that 3.345 moles of \(MnO_2\)will produce an equal number of moles of \(KMnO_4\)

Therefore, the moles of \(KMnO_4\) produced will also be 3.345 mol.

However, the question asks for the moles of NaOH, which is not directly related to the given reaction. We cannot determine the moles of NaOH based on the information provided.

To find the moles of NaOH, we would need additional information or another relevant equation that includes NaOH.

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A chemical symbol is to an element as a chemical formula is to a **compound**.

A chemical symbol is a one- or two-letter designation of an element. For example, the symbol for oxygen is O. A chemical formula is a combination of chemical symbols that shows the elements in a compound and the relative proportions of those elements. For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O, which means that water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

So, a chemical symbol is a short way of representing an element, while a chemical formula is a short way of representing a compound.

This representation suggests that the element is phosphorus (P) with a mass number of 30, which is incorrect. The correct mass number for phosphorus is approximately 30.97. The incorrect representation for a neutral atom is 36Li

To determine the correct representation for a neutral atom, we need to consider the atomic number (Z) and mass number (A) of the element. The atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus, while the mass number represents the sum of protons and neutrons.

Let's analyze the given representations:

36Li:

This representation suggests that the element is lithium (Li) with a mass number of 36, which is incorrect. The correct mass number for lithium is approximately 6.94.

613C:

This representation suggests that the element is carbon (C) with a mass number of 13, which is correct. Carbon has different isotopes, and 13C represents one of its stable isotopes.

3063Cu:

This representation suggests that the element is copper (Cu) with a mass number of 63, which is correct. Copper has different isotopes, and 63Cu represents one of its stable isotopes.

1530P:

This representation suggests that the element is phosphorus (P) with a mass number of 30, which is incorrect. The correct mass number for phosphorus is approximately 30.97.

Therefore, the incorrect representation for a neutral atom is 36Li, as it does not match the known properties of lithium.

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The kind of substance which the original white powder that is isolated from lemon juice is: A an acid.

pH simply refers to an abbreviation for the power of hydrogen ions and it can be defined as a measure of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in a particular chemical substance or solution.

This ultimately implies that, a pH scale can be used to measure and specify the acidity, neutrality or basicity (alkalinity) of any chemical substance or solution.

On a pH scale, a chemical substance or solution with a pH of 7 is neutral, a chemical substance or solution with a pH below 7 is acidic, and a chemical substance is basic (alkaline) when it's pH is above 7.

In this scenario, this original white powder is an acid because it has a pH of 3.0.

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The two main postulates that was given by Antoine Lavoisier are, oxygen play an important role in combustion and the other is mass of the reactant and product is conserved. Therefore the mass of HF is 28grams.

According to Law of conservation of mass, mass can neither be created nor be destroyed. Mass can only be transformed from one form to another. The law of conservation of mass was given by Antoine Lavoisier. Every reaction in nature follow the law given by Antoine Lavoisier that is mass is always conserved.

H\(_2\) + F\(_2\) → 2HF

Mass of  H\(_2\)=8Grams

mass of F\(_2\)= 20grams

According to law of conservation f mass

mass of H\(_2\) + mass of F\(_2\)   = mass of HF

Substituting all the given values, we get

8grams + 20grams =mass of HF

mass of HF=28grams

Therefore the mass of HF is 28grams.

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Answer:

1 - NO2 at 339 K

2 - Ne at 371 K

3 - H2 at 371 K

4 - H2 at 425 K

Explanation:

Kinetic Energy is directly related to temperature; the higher the temperature the higher the kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is also equal to 12m⋅v2, so if we want a high velocity we want high temp and low mass. So let's list out approximate masses:

m(H2)≈2

m(NO2)≈46

m(Ne)≈20

So we have NO2 at 339 K, the lowest temperature out of the mix, and the highest mass out of the mix, so this is moving the slowest.

In contrast, we have H2 at 425 K, the highest temperature out of the mix, and the lowest mass out of the mix, so this is moving the fastest.

Now we have Ne and H2 at 371 K, since they are at the same temperature they have the same kinetic energy. But H2 is lighter than Ne so it must be faster. To quantify this mathematically, let's assume (this is wrong but just as an assumption for an example) KE at 371 K is 100:

100=12⋅m⋅v2

200=m⋅v2

√200m=v

So H2 is about v=10 and Ne is about v=√10≈3

So the order to recap is:

1 - NO2 at 339 K

2 - Ne at 371 K

3 - H2 at 371 K

4 - H2 at 425 K

Hope that makes it clearer!

To solve this, we must know each and every concept related to mechanisms of organic reaction. Therefore, the  arrow that best describes the relationship between the reactants and products is the equilibrium arrow. The correct option is option A.

The technique of just an organic reactions is just the order of the steps in the process, giving information on which bonds are produced and/or disrupted in each step.

Understanding the processes of organic reactions is vital for understanding Organic Chemistry and for being able to harness the reactions to generate useful molecules. The  arrow that best describes the relationship between the reactants and products is the equilibrium arrow.

Therefore, the correct option is option A.

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Answer:

It is A.

Explanation:

I took the test.

The Lewis structure shows the arrangement of valence electrons in H3PO4.

The Lewis structure gives us a picture of the number of valence electrons in a molecule. This is because, in a Lewis structure, the electrons in the molecule are shown as dots. A single line may be used to show shared electrons in a covalent bond.

The correct Lewis structure of H3PO4 is an upper P is single bonded above to an O, and to the left, right, and below to an O single bonded to an H. The O above the P has three pairs of dots to the left, above, and below; the O's to the sides have pairs of dots above and below, and the O below the P has pairs of dots right and left.

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Types of luminous flames:

1. Yellow Luminous Flame

2. Smoky Luminous Flame

3. Orange Luminous Flame

4. Blue Luminous Flame

Luminous flames are characterized by their visible glow, which is caused by the incomplete combustion of fuel. The presence of soot particles in the flame causes the emission of light. There are different types of luminous flames, which can be classified based on their fuel composition and burning conditions. Here are some common types of luminous flames:

1. Yellow Luminous Flame: This is the most common type of luminous flame, often seen in open fires, candles, and gas stoves. It appears yellow due to the presence of soot particles in the flame. Yellow flames indicate incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane, propane, or natural gas. The high carbon content in these fuels leads to the formation of soot, which emits visible light.

2. Smoky Luminous Flame: This type of flame is characterized by a significant amount of black smoke and soot production. It is commonly observed in poorly adjusted or malfunctioning burners or engines. The excessive presence of unburned fuel in the flame results in incomplete combustion and the emission of dark smoke particles.

3. Orange Luminous Flame: An orange flame indicates a higher combustion temperature compared to a yellow flame. It is often seen in more efficient burners or when burning fuels with a higher carbon content, such as oil or diesel. The higher temperature helps in burning more of the carbon particles, reducing the amount of soot and making the flame appear less yellow.

4. Blue Luminous Flame: A blue flame is typically associated with complete combustion. It indicates efficient burning of fuel, resulting in minimal soot formation. Blue flames are commonly observed in gas burners or Bunsen burners. The blue color is a result of the combustion of gases, such as methane, in the presence of sufficient oxygen.

It's important to note that the luminosity of a flame can vary depending on factors such as fuel-air mixture, combustion temperature, and the presence of impurities. Achieving complete combustion and minimizing the production of soot is desirable for efficient and cleaner burning processes.

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The angles as shown are supplementary angles because the add up to 180 degrees.

Two angles are said to be supplementary if they add up to 180 degrees. Now we know that the sum of angles on  straight line is 180 degrees. If we look at the image as shown in the image attached, we can see that the angles lie on a straight line.

As such, we can conclude that the angles as shown are supplementary angles because the add up to 180 degrees.

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