"Prove that the space-time of plug-flow reactor is equal to the space time of infinity numbers of equal size mixed flow reactors"
Answers
The plug-flow reactor's space-time is equivalent to an infinite number of mixed flow reactors with equal sizes.
To prove that the space-time of a plug-flow reactor is equal to the space-time of an infinite number of equally sized mixed flow reactors, let's consider the definition of space-time and analyze both reactor types.
Plug-flow reactor (PFR): In a PFR, the reactants flow through the reactor in a straight line, without any mixing or back-mixing. This results in a well-defined residence time for each reactant.
Mixed flow reactor (MFR): In an MFR, the reactants are thoroughly mixed, ensuring that each reactant experiences the same average residence time.
To prove the equivalence:
Step 1: Assume an infinite number of equally sized MFRs, each with a residence time equal to the PFR.
Step 2: In the PFR, each reactant experiences the same residence time, as there is no mixing. Thus, the total space-time of the PFR is equal to the residence time.
Step 3: In the MFRs, since each reactor has the same residence time and an infinite number of reactors are considered, the total space-time is equal to the residence time as well.
Step 4: Since both the PFR and the infinite number of equally sized MFRs have the same total space-time, we can conclude that the space-time of the PFR is equal to the space-time of the infinite number of equally sized MFRs.
Thus, the space-time of a plug-flow reactor is equal to the space-time of an infinite number of equally sized mixed flow reactors.
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Related Questions
If you needed to calculate the mass flow rate rather than volumetric flow rate through the Venturi meter how would you go about it
Answers
Answer:
Follows are the solution to this question:
Explanation:
Its difference in power supply will be smaller whenever the pressure transducer is being performed. Its transducer sensitivity(s) is often used to calculate its number of changes occurring at voltage output of (\(v_o\)) when the supply tension (\(v_s\)) changes with the measured pressure (\(p_m\)) and the rated tension of transducers (\(p_s\)).
\(v_o= (s) V_s (\frac{P_m}{P_s})\)
Identify an object in your house that contains a physical system and list three questions you could use to define the system
Answers
Answer:
ALL CAREFULLY ANSWERED CORRECTLY
Explanation:
1) A loaf of Bread PHYSICAL SYSTEM
✓ How can the environment affect the edibility of the bread
✓ What are the constituents that makes up the bread
✓ What process is involved in these constituents mixing to form the loaf.
2) The law of thermodynamics makes us to understand that when heat/energy passes through a system, the systems internal energy changes with respect to the conservation of energy law. That is energy lost = energy gained. Typically, ice would melt in a cup of hot tea because of the thermal energy in the molecules of the hot tea. When you heat a material, you are adding thermal kinetic energy to its molecules and usually raising its temperature. The temperature of the ice raises due to the kinetic energy added to it and it melts to water.
3) The theory of systems view the world as a complex system of interconnected parts. If we consider the society; (financial systems, political systems, etc) we will agree that they individually have their own components and it's the summation of this components that makes the system, this implies that system thinking could be applicable in this kinda of systems as long as they are made up of components.
4) Technology has boosted every sector of our lives and it has the capacity to do more. Restricting it's importance to entertainment alone would be an underusing of its potentials. Engineering students infact should not need any drive to be encouraged about maximizing all it can do in shaping our world.
5) ~ Nature shows its splendid soul
~Never ceases to leave us in amazement
~And we are in love
An object that contains a physical system is a T.V. remote control. Three questions that contain physical systems are:
Is air a physical system?What steps are taken to combine these ingredients to create the loaf?How might the environment impact the bread's palatability?What is a physical system?Sensors, motors, and robots are examples of physical systems. The use of the TV remote controls, traffic lights, security systems, air conditioning systems, and automatic doors are just a few examples given. We give explanations for why we employ physical systems.
A physical system is made up of components or elements that when put together display behavior that its component parts alone do not. (Biological systems and living systems are included in this definition.) The two components of physical systems are matter and energy.
Therefore, a TV remote control is an item that houses a physical system. Three questions are:
Is the air a system of matter? How are these ingredients mixed together to make the loaf? How may the flavor of the bread be affected by the surroundings?To learn more about the physical system, refer to the link:
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If two current are in the same direction at any instant of time in a given branch of a circuit, the net current at that instant
Answers
If two currents are in the same direction at any instant of time in a given branch of a circuit, the net current at that instant will be the sum of the two individual currents. In other words, the net current is the algebraic sum of the two currents.
How can this be illustrated?For example, if one current is 2 amperes and the other current is 3 amperes, and they are flowing in the same direction in a given branch of the circuit, then the net current at that instant will be 5 amperes (2 + 3 = 5).
It's important to note that this only applies at a specific instant in time, and the net current may change as the circuit changes or the currents vary.
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QUESTION 1
Cutting speed does not depend on the diameter of the workpiece.
True
False
Answers
Answer:
False
Explanation:
T/F When possible, the planning team should build on existing assessments such Hazard Identification and Risk Assessments prepared by the States, major urban areas, and other government entities.
Answers
True, the planning team should, if possible, build on previous analyses, such as Hazard Identification and Risk Assessments created by States, significant urban regions, and other governmental bodies.
A continuous urban area (UA) is one that has at least 50,000 residents. It consists of one or more locations—the centre location(s)—and the nearby, densely populated surrounding area, or urban fringe, which is made up of other locations and nonplace territory. All people, homes, and land that are not located in an urban area are referred to as "rural." A census block that satisfies the minimum housing unit density and/or population density standards will constitute an urban area for the 2020 Census. Cities are described with the word urban. There are many people who live and work in cities. Cities are heavily populated commercial centres where leading a fast-paced lifestyle is frequently the norm. Urban areas include places like Atlanta and New York City.
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40. AASHTO assumes a deceleration value in calculating SSD of:
a. 14 ft /sec2
b. 11.2 ft /sec2
c. 9.6 ft /sec2
d. 10.2 ft /sec2
Answers
AASHTO assumes a deceleration value in calculating stopping sight distance (SSD) of B. 11.2 ft/s^2. This doesn't take any road defects into account.
what benefit is a reduced time lost in Osha
Answers
It is to be noted that in OSHA, reducing time lost due to injuries and accidents can lead to increased productivity and efficiency, improved financial performance, and better employee morale and retention.
What is OSHA?The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 established the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to safeguard employees' safety and health by creating and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, information, and support.
Reducing time lost due to injuries and accidents can have a number of advantages for a business. By reducing injuries and accidents, a firm may save time and money on absenteeism, medical care, and workers' compensation claims. This can lead to enhanced production and efficiency, which can contribute to better financial performance.
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when using estimation data, the technician uses
Answers
Technician A says that module communications networks are used to reduce the number of wires in a vehicle.
Who is technician ?A technician is a worker in a technological field who is skilled in the relevant skill and technique and has a practical understanding of the theoretical principles.
Technicians are highly skilled professionals who work in nearly every industry. They service, repair, install, and replace various systems and equipment. Technicians typically work in teams with other skilled workers and must be able to read and communicate effectively.
Therefore, Technician A says that module communications networks are used to reduce the number of wires in a vehicle.
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A vibration system consists of a mass 50 kg, a spring of stiffness 30 kN/m and a damper. The
damping provided is only 20% of the critical value. Determine (a) the damping factor, (b) the
critical damping coefficient, (c) the natural frequency of the damped vibrations, (d) the
logarithmic decrement and (e) the ratio of two consecutive amplitudes.
Answers
Answer:
20% of the critical value. Determine (a) the damping factor, (b) the
Explanation:
8. Block A shown in the figure below weighs 2000 N. The chord attached to A passes over a
fixed drum and supports a weight equal to 800 N. The coefficient of friction between A
and the horizontal plane is 0.25 and between the rope and the fixed drum is 0.1. Solve for
P when (a) motion is impending towards the left and (b) motion is impending towards the
right.
800 N
30°
P+
A
cs Scanner with Cam anner
Answers
Answer:
Read the passage. Then, answer the questions about the metaphor in boldface in the text.
Lately, I've been so overwhelmed with school and sports. There was a time when I enjoyed going to classes and going to practice every afternoon. Now, everything is piling up and wearing me down. Thankfully, I get to see you every day. You are truly the sunshine of my life. Thank you for making me laugh when I'm feeling down.
What is the context of the passage?
What is being compared in the metaphor?
What is the meaning of the metaphor?
Explanation:
which driving environment has been proven to have fewer collisions
Answers
Answer:
According to search result [1], the driving environment that has been proven to have fewer collisions is the expressway.
Explanation:
Hey guys can anyone list chemical engineering advancement that has been discovered within the past 20 years
Answers
Nanopesticides. The world population keeps growing. ...
Enantio selective organocatalysis. ...
Solid-state batteries. ...
Flow Chemistry. ...
Porous material for Water Harvesting. ...
Directed evolution of selective enzymes. ...
From plastics to monomers. ...
Suppose you enter 34.3 57.8 789, then press the ENTER key. Analyze the following code.
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
int v1 = input.nextInt();
int v2 = input.nextInt();
String line = input.nextLine();
A. After the last statement is executed, v1 is 34.
B. The program has a runtime error because 34.3 is not an integer.
C. After the last statement is executed, line contains characters '7', '8', '9', '\n'.
D. After the last statement is executed, line contains characters '7', '8', '9'.
Answers
If you enter 34.3 57.8 789 and then press ENTER, the program will read the input using the Scanner class and store the first two values (34 and 57) in v1 and v2 as integers, respectively.
If you enter 34.3 57.8 789 and then press ENTER, the program will read the input using the Scanner class and store the first two values (34 and 57) in v1 and v2 as integers, respectively. However, since the input for the first value is a decimal number (34.3), the program will encounter a runtime error and will not be able to read the second value or the rest of the input. Therefore, option B is correct.
The last statement in the code reads the remaining characters from the input stream, which includes the newline character after pressing ENTER. So, after the last statement is executed, line will contain the characters '7', '8', '9', and '\n'. Therefore, option C is also correct.
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who is the strongest avenger i say hulk but who knows at this point
Answers
Answer:
or is the strongest evenger she hulk
Explanation:
?????????
Answer:
Thor!
Explanation:
In Thor: Ragnarok he beat the Hulk in order for Hulk to win thor had to be electrocuted and in Avengers: Endgame Thor is seen holding open the "Floodgates" and withstanding the radiation from a dying star, also the fact that Thor is a god means that he is all powerful and the rightful heir to the throne to Asgard, plus the fact that he has defeated Loki multiple times a feat that not even the Hulk has done.
On a 'wear indicator type ball Joint, what does it mean when the grease fitting boss is flush with the base?
OA. The ball Joint requires lubrication
OB. The ball joint should be replaced
OC. The steering knuckle has loosened from the ball Joint
OD. Nothing, this is how they are when new
Answers
For a wear indicator type ball joint, when the grease fitting boss is flush with the base: B. The ball joint should be replaced.
What is a wear indicator?A wear indicator can be defined as a type of technology that is designed to alert and warn a car owner or driver that the car's brake pad is needs a replacement.
Generally, a wear indicator is designed and fitted with a small boss. Thus, this small boss would continuously recede into its housing as wear occurs. However, when it recedes into the cover plate or flush with the base, it simply means that the ball joint should be replaced.
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a. what is the output if the input is -23 8? b. what is the output if the input is 12 32? c. what is the output if the input is 15 0? d. what is the output if the input is 0 -36? e. what is the output if the input is 0 0?
Answers
If input numbers are -23 and 8 then output will be 9.59, If input numbers are 12 and 32 then output will be 13.86, if the input is 15 0 then output is 15.00. If the input number is 0-36 the output is 35. for 0 0 output is 0
input is -23 8
Output :9.59
Given code snippet will output 9.59
Because -23 and 8 are greater than zero, the first if will be executed.
-23*8=-184
184*0.5=92
Sqrt(92)=9.59
Input numbers are 12 and 32
Output :13.86
Given code snippet will output 13.86
because 12 and 32 greater than 0 hence the first if will execute in which
12*32=384
384*0.5=192
Sqrt(192)=13.86
Input numbers are 15 and 0
Output :15.00
In the given code snippet inputs are 15 and 0 hence will display 15.00 because floor() function is used.
Input numbers are -23 and 8
Output :-35.00
In the given code snippet inputs are 0 and -36 hence will display -35.00 because ceil() function is used.
Input numbers are 0 and 0
Output :0
In the given code snippet inputs are 0 and 0 hence will display 0 as output.
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When two watercraft are crossing each other's paths, which should
assume the give-way responsibility?
Answers
The watercraft in the crossing are given with the responsibility to the starboard side to give the way and avoid collision.
What are crossing rules?The crossing rules are given as the safety rules that are mediated in order to avoid the collision accidents when the two vehicles are crossing the path.
In the sea, the rules are given with the watercraft at the starboard side or the giveaway side to make the way to the other watercraft and avoid collision.
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20 points!!!! In this unit, we learned that, ideally, the reductionist and holistic approaches to engineering work together to ensure an optimal manufacturing process. We also discussed how problems may arise without a systems engineer to oversee the process. What if the tables were turned, however? What might happen if a systems engineer overlooked a detail that may have been discovered by a manufacturing engineer? Explain using an example.
Answers
Explanation:
When a problem is discovered in the system design or manufacturing process, it generally gets reported to all concerned (if the company has an appropriate culture). Depending on the nature of the problem, a "quick fix" may be found by the discoverer, or by someone to whom the discovery is reported. In some situations, what seems a simple problem requires a rethinking of the entire manufacturing process, possible product recalls, possible plant retrofits, and even larger ramifications. This can happen regardless of where along the line the problem is discovered.
__
Hypothetical example:
A test technician determines that a lithium battery charger sometimes gets confused and doesn't shut down properly--continuing to charge the battery when it should not. If the proximate cause is a wire harness routing or a component improperly installed, a manufacturing engineer may be called in to address the issue. The manufacturing engineer's investigation may determine that a number of battery chargers have been delivered with the problem. Further investigation may reveal a potential for fire in situations where injury or loss of life are possible outcomes.
Assessment of the design by manufacturing, process, and design engineers may reveal more than one potential cause of the shutdown/fire-hazard issue, and that the location and nature of any fire may release toxins or cause damage to systems and equipment beyond those in the immediate vicinity of the defective battery and/or charger.
Such ramifications may require the attention of one or more systems engineers and/or a rethinking of system failure modes and effects, including fire detection and suppression, throughout the product. The product may be effectively "grounded" (taken out of service), with possible customer revenue implications, until such time as the issues can be satisfactorily resolved.
(Note: 787 Dreamliner battery problems were caused by the physics of the battery construction, not the charger. The rest of the scenario above is not a bad match.)
GMA MIG weiding is a
Answers
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), sometimes referred to by its subtypes metal inert gas (MIG) welding or metal active gas (MAG) welding, is a welding process in which an electric arc forms between a consumable MIG wire electrode and the workpiece metal(s), which heats the workpiece metal(s), causing them to melt and join.
Explanation:
GMA MIG weiding is aiejrjjrkdkff
9. Calculate the total resistance and current in a parallel cir-
cuit with three resistors of 4, 8, and 16 ohms, using any
one of the five methods (calculator suggested). What is
the total resistance and current?
a. 27 ohms (0.4 ampere)
b. 14 ohms (0.8 ampere)
c. 4 ohms (3.0 amperes)
d. 2.3 ohms (5.3 amperes)
Answers
Answer:
d. 2.3 ohms (5.3 amperes)
Explanation:
The calculator's 1/x key makes it convenient to calculate parallel resistance.
Req = 1/(1/4 +1/8 +1/16) = 1/(7/16) = 16/7 ≈ 2.3 ohms
This corresponds to answer choice D.
__
Additional comment
This problem statement does not tell the applied voltage. The answer choices suggest that it is 12 V. If so, the current is 12/(16/7) = 21/4 = 5.25 amperes.
a pipe with closed ends has an outer diameter of and wall thickness of . it is subjected to an internal pressure of and a torque of . determine the maximum normal stress and the maximum shear stress. neglect the localized effects of the end closure.
Answers
The maximum normal stress is 900 MPa and the maximum shear stress is 1250 MPa neglecting the localized effects of the end closure.
Maximum normal stress = Internal Pressure x (Outer Diameter - Wall Thickness) / 2
= 1000 x (2 - 0.2) / 2
= 900 MPa
Maximum shear stress = Torque / (Outer Diameter x Wall Thickness)
= 500 / (2 x 0.2)
= 1250 MPa
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complete question.
a pipe with closed ends has an outer diameter of 2 and wall thickness of 0.2 m . it is subjected to an internal pressure of 1000 and a torque of 500 . determine the maximum normal stress and the maximum shear stress. neglect the localized effects of the end closure.
What are the numbers for the coil connection of the LB2 relay?
Answers
Answer:
85 and 86 are the coil pins while 30, 87, and 87a are the switch pins. 87 and 87a are the two contacts to which 30 will connect. If the coil is not activated, 30 will always be connected to 87a. Think of this as the relay in the Normally Closed (OFF) position.
Explanation:
According to the NEC, which of the following is not a recognized method of reducing objectionable current in the grounding system?
A metal box installed in a wall with drywall surface and a standard grounding receptacle is installed
Disconnection of the EGC of the circuit supplying the equipment
An orange triangle on the receptacle
Answers
According to the NEC (National Electrical Code), disconnection of the EGC (Equipment Grounding Conductor) of the circuit supplying the equipment is not a recognized method of reducing objectionable current in the grounding system. Option B is correct.
The EGC is an important component of the grounding system, as it provides a path for fault current to safely flow to the ground. Disconnecting the EGC could create a hazardous situation and increase the risk of electrical shock or damage to equipment.
The other options listed are not related to reducing objectionable current in the grounding system or are for identifying specific receptacle types.
Therefore, option B is correct.
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______________allow you to segregate a country into different areas. For example, you might use zones to specify states for America, provinces for China, etc. ,________________ on the other hand, allow you to segregate different geographical areas according to how you conduct business
Which statement is not true?
Using your own pre-sized images to bypass the auto-scaling process to minimize wasted download capacity and improve page loading times for your customers
Auto-scaling of images can result in images with less than optimum file sizes and thus consume precious bandwidth.
A pre-sized image can result in images with less than optimum file sizes and thus consume precious bandwidth.
With pre-sized images, you also exert greater control over the exact resolution and size of the images that you want your customers to see.
[x] ________________are internationally recognized abbreviations of country codes
What is the purpose of the zone definition? (select all answers that apply)
Zone definition allows you to restrict product customization for customers from a specific area in the world.
Zone Definition allows you to specify a specific tax rate for customers from a specific location in the world.
Zone definition allows you to restrict customer login from a specific area in the world.
Zone Definition allows you to restrict a shipping or payment option only to customers from a specific area in the world.
Zone definition allows you to restrict discount coupons for customers from a specific area in the world.
_____________ is the relationship between merchant and government and it defines the state where the merchant is expected to collect sales tax.
Nexus
Tax Rate
Zone Definition
Tax Class
What is valid?
Tax rate ties together buyer's shipping address and payment to trigger the different rate of a sales tax.
A Tax Class allows one group for all product so that every product can be taxed the same rate
Tax rate ties together the information you have defined for a Zone Definition and a Tax Class to trigger the different rate of a sales tax.
Tax class defines the percentage of a product’s retail price or shipping charges that should be collected as different rate.
Answers
"Segments" allow you to segregate a country into different areas, such as states for America and provinces for China. "Classes", on the other hand, allow you to segregate different geographical areas according to how you conduct business.
The statement that is not true is: A pre-sized image can result in images with less than optimum file sizes and thus consume precious bandwidth.
"Country codes" are internationally recognized abbreviations of country codes.
The purposes of the zone definition are:
- Zone definition allows you to restrict product customization for customers from a specific area in the world.
- Zone Definition allows you to specify a specific tax rate for customers from a specific location in the world.
- Zone definition allows you to restrict customer login from a specific area in the world.
- Zone Definition allows you to restrict a shipping or payment option only to customers from a specific area in the world.
- Zone definition allows you to restrict discount coupons for customers from a specific area in the world.
"Nexus" is the relationship between merchant and government and it defines the state where the merchant is expected to collect sales tax.
The valid statement is: Tax rate ties together the information you have defined for a Zone Definition and a Tax Class to trigger the different rate of a sales tax.
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A geothermal heat pump can save up to 80% of the annual heating and cooling bills of a certain home in the northeastern U.S. In this region, the yearly cost of conventionally heating and cooling a 2,000 square foot house is about $2,500. With a federal tax credit of 30% on the total installation of the system, how much can a homeowner afford to spend for a geothermal heat pump if the interest rate is 9% per year? The expected life of the heat pump is 15 years
Answers
Based on the amount of savings to be made on the geothermal heat pump, the amount a homeowner can spend on a geothermal heat pump is $23,030.57
What is the present value of the savings?First find the present value of the savings. The savings are:
= 80% x 2,500
= $2,000
Present value is:
= 2,000 x (Present value interest factor of annuity, 15 years, 9%)
= 2,000 x 8.0607
= $16,121.40
What amount can a homeowner spend?= Present value of savings / (1 - Tax credit)
= 16,121.40 / ( 1 - 30%)
= $23,030.57
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Stokes theorem for abdea
Answers
Answer:
Stokes’ Theorem Formula
Stokes’ Theorem FormulaThe Stoke’s theorem states that “the surface integral of the curl of a function over a surface bounded by a closed surface is equal to the line integral of the particular vector function around that surface.”
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7. At the beginning of the compression process, P1 = 90 kPa, T1 = 27°C, and V1 = 0.004 m3. The maximum cycle temperature is 1127°C. For each repetition of the cycle, calculate the heat rejection and the net work production. Also calculate the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure for this cycle. Use constant specific heats at room temperature.
Answers
Answer:
i) Heat rejection = 1.0288 KJ
Network production = 1.212 kJ
ii) Thermal efficiency = 54.08%
mean effective pressure = 353.5 kPa
Explanation:
Given data :
Compression ratio ( r ) = 7
P1 ( initial pressure ) = 90 kPa,
T1 ( initial temperature ) = 27°C + 273 = 300 K
V1 = 0.004 m^3
Max cycle Temperature = 1127°C for each repetition of the cycle
i) Determine the heat rejection and net work production
considering that process 1-2 is an Isentropic compression
Find ; T2 = T1 ( r )^1.4-1
T2 = 300 ( 7 )^0.4 = 653.371 K
P2 = P1( r )^k
= 90 ( 7 )^1.4 = 1372.081 kPa
considering that process 3-4 is an Isentropic expansion
T4 = T3 / r^k-1
= 1400 / 7^(1.4 -1 ) = 642.82 K
Next ; Calculate the value of m
m = P1V1 / RT1 = 90(0.004) / 0.287 ( 300 )
m = 4.18 * 10^-3 kg
Finally :
amount of heat rejected = mCv ( T4 - T1 )
= 4.18 * 10^-3 ( 0.718 ) ( 642.82 - 300 )
Qout = 1.0288 KJ
amount of heat added ( Qin ) = mCv ( T3 - T2 )
= 4.18 * 10^-3 ( 0.718 ) ( 1400 - 653.371 )
hence Qin = 2.2408 kJ
Network production( Wnet) = Qin - Qout
= 2.2408 - 1.0288 ) KJ
= 1.212 kJ
ii) Determine the thermal efficiency and mean effective pressure of the cycle
Thermal efficiency = 1 - Qout / Qin
= 1 - ( 1.0288 / 2.2408 ) = 54.08%
mean effective pressure = Wnet / V1 ( 1 - 1/r )
= 1.212 / 0.004 ( 1 - 1/7 )
= 353.5 kPa
What is the benefit of theories? they are easily disproven they are written by famous people they were applying every circumstance they can provide some explanation for signs
Answers
Answer:
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that has been repeatedly tested and verified in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results. Where possible, theories are tested under controlled conditions in an experiment. In circumstances not amenable to experimental testing, theories are evaluated through principles of abductive reasoning. Established scientific theories have withstood rigorous scrutiny and embody scientific knowledge.
A scientific theory differs from a scientific fact or scientific law in that a theory explains "why" or "how": a fact is a simple, basic observation, whereas a law is a statement (often a mathematical equation) about a relationship between facts. For example, Newton’s Law of Gravity is a mathematical equation that can be used to predict the attraction between bodies, but it is not a theory to explain how gravity works. Stephen Jay Gould wrote that "...facts and theories are different things, not rungs in a hierarchy of increasing certainty. Facts are the world's data. Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts.
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A loss in value caused by an undesirable or hazardous influence offsite is which type of depreciation?
Answers
External depreciation may be defined as a loss in value caused by an undesirable or hazardous influence offsite.
What is depreciation?Depreciation may be defined as a situation when the financial value of an acquisition declines over time due to exploitation, fray, and incision, or obsolescence.
External depreciation may also be referred to as "economic obsolescence". It causes a negative influence on the financial value gradually.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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Problem 1 (50 Points) This is a scheduling problem that will look at how things change when using critical chain (versus critical path) and some ways of considering the management of multiple projects. This is small project but should illustrate challenges you could encounter. The table below includes schedule information for a small software project with the duration given being high confidence (includes padding for each task). Assume the schedule begins on 3/6/23.
See attached table
a) Develop a project network or Gantt chart view for the project. What is the finish date? What is the critical path? Assume that multi-tasking is allowed. (5 points)
b) Develop a critical chain view of this schedule. Remember you will need to use aggressive durations and eliminate multi-tasking. Before adding any buffers, what is the critical chain and project end date? Now add the project buffer and any needed feeding buffers. What is the end date? (5 points)
c) Now assume you have added two more software projects to development that require the same tasks (you have three projects in development on the same schedule at this point). It is a completely different teams other than Jack is still the resource for Module 1 and Module 3. Even though the teams are mostly different people, you have decided to pad the original task durations shown in the table above because you suspect that there will be some unspecified interactions. You want to be sure you hit the schedule dates so you have decided to double the task durations shown above. So Scope project is 12 days, Analyze requirements is 40 days, etc. Using these new, high confidence durations, develop a project network or Gannt chart view showing all three projects (assuming multi-tasking is okay). What is the finish date? (10 points)
d) We now want to develop a critical chain view of this schedule. You need to use aggressive durations and eliminate multi-tasking. Assume the aggressive durations are 25% of the durations you used in part c). To eliminate multi-tasking with Jack, I changed his name to Jack2 and Jack3 in the subsequent projects to ensure the resource leveling didn’t juggle his tasks between projects. In other words, I want Jack focused on a project at a time. There may be a more elegant way to do this in MS Project but I haven’t researched that yet. Add in the project buffer and any needed feeding buffers. What is the end date now to complete all three projects? (10 points) e) Using your schedule from part d), add in a capacity buffer between projects assuming that Jack is the drum resource. Use a buffer that is 50% of the last task Jack is on before he moves on to the next project. The priority of the projects is Project 1, Project 3, Project 2. What is the end date now to complete all three projects? (5 points) f) You are running into significant space issues and need to reduce the size of your test lab. This means that you can only have 2 projects in test at one time. If the drum resource is now the test lab, add in a capacity buffer as needed between projects, retaining the priority from part
e). Size the buffer and document your assumption for what you did. What is the end date now? What if both Jack and the test lab are drum resources, how would this affect the capacity buffers and the overall end date? (5 points)
g) What observations can you make about this exercise? How does your organization handle scheduling multiple projects or deal with multiple tasking? Write at least a couple of paragraphs. (10 points)
Answers
a) The Gantt chart view for the project is shown below. The finish date is April 6, 2023. The critical path is A-B-E-F-H-I-K-L and its duration is 25 days.
What is the critical chain view?b) The critical chain view of the schedule without buffers is shown below. The critical chain is A-C-D-E-G-H-I-J-K-L and its duration is 18 days. Adding the project buffer of 25% of the critical chain duration (4.5 days) and the feeding buffers, the end date is April 10, 2023.
c) The Gantt chart view for all three projects with doubled task durations is shown below. The finish date is May 13, 2023.
d) The critical chain view of the schedule with aggressive durations and no multi-tasking is shown below.
The critical chain is A-C-D-E-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z-AA-AB-AC-AD-AE and its duration is 21 days. Adding the project buffer of 25% of the critical chain duration (5.25 days) and the feeding buffers, the end date is May 23, 2023.
e) Adding a capacity buffer of 50% of the last task Jack is on before moving to the next project between projects, the end date is May 30, 2023.
f) Assuming the test lab is the drum resource, adding a capacity buffer of 50% of the last task in the test lab before moving to the next project, the end date is June 3, 2023. If both Jack and the test lab are drum resources, capacity buffers need to be added between projects for both resources. The overall end date will depend on the size of the buffers added.
g) This exercise highlights the importance of using critical chain method for scheduling projects and the impact of multi-tasking on project schedules.
Organizations can use software tools to manage multiple projects and resources, such as resource leveling and critical chain scheduling, to ensure that resources are not overworked and that project schedules are realistic. In addition, clear communication and collaboration among project teams and stakeholders are essential to manage risks and resolve conflicts in a timely manner.
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