Propane is to be compressed from 0.4 MPa and 360 K to 4 MPa using a two-stage compressor. An interstage cooler returns the temperature of the propane to 360 K before it enters the second compressor. The intermediate pressure is 1.2 MPa. Both adiabatic compressors have a compressor efficiency of 80%.(a) What is the work required in the first compressor per kg of propane?(b) What is the temperature at the exit of the first compressor?(c) What is the cooling requirement in the interstage cooler per kg of propane?

Answer:

The Poisson's ratio for the material is 0.389

Explanation:

Poisson's ratio is given as \(-\frac{Lateral \ strain}{Longitudinal \ strain} = -\frac{\epsilon_r}{\epsilon_l}\)

Given data for Longitudinal Strain;

Initial length of the square steel bar, L₁ = 6.2 ft

Final length of the square steel bar, L₂ = 6.20379 ft

Change in length of the square steel bar, ΔL = 6.20379 ft - 6.2 ft = 0.00379 ft

\(Longitudinal \ strain, \epsilon_l = \frac{\delta L}{L_1} = \frac{0.00379}{6.2} = 6.113 *10^{-4}\)

Given data for Contraction or lateral  Strain

Initial radius or cross section, r₁ = 2.4 in

Final radius or cross section, r₂ = 2.39943 in

Change in radius, Δr = r₂ - r₁ = 2.39943 in - 2.4 in = -0.00057 in

\(Lateral \ strain, \epsilon_r = \frac{\delta r}{r_1} = \frac{-0.00057}{2.4} = -2.375 *10^{-4}\)

Thus, Poisson's ratio \(= -\frac{\epsilon _r}{\epsilon _l} = -(\frac{-2.375*10^{-4}}{6.113*10^{-4}} ) =0.389\)

Therefore, the Poisson's ratio for the material is 0.389

Answer:

I think A is correct

The two technicians are right in their given assessment about the use of collapsible steering columns and collapsible brake pedals to reduce the risk of trapping the driver's feet.

This refers to the vehicular movement from one point to another, obeying traffic rules, and respect for other drivers and pedestrians.

Hence, we can see that with regards to safe driving, the opinions of both Technicians A and B are both correct as they both want the safety of the car and the driver.

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Answer:

The most common and well known of these documents are memos and emails, which are used in every type of business. In addition to this, technical communicators also create instructions, product guides and documentation, graphs, charts, images, videos, and other forms of content.

There are many ways to communicate

technical information,

1. Planning sheet- describe the process - this

shows steps on how to make your drill drift-

telling us how us how to make it.

2.Drawings- this tells you the dimensions, size

of component/workpiece

Inspection sheets- check the measurements

are within given tolerances, this shows us

you've made it within those tolerances.

Instructions/ images of how to make your.

I Yes, it is possible to build a 3-input AND gate using two 2-input AND gates.

ii. You would still need a minimum of four chips to implement the 3-input AND operation.

I Input A and input B are connected to the inputs of the first 2-input AND gate.

The output of the first AND gate is connected to one of the inputs of the second 2-input AND gate.

Input C is connected directly to the remaining input of the second AND gate.

The output of the second AND gate is the output of the 3-input AND gate.

ii Regarding your second question, if you used two 2-input AND gates to build each 3-input AND gate, you would still need a minimum of four chips to implement the 3-input AND operation. Each 3-input AND gate requires two 2-input AND gates, so you would need at least two 3-input AND gates, which would require four chips in total.

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Answer:

Entropy generation rate of the two reservoirs is approximately zero (\(\dot S_{gen} = 9.318 \times 10^{-4}\,\frac{kW}{K}\)) and system satisfies the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Explanation:

Reversible heat pumps can be modelled by Inverse Carnot's Cycle, whose key indicator is the cooling Coefficient of Performance, which is the ratio of heat supplied to hot reservoir to input work to keep the system working. That is:

\(COP_{H} = \frac{\dot Q_{H}}{\dot W}\)

The following simplification can be used in the case of reversible heat pumps:

\(COP_{H,rev} = \frac{T_{H}}{T_{H} - T_{L}}\)

Where temperature must written at absolute scale, that is, Kelvin scale for SI Units:

\(COP_{H, rev} = \frac{297.15\,K}{297.15\,K-280.15\,K}\)

\(COP_{H, rev} = 17.479\)

Then, input power needed for the heat pump is:

\(\dot W = \frac{\dot Q}{COP_{H,rev}}\)

\(\dot W = \frac{300\,kW}{17.749}\)

\(\dot W = 16.902\,kW\)

By the First Law of Thermodynamics, heat pump works at steady state and likewise, the heat released from cold reservoir is now computed:

\(-\dot Q_{H} + \dot W + \dot Q_{L} = 0\)

\(\dot Q_{L} = \dot Q_{H} - \dot W\)

\(\dot Q_{L} = 300\,kW - 16.902\,kW\)

\(\dot Q_{L} = 283.098\,kW\)

According to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, a reversible heat pump should have an entropy generation rate equal to zero. The Second-Law model for the system is:

\(\dot S_{in} - \dot S_{out} - \dot S_{gen} = 0\)

\(\dot S_{gen} = \dot S_{in} - \dot S_{out}\)

\(\dot S_{gen} = \frac{\dot Q_{L}}{T_{L}} - \frac{\dot Q_{H}}{T_{H}}\)

\(\dot S_{gen} = \frac{283.098\,kW}{280.15\,K} - \frac{300\,kW}{297.15\,K}\)

\(\dot S_{gen} = 9.318 \times 10^{-4}\,\frac{kW}{K}\)

Albeit entropy generation rate is positive, it is also really insignificant and therefore means that such heat pump satisfies the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Furthermore, \(\dot S_{in} = \dot S_{out}\).

The rate of entropy change of the two reservoirs is; 9.318 * 10⁻⁴ kW/K and it satisfies second law of thermodynamics

The formula for Coefficient of Performance is;

COP = T_H/(T_H - T_L)

Where;

T_H = 24°C = 297.15 K

T_L = 7°C = 280.15 K

Thus;

COP = 297.15/(297.15 - 280.15)

COP = 17.479

Input power is;

Input power needed for the heat pump is:

W' = Q'/COP

We are given; Q' = 300 kW

Thus;

W' = 300/17.479

W' = 16.902 kW

From first law of thermodynamics, we can deduce that;

Q_L = Q_H - W'

Thus;

Q_L = 300 - 16.902

Q_L = 283.098 kW

From second law of thermodynamics, the rate of entropy generation is;

S_gen = (Q_L/T_L) - (Q_H/T_H)

S_gen = (283.098/280.15) - (300/297.15)

S_gen = 9.318 * 10⁻⁴ kW/K

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Answer:

The landscape architect uses knowledge of legal requirements to inform design choices.

Explanation:

The landscape architect doesn’t only draw on knowledge of law and government to design grounds for public buildings, but will draw on that knowledge quite often on many projects. The landscape architect’s knowledge of design is not purely intuitive but is a product of study and might involve research. The landscape architect’s knowledge of law and government, however, does come into play in making design choices that are consistent with the law and government regulations.

Answer:

\(\triangle h=4.935m\)

Explanation:

From the question we are told that:

Liquid density \(\rho=800\)

Diameter of pipe \(d=4cm \approx 0.004m\)

Diameter of venture \(d=10cm \approx 0.010m\)

Specific weight of mercury P_mg \(133 kN/m^3\)

Flow rate \(r=0.05 m^3/s\)

Area A:

            \(A_1=\frac{\pi}{4}0.1^2\\A_1=0.00785m^2\\A_2=\frac{\pi}{4}0.04^2\\A_2=0.001256m^2\\\)

Generally the Bernoulli's equation is mathematically given by

\(\frac{P_1}{\rho_1g}+\frac{V_1^2}{2g}=\frac{P_2}{\rho g}+\frac{V_2^2}{2g}\\\)

Where

\(V_1=\frac{r}{A_1} \\\\ &V_1=\frac{r}{A_2}\)

Therefore

\(P_1-P_2=\frac{Pr^2}{2}(\frac{A_1^2-A_2^2}{A_1^2A_2^2})\)

Generally the equation for pressure difference b/w manometer fluid is given as

\(P_1-P_2=(p_mg-pg)\triangle h\)

Therefore

\((p_mg-pg)\triangle h=\frac{Pr^2}{2}(\frac{A_1^2-A_2^2}{A_1^2A_2^2})\)

\(\triangle h=\frac{\frac{Pr^2}{2}(\frac{A_1^2-A_2^2}{A_1^2A_2^2})}{(p_mg-pg)}\)

\(\triangle h=\frac{\frac{(800)(0.05)^2}{2}(\frac{(0.1)^2-(0.4)^2}{(0.1)^2(0.04)^2})}{(1.33*10^3-800*9.81)}\)

\(\triangle h=4.935m\)

Therefore elevation change is mathematically given by

\(\triangle h=4.935m\)

Answer:

Explanation:To calculate the heat flux per unit area through the composite wall, we can use the concept of thermal resistance and Fourier's law of heat conduction. The formula for calculating the heat flux (q) is:

q = (T1 - T2) / R_total

Where:

T1 is the temperature on one side of the wall

T2 is the temperature on the other side of the wall

R_total is the total thermal resistance of the composite wall

The thermal resistance of each layer can be calculated using the formula:

R = thickness / thermal conductivity

Let's calculate the heat flux per unit area step by step:

Calculate the thermal resistance of each layer:

R_fiberglass = 0.06 m / 0.038 W/(m-°C) = 1.58 (m²·°C)/W

R_pine = 0.02 m / 0.10 W/(m-°C) = 0.20 (m²·°C)/W

Calculate the total thermal resistance of the composite wall:

R_total = R_fiberglass + R_pine + R_fiberglass = 1.58 (m²·°C)/W + 0.20 (m²·°C)/W + 1.58 (m²·°C)/W = 3.36 (m²·°C)/W

Determine the temperature difference between the two sides of the wall.

Assume T1 = 100 °C and T2 = 20 °C.

(T1 - T2) = 100 °C - 20 °C = 80 °C

Calculate the heat flux per unit area:

q = (T1 - T2) / R_total = 80 °C / 3.36 (m²·°C)/W ≈ 23.81 (W/m²)

Therefore, the heat flux per unit area through the composite wall is approximately 23.81 W/m².

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A flow's velocity field can be calculated using the formulas u = -Voy/(x2 + y22)/2 and v = Vox/(x2 + y2)/2, where V is a constant.

In order to determine the flow of a velocity field, one must take the line integral of the function over the curve denoted by the formula Fdr F d r, which will be evaluated with the use of derivatives.

Streamlines are a kind of curves whose tangent vectors make up the flow's velocity vector field. These display the direction that a massless fluid element will move at all times.

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The Laplace transform exists for all s such that the integral defining F(s) converges, i.e., for all s in the complex plane such that Re(s) > 0.

The Laplace transform is a mathematical tool used to transform a function of time (usually denoted by f(t)) into a function of a complex variable (usually denoted by F(s)), where s is a complex frequency parameter.

Using the linearity property of the Laplace transform, we have:

L{3} = 3/s (by the formula L{1} = 1/s)

\(L{sin(6t)} = 6/(s^2 + 6^2)\) (by the formula L{sin(at)} = \(a/(s^2 + a^2))\)

So, applying the formula L{f(t)} = L{3 + sin(6t)} = L{3} + L{sin(6t)} we get:

F(s) = L{f(t)} = 3/s + 6/\((s^2 + 6^2)\)

Thus, for all s such that the integral defining F(s) converges, i.e. for all s in the complex plane such that Re(s) > 0, the Laplace transform exists.

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Answer:

The issues related to the privacy are:

1. Informational privacy

2. Discrimination factors

3. Biased grouping on the basis of Data mining

4. Lack of consent

5. Morally wrong

6. Illegal distribution of information risks

7. Possibility of threat to life

Let's look at some major concerns:

1. Informational privacy : The concept of privacy of the personal information is totally nullified when the information is being used for a purpose other than the intended one for which it was given. This unethical use of information even for general purposes is not correct and is a matter of concern. It is more like using the sensitive data of others for personal benefit which is purely objectionable and raises security issues. Sometimes the data is also shared with the potential employers which might have certain impacts we are unaware of.

2. Data mining issues : The process of using a certain information to arrive and understand the trend and outcomes is called data mining. In this case, the consumer's data undergoes grouping and might get placed in the wrong group rather than the actual one. Also, there can be a case of biasing towards the groups which are not be focused on, or are not a part of the intended audience. This leads to the discrimination factors if we see it from a social point of view.

3. Lack of consent : Use of information without the consent or awareness of the consumers raises concern over the business ethics followed by the company. No one deserves the right to misuse information for his personal benefits without any of its information to the consumer. It is morally wrong and againt the work ethics. Moreover, it raises trust issues between the two involved, and hence is socially unacceptable.Explanation:

Answer:

Information technology is important in our lives because it helps to deal with every day's dynamic things. Technology offers various tools to boost development and to exchange information. Both these things are the objective of IT to make tasks easier and to solve many problems.

Answer:

They don't make a positive change in the world because they have made mistakes that aren't able to be made fixed and there are a lot of engineers who haven't study enough and know the important basis of coming to engineer.

While Eli Whitney is primarily renowned as the inventor of the cotton gin, he was also the pioneer of the mass production process. In 1798, he figured out how to produce muskets by machine.

Contents. The cotton gin, created in 1794 by American-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765–1825), revolutionised cotton production by making the removal of seeds from cotton fibre much faster.

Most often credited to Eli Whitney, who received the patent in 1794, the cotton gin is a machine that separates cotton fibres from the seeds.

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Answer:

The answer could be correct

Explanation:

According to your explanation this would really help out the Analyze the example of this band saw wheel and axle. The diameter of the wheel is 14 inches. The diameter of the axle that drives the wheel is 3/4 inch. The actual force needed to cut through a one-inch-thick softwood board is 1.75 pounds. Consider the efficiency of this band saw to be 22%.

Questions: Calculate ideal mechanical advantage when the effort force is applied to the axle.

Questions: considering the efficiency calculate the actual mechanical advantage of the wheel and axle.

Questions: If you used the same wheel and axle in a different way and applied effort force to the wheel to drive the axle, what is the ideal mechanical advantage of the wheel and axle?

Answer:

Explanation: Here it is: 67 Hope that helps! :)

Answer:

Reciprocating engines operate on the basis principle of converting fuel/chemical energy into mechanical energy.

Explanation:

These are piston engines that uses up and down motions of pistons to convert pressure into rotational motion. The common types of a reciprocating engines are :

The engine utilizes 4 processes to complete a cycle, which are;

These processes indicate that chemical energy in the fuel mixture is converted to mechanical energy causing motion.

Answer:

  0°

Explanation:

The resistor voltage has the same phase as the circuit current. There is no phase difference.

Answer:

Explanation:

Part 1: The types of metallic crystal structures are as follows: FCC (Face-centered cubic) structure.

BCC (Body-centered cubic) structure

SC (Simple cubic) structure

HCP (Hexagonal close-packed) structure

APF (Atomic Packing Factor) is the fraction of space occupied by the atoms in a unit cell. APF can be calculated by: APF = (Volume of atoms in the unit cell) / (Volume of the unit cell)

The higher the APF, the more closely packed the atoms are. The APF values for the above crystal structures are: FCC = 0.74BCC = 0.68SC = 0.52HCP = 0.74, 0.68

Part 2: Here's the pure elemental metal with each of the crystal structures listed in Part 1: FCC structure: Aluminum (Al)BCC structure: Tungsten (W)SC structure: Polonium (Po)HCP structure: Magnesium (Mg)The metallic elements have different crystal structures despite having more efficient packing for several reasons. Metallic elements exhibit different crystal structures because of their distinct atomic radius, which affects how closely the atoms can pack together. When atoms in the crystal lattice can be packed closely together, the crystal will have a more efficient packing. However, if the atom is too large or small, it can't pack as tightly as in a smaller or larger atom. This is why some metallic elements exhibit more efficient packing than others even though they have distinct crystal structures.

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To solve the problem, we need to minimize the total cost of generation subject to the total load and the generator limits. Mathematically, we can express this as:

Minimize: Ctotal = C1(PG1) + C2(PG2) + C3(PG3)

Subject to:

PG1 + PG2 + PG3 = PD

0 ≤ PG1 ≤ 400

0 ≤ PG2 ≤ 800

0 ≤ PG3 ≤ 1100

(a) For a total load of 500 MW, we can solve this problem using a software tool like MATLAB or Excel Solver. The optimal dispatch and the total cost are:

PG1 = 150 MW, PG2 = 200 MW, PG3 = 150 MW

Ctotal = $3100/hour

(b) For a total load of 1000 MW, the optimal dispatch and the total cost are:

PG1 = 266.67 MW, PG2 = 400 MW, PG3 = 333.33 MW

Ctotal = $7786.67/hour

(c) For a total load of 2000 MW, the optimal dispatch and the total cost are:

PG1 = 400 MW, PG2 = 800 MW, PG3 = 800 MW

Ctotal = $24400/hour

If the three generators share the load equally, the additional cost per hour compared to the optimal dispatch is:

(a) For a total load of 500 MW, the additional cost is:

Ctotal = $3100/hour (same as optimal dispatch)

(b) For a total load of 1000 MW, the additional cost is:

Ctotal = C1(333.33) + C2(333.33) + C3(333.33) = $8350/hour

Additional cost = $565.83/hour

(c) For a total load of 2000 MW, the additional cost is:

Ctotal = C1(666.67) + C2(666.67) + C3(666.67) = $26166.67/hour

Additional cost = $1766.67/hour

If we introduce the generator limits, the problem becomes a constrained optimization problem. We can solve this using a software tool like MATLAB or Excel Solver. The problem formulation is:

Minimize: Ctotal = C1(PG1) + C2(PG2) + C3(PG3)

Subject to:

PG1 + PG2 + PG3 = PD

0 ≤ PG1 ≤ 400

0 ≤ PG2 ≤ 800

0 ≤ PG3 ≤ 1100

PG1 ≤ 50

PG2 ≤ 50

PG3 ≤ 50

(a) For a total load of 500 MW, the optimal dispatch and the total cost are:

PG1 = 50 MW, PG2 = 200 MW, PG3 = 250 MW

Ctotal = $3000/hour

(b) For a total load of 1000 MW, the optimal dispatch and the total cost are:

PG1 = 50 MW, PG2 = 400 MW, PG3 = 550 MW

Ctotal = $6900/hour

(c) For a total load of 2000 MW, the optimal dispatch and the total cost are:

PG1 = 50 MW, PG2 = 800 MW, PG3 = 1150 MW

Ctotal = $21975/hour

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Answer: True

Explanation:

Answer:

Explanation:

Data collector characteristics may be a threat to internal validity if they introduce biases or systematic errors that impact the accuracy and reliability of the collected data. Some potential characteristics of data collectors that can pose threats to internal validity include:

1. Personal Bias: Data collectors may have personal biases, beliefs, or expectations that can consciously or unconsciously influence their data collection process. These biases can lead to selective sampling, favoritism, or altered data recording, affecting the validity of the findings.

2. Inconsistent Procedures: If data collectors do not follow standardized and consistent procedures for data collection, it can introduce variations and inconsistencies in the data. Inaccurate or inconsistent data collection methods can compromise the internal validity of the study.

3. Interpretation Bias: Data collectors' interpretations and judgments during data collection, such as coding or categorization, may be subjective and influenced by their own perspectives. This subjectivity can introduce errors or misinterpretations, impacting the internal validity of the study.

4. Inadequate Training or Experience: Insufficient training or lack of experience in data collection methods can result in errors, inconsistent measurements, or miscommunications. Inadequate skills or knowledge may compromise the reliability and validity of the collected data.

To ensure internal validity, it is crucial to minimize these potential threats by providing comprehensive training to data collectors, implementing standardized protocols, using clear instructions, and regularly monitoring and verifying the data collection process. Additionally, employing multiple data collectors and employing techniques such as inter-rater reliability checks can help mitigate the impact of data collector characteristics on internal validity.

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a. True. Because these activities require very little processing power. A basic processor such as an Intel Celeron or AMD Athlon will be more than sufficient for most web browsing and email-checking tasks.

A processor is a part of a computer that carries out operations and carries out instructions. It is in charge of carrying out the calculations and data manipulation necessary for a computer to work. It is the most crucial part of a computer system and is frequently referred to as the "brain" of the computer.

The processor contains an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which is responsible for carrying out arithmetic and logical operations. It also contains a Control Unit (CU) which is responsible for managing the flow of instructions and data to and from the various components of the computer.

The processor also contains a number of registers which are used to store intermediate results during calculations. The processor also contains several cache levels, which are used to store frequently accessed data and instructions in order to speed up the execution of programs.

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In this section, we introduce the idea of the Laplace transform and talk about some of its characteristics.

The Laplace transform is described in the manner that follows. For t 0, let's define f(t). The following equation defines the Laplace transform of f, which is represented by the symbols L[f(t)] or F(s).

lim = L[f(t)] = F(s)

, an an an a an an a a a an a a an an an an an an an an a the

The integral used to define a Laplace transform is erroneous. The integrand determines whether an improper integral will converge or diverge.

When the improper integral converges, the function f(t) is said to have a Laplace transform. What categories of functions thus ensure a convergent improper integral—that is, what categories of functions have Laplace transforms.

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The differential height between the two pipe sections is 0.05m

The differential height of water between the two pipe sections can be calculated using the following equation:

h = (Q²*(ρ₂-ρ₁)/(A*g)) * (P₂-P₁)

where

h = differential height of water (m)

Q = volumetric flow rate (L/s)

ρ = density of air (kg/m3)

A = cross sectional area of pipe (m2)

g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)

P = pressure (Pa)

Substituting the given values in the equation we get,

h = (200*(1.19-1.20)/(π*(0.1)2*9.81)) * (30-25)

h = 0.05 m

Hence, the differential height of water between the two pipe sections is 0.05 m.

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Answer:

The volume percent of graphite is 91.906 per cent.

Explanation:

The volume percent of graphite (\(\% V_{Gr}\)) is determined by the following expression:

\(\%V_{Gr} = \frac{V_{Gr}}{V_{Gr}+V_{Fe}} \times 100\,\%\)

\(\%V_{Gr} = \frac{1}{1+\frac{V_{Gr}}{V_{Fe}} }\times 100\,\%\)

Where:

\(V_{Gr}\) - Volume occupied by the graphite phase, measured in cubic centimeters.

\(V_{Fe}\) - Volume occupied by the ferrite phase, measured in cubic centimeters.

The volume of each phase can be calculated in terms of its density and mass. That is:

\(V_{Gr} = \frac{m_{Gr}}{\rho_{Gr}}\)

\(V_{Fe} = \frac{m_{Fe}}{\rho_{Fe}}\)

Where:

\(m_{Gr}\), \(m_{Fe}\) - Masses of the graphite and ferrite phases, measured in grams.

\(\rho_{Gr}\), \(\rho_{Fe}\) - Densities of the graphite and ferrite phases, measured in grams per cubic centimeter.

Let substitute each volume in the definition of the volume percent of graphite:

\(\%V_{Gr} = \frac{1}{1 +\frac{\frac{m_{Gr}}{\rho_{Gr}} }{\frac{m_{Fe}}{\rho_{Fe}} } } \times 100\,\%\)

\(\%V_{Gr} = \frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{m_{Gr}}{m_{Fe}} \right)\cdot \left(\frac{\rho_{Fe}}{\rho_{Gr}} \right)}\times 100\,\%\)

Let suppose that 100 grams of cast iron are available, masses of each phase are now determined:

\(m_{Gr} = \frac{2.5}{100}\times (100\,g)\)

\(m_{Gr} = 2.5\,g\)

\(m_{Fe} = 100\,g - 2.5\,g\)

\(m_{Fe} = 97.5\,g\)

If \(m_{Gr} = 2.5\,g\), \(m_{Fe} = 97.5\,g\), \(\rho_{Fe} = 7.9\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}}\) and \(\rho_{Gr} = 2.3\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}}\), the volume percent of graphite is:

\(\%V_{Gr} = \frac{1}{1+\left(\frac{2.5\,gr}{97.5\,gr} \right)\cdot \left(\frac{7.9\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}} }{2.3\,\frac{g}{cm^{3}} } \right)} \times 100\,\%\)

\(\% V_{Gr} = 91.906\,\%\)

The volume percent of graphite is 91.906 per cent.