This equivalent circuit and the associated parameters are commonly used to analyze the small-signal behavior and high-frequency performance of MOS transistors in amplifiers and other electronic circuits.
The high-frequency small-signal equivalent circuit of a MOS transistor is commonly represented by a simplified model that includes the following components:
Transconductance (gm): It represents the small-signal relationship between the input voltage and the output current of the transistor. It is the primary parameter responsible for amplification.
Output resistance (ro): It represents the small-signal resistance seen at the drain terminal of the transistor. It is usually a large value in MOS transistors, reflecting the weak dependence of output current on output voltage.
Input capacitance (Cgs): It represents the capacitance between the gate and source terminals of the transistor. It arises due to the overlap between the gate and the source.
Output capacitance (Cgd): It represents the capacitance between the gate and drain terminals of the transistor. It arises due to the overlap between the gate and the drain.
The small-signal gain (vds/vgs(s)) can be expressed as:
vds/vgs(s) = -gm * (ro || RL)
where gm is the transconductance, ro is the output resistance, and RL is the load resistance connected to the drain terminal.
The high-frequency cutoff frequency (H) can be defined in terms of the resistance and capacitance parameters as:
H = 1 / (2π * (ro || RL) * (Cgs + Cgd))
where (ro || RL) represents the parallel combination of the output resistance and the load resistance, and (Cgs + Cgd) represents the sum of the input and output capacitances.
This equivalent circuit and the associated parameters are commonly used to analyze the small-signal behavior and high-frequency performance of MOS transistors in amplifiers and other electronic circuits.
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Select four items that an industrial engineer must obtain in order to practice in the field.
Answer:
agriculture,defense,industry,science
Explanation:
Edg 2021
If = (4,0,3) =(−2,1,5). Find ||, and the vectors (+),(−) ,3 (2+5)
The vectors are magnitude of vector v is 5. The sum of vectors v1 and v2 is (+) = (2, 1, 8). The difference between vectors v1 and v2 is (-) = (6, -1, -2). The scalar multiple of vector v1 by 3 is 3(2, 0, 3) = (12, 0, 9).
To find the magnitude (||) of a vector, we can use the formula:
||v|| = sqrt(v1^2 + v2^2 + v3^2)
Given vector v = (4, 0, 3), we can calculate its magnitude as follows:
||v|| = sqrt(4^2 + 0^2 + 3^2)
= sqrt(16 + 0 + 9)
= sqrt(25)
= 5
Therefore, the magnitude of vector v is 5.
Now, let's find the sum (+) and difference (-) of the given vectors.
Given vectors v1 = (4, 0, 3) and v2 = (-2, 1, 5), the sum of these vectors is calculated by adding the corresponding components:
v1 + v2 = (4 + (-2), 0 + 1, 3 + 5)
= (2, 1, 8)
The difference between the vectors is found by subtracting the corresponding components:
v1 - v2 = (4 - (-2), 0 - 1, 3 - 5)
= (6, -1, -2)
Lastly, let's calculate the scalar multiple of vector v1:
3v1 = 3(4, 0, 3)
= (12, 0, 9)
Therefore, the vectors are as follows:
- The magnitude of vector v is 5.
- The sum of vectors v1 and v2 is (+) = (2, 1, 8).
- The difference between vectors v1 and v2 is (-) = (6, -1, -2).
- The scalar multiple of vector v1 by 3 is 3(2, 0, 3) = (12, 0, 9).
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Estimate properties and pipe diameter Determine the diameter of a steel pipe that is to carry 2000 gal/min of gasoline with a pressure drop of 5 psi per 100 ft of horizontal pipe. Pressure drop is a function of flow rate, length, diameter, and roughness. Either iterative methods OR equation solvers are necessary to solve implicit problems. Total head is the sum of the pressure, velocity, and elevation. What is the density of gasoline
Answer:
Diameter of pipe is 0.535 ft
Explanation:
see attachment, its works out 1st half
create a risk assesment plan that is tailored to address the following:
1. Identify hazards (eg site, trade/work, plant specific risks
2. Evaluate the risks (e.g. consequences, likelihood, impact, risk rating)
3. Control and mitigation measures
4. Action plant
The risk assessment plan is given below as follows:
The Risk Assessment PlanRisk Assessment Plan:
Identify Hazards:
Examining the geography of the site, one will be able to trace any impending physical dangers (e.g. unstable ground, unhidden electrical wiring). Additionally, reviewing the trade-work carried out and its particular risks by those conducting it (e.g. lofty movements, handling of power machines) as well as potential personal hazards related to the plant itself (e.g. inflammable elements, likelihood of explosions) should take place.
Evaluate the Risks:
To deduce the outliers of each uncovered threat (e.g. minor scratching, death) is necessary in order to measure the potency of occurrence (e.g. consistent, irregular, infrequent) for better understanding of the impact it can possibly cause (e.g. money due, legal effects, credibility damage). After taking these into consideration, assign a risk level based on them.
Control and Mitigation Measures:
Designing an agenda that seeks to eradicate or debilitate the detected hazards via putting into action engineering controls (e.g. support rails, anchorage vestments) as well as administrative prerequisites (e.g training agendas, warning signs), not forgetting to grant security equipment (PPE) wherever needed.
Action Plan:
A structured report must be written to make official knowledge of the assessment and control operations gone through. Furthermore, this document must be updated when fresh perils are noticed or at regular times, making sure that all personnel and contractors participating have knowledge about said hazards and safety methods applied along with being tutored on the correct use of said mechanisms.
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what is this answer Is cereal soup?
Answer:
depend what cereal yeha
Explanation:
no explanation
What long shaft a tool works in a combination with a impact wrench air to install Lugnuts on wheels
tech a says that small vacuum leaks can be found with a vacuum gauge. tech b says that the catalytic converter is typically located after the muffler. who is correct?
Both are true. Tech A claims that a vacuum gauge can be used to locate tiny vacuum leaks. According to tech B, the catalytic converter is usually placed behind the muffler.
Which of the following links the catalytic converter to the exhaust manifold?Tailpipe. The catalytic converter has cleaned up the exhaust gases, which are then sent out of the car and into the atmosphere via the tailpipe, the last link in the exhaust system.
Which of the following exhaust system parts aids in lowering exhaust emissions?Hazardous pollutants from engine exhaust are decreased by the catalytic converter. The converter, which is situated between the exhaust manifold and the muffler, works with heat and metals that serve as catalysts.
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Store the amount of the minimum loan in min_loan and the amount of the maximum loan in max_loan Then, store the name of the country that received the largest loan in max_country and the smallest loan in min_country Hint: max and min are built in Python functions that you can use to find the minimum value or maximum value in any sequence.
Answer:
See Explanation
Explanation:
The question has missing details;however, I'm able to pick the following points from the question
There's supposed to be a list of loan amountsThere's also supposed to be a list of countries that took loans. This list will correspond to the loan listHaving said that, the question can be solved in two ways.
I prompt the user to enter loan amounts and corresponding country I assume any value for the loan amounts and the countryI'll answer this question using the first method and the solution is as follows (See Comments for line by line explanation):
#This line prompt user for number of countries
n = int(input("Number of countries: "))
#This initializes an empty list for loan amounts
loan_amounts = []
#This initializes an empty list for country
country = []
#The following iteration gets names of countries and their respective loan amounts
for i in range(0,n):
country_name = input("Name of country: ")
loan = int(input("Loan Amount: "))
country.append(country_name)
loan_amounts.append(loan)
#This gets the maximum loan
max_loan = max(loan_amounts)
#This gets the index of the maximum loan
iindex = loan_amounts.index(max_loan)
#This gets the country with the maximum loan
max_country = country[iindex]
#This gets the minimum loan
min_loan = min(loan_amounts)
#This gets the index of the minimum loan
iindex = loan_amounts.index(min_loan)
#This gets the country with the minimum loan
min_country = country[iindex]
#This prints the country with the maximum loan and the loan amount
print(str(max_country)+": "+str(max_loan))
#This prints the country with the minimum loan and the loan amount
print(str(min_country)+": "+str(min_loan))
in cold climates, water pipes may freeze and burst if proper precautions are not taken. In such an occurrence, the exposed part of a pipe on the ground ruptures, and water shoots up to a height z2, of 52 m. Estimate the gage pressure of water in the pipe. The gage pressure of water in the pipe is determined to be kPa..
Answer:
Gauge Pressure = 408.3 KPa
Explanation:
The pressure inside the pipe can be given in terms of the elevation, by the following formula:
P = ρgΔz
where,
P = Absolute Pressure = ?
ρ = Density of Water = 1000 kg/m³
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s²
Δz = elevation = 52 m
Therefore,
P = (1000 kg/m³)(9.8 m/s²)(52 m)
P = 509.6 KPa
Now, for gauge pressure:
Gauge Pressure = P - Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge Pressure = 509.6 KPa - 101.3 KPa
Gauge Pressure = 408.3 KPa
The XYZ Company is planning a new product line and a new factory to produce the parts and assemble the final products. The product line will include 13 different models. Annual production of each model is expected to be 1,000 units. Each product will be assembled of 250 components, but 65% of these will be purchased parts (not made in the new factory). There is an average of 8 processing operations required to produce each component, and each processing step takes 30 sec (including an allowance for setup time and part handling). Each final unit of product takes 48 min to assemble. All processing operations are performed at work cells that include a production machine and a human worker. Products are assembled at single workstations consisting of one worker each plus assembly fixtures and tooling. Each work cell and each workstation require 25 m2 of floor space and an additional allowance of 45% must be added to the total production area for aisles, work-in-process storage, shipping and receiving, rest rooms, and other utility space. The factory will operate one shift (the day shift, 2,000 hr/yr). Determine:
(a) how many processing and assembly operations,
(b) how many workers (direct labor only), and
(c) how much total floor space will be required in the plant.
In summary, the XYZ Company will require:
(a) 705 processing and assembly operations,
(b) 710 workers (direct labor only), and
(c) 25,738 m2 of total floor space for the new plant.
How to solveTo calculate the required processing and assembly operations, workers, and total floor space for the new factory, we can break down the problem into smaller parts and analyze each element.
(a) Processing and assembly operations:
Number of components made in the factory: 250 components * 35% = 87.5 (round up to 88 components)
Processing operations for components: 88 components * 8 processing operations = 704 processing operations
Assembly operations for final product: 1 assembly operation (as each product is assembled in one workstation)
Total operations = 704 processing operations + 1 assembly operation = 705 operations
(b) Number of workers (direct labor only):
Processing workers: 704 processing operations / 1 (one worker per work cell) = 704 workers
Assembly workers: 13 models * 1000 units/model = 13,000 units/year
Assembly time per unit: 48 min/unit = 0.8 hr/unit
Assembly time for all products: 13,000 units * 0.8 hr/unit = 10,400 hr
Assembly workers required: 10,400 hr / 2,000 hr/shift = 5.2 (round up to 6 workers)
Total workers = 704 processing workers + 6 assembly workers = 710 workers
(c) Total floor space required:
Processing floor space: 704 work cells * 25 m2/cell = 17,600 m2
Assembly floor space: 6 workstations * 25 m2/station = 150 m2
Total production area: 17,600 m2 + 150 m2 = 17,750 m2
Additional allowance (45%): 17,750 m2 * 45% = 7,987.5 m2
Total floor space = 17,750 m2 + 7,987.5 m2 = 25,737.5 m2 (round to 25,738 m2)
In summary, the XYZ Company will require:
(a) 705 processing and assembly operations,
(b) 710 workers (direct labor only), and
(c) 25,738 m2 of total floor space for the new plant.
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A thin-walled pressure vessel is constructed by rolling a 6 mm thick steel sheet into a cylindrical shape, welding the seam along line A-B, and capping the ends. The vessel is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.25 MPa. What is the normal stress normal to line A-B?
Answer:
41.015
Explanation:
Solution
Given that:
Th first step to take is to find the longitudinal stress in the cylinder
σl = PD/4t
P = the pressure
D = the diameter
t = the thickness
Thus,
σl = 1.25 * ^ 6 * 0.45 / 4 * 6 * 10 ^ ⁻3
=23.475Mpa
Now. we find the hoop stress in the cylinder∠
σh = PD/2t
σh = 1.25 * ^ 6 * 0.45/ 2 * 6 * 10 ^ ⁻3
σh =46.875 Mpa
Then
we find the normal stress in the line of the 30° angle with the longitudinal axis stated below:
σab = σh + σl/2 + ( σh - σl/2) cos 2θ + t sin 2θ
So,
σab =46.875 + 23.4375/2 + ( 46.875 - 23.4375/2) cos 2(30°) + 0
σab= 41.015
Therefore the normal stress to line A-B is 41.015
when the correct satellite position is not being sent, what type of error is being encountered?
When the correct satellite position is not being sent, the error that is encountered is known as a positioning error. This type of error can occur in GPS (Global Positioning System) technology when the GPS receiver fails to receive accurate information from the satellites it is communicating with.
GPS technology relies on a network of satellites orbiting the earth that transmit signals to GPS receivers on the ground. These signals contain information about the satellite's position, time, and other data that is used to calculate the receiver's position on earth. However, if the GPS receiver is unable to receive accurate information from the satellites due to various factors such as signal blockage or interference, it may lead to a positioning error.
Inaccurate or outdated information about the satellite's position can also cause positioning errors. This can occur when the satellite's orbit changes or when the satellite is replaced by a newer one with different characteristics. In some cases, errors can also occur due to technical issues such as receiver malfunction or software glitches.
Overall, positioning errors can have a significant impact on the accuracy of GPS data and can cause issues in applications that rely on precise location information such as navigation, surveying, and mapping. To mitigate these errors, GPS technology continues to evolve and improve with advancements in satellite and receiver technology, as well as more advanced algorithms and software.
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Select the correct answer.
The force exerted by a moving 100 kg object is 1,000 newtons. What is the acceleration of the object?
ОА.
100 m/s2
OB. 10 m/s
Ос.
1,000 m/s2
OD
10,000 m/s2
Reset
Nex
Answer:
the correct answer is not in the options
the answer is supposed to be 10m/s² from the formula F=ma
A horizontal force P is applied to a 130 kN box resting on a 33 incline. The line of action of P passes through the center of gravity of the box. The box is 5m wide x 5m tall, and the coefficient of static friction between the box and the surface is u=0.15. Determine the smallest magnitude of the force P that will cause the box to slip or tip first. Specify what will happen first, slipping or tipping.
Answer:
SECTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Distinguish between static friction and kinetic friction
Solve problems involving inclined planes
Section Key Terms
kinetic friction static friction
Static Friction and Kinetic Friction
Recall from the previous chapter that friction is a force that opposes motion, and is around us all the time. Friction allows us to move, which you have discovered if you have ever tried to walk on ice.
There are different types of friction—kinetic and static. Kinetic friction acts on an object in motion, while static friction acts on an object or system at rest. The maximum static friction is usually greater than the kinetic friction between the objects.
Imagine, for example, trying to slide a heavy crate across a concrete floor. You may push harder and harder on the crate and not move it at all. This means that the static friction responds to what you do—it increases to be equal to and in the opposite direction of your push. But if you finally push hard enough, the crate seems to slip suddenly and starts to move. Once in motion, it is easier to keep it in motion than it was to get it started because the kinetic friction force is less than the static friction force. If you were to add mass to the crate, (for example, by placing a box on top of it) you would need to push even harder to get it started and also to keep it moving. If, on the other hand, you oiled the concrete you would find it easier to get the crate started and keep it going.
Figure 5.33 shows how friction occurs at the interface between two objects. Magnifying these surfaces shows that they are rough on the microscopic level. So when you push to get an object moving (in this case, a crate), you must raise the object until it can skip along with just the tips of the surface hitting, break off the points, or do both. The harder the surfaces are pushed together (such as if another box is placed on the crate), the more force is needed to move them.
People tend to self-disclose to others that are in age, social status, religion, and personality.
Answer:people tend to do this when they are in a different environment they lose something or just have something going on in their life
Explanation:
To defog the rear window of an automobile, a very thin transparent heating element is attached to the inner surface of the window. A unform heat flux of 1300 W/m^2 is provided to the heating element for defogging the rear window of thickness 5 mm. The interior temperature of the automobile is 22 C and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 15 W/m^2K. The outside ambient temperature is -5 C and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m^2K. If the thermal conductivity of the window is 1.2 W/mK, determine the inner surface temperature of the window.
The inner surface temperature of the window is equal to -5 + 0.5417/A.
What is temperature?Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of all the atoms and molecules in a system. It is a physical property of matter that can be observed and measured. Temperature can be measured in various ways, from the feeling of hot or cold on the skin to more precise scientific instruments. Heat is a form of energy and temperature is a measure of this energy.
The inner surface temperature of the window can be calculated using the equation:
Q = kA(T1-T2)/L
Where Q is the heat flux, k is the thermal conductivity, A is the area of the window, T1 is the inner surface temperature, T2 is the outer surface temperature, and L is the thickness of the window.
Rearranging the equation gives us:
T1 = T2 + (QL)/(kA)
Substituting the given values, we get:
T1 = -5 + (1300*0.005)/(1.2*A)
T1 = -5 + 0.5417/A
Therefore, the inner surface temperature of the window is equal to -5 + 0.5417/A.
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A refrigerator with a COP of 3.0 removes heat from the refrigerated space at a rate of 10 kW. Determine the rate of power input.
The rate of power input for this refrigerator is 3.33 kW.
A refrigerator with a COP (Coefficient of Performance) of 3.0 is designed to remove heat from the refrigerated space efficiently. The COP is the ratio of the amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space to the work (power input) done by the refrigerator.
In this case, the heat removal rate is given as 10 kW. To determine the rate of power input, we can use the following formula:
COP = (Heat removal rate) / (Power input)
Rearranging the formula to solve for the power input:
Power input = (Heat removal rate) / COP
By substituting the given values:
Power input = (10 kW) / (3.0)
Power input = 3.33 kW (approx.)
So, the rate of power input for this refrigerator is approximately 3.33 kW. This means that for every 3.33 kW of electrical power supplied to the refrigerator, it is able to remove 10 kW of heat from the refrigerated space. A higher COP indicates a more energy-efficient refrigerator.
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A "wet" combustion test kit measures which two substances?
A. Soot and carbon monoxide
B. Carbon dioxide and oxygen
C. Carbon monoxide and oxygen
D. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide and oxygen-Incomplete combustion occurs in a coal-fired unit's furnace when insufficient oxygen (O2) is available during fuel combustion.
What is incomplete combustion of coal?The quantity of O2 available for combustion is known as "excess air." Compared to other fuels, coal needs a disproportionately large amount of extra air to burn completely, quickly, and in the furnace. Incomplete combustion produces soot or carbon monoxide when some of the carbon is not fully oxidised (CO). Complete combustion utilises fuel inefficiently and produces harmful levels of carbon monoxide.Inadequate air-fuel mixing, inadequate residence time, insufficient temperature, and little total extra air are the main causes of incomplete combustion. Solid carbon soot particles produced in the fuel-rich zones of the cylinder during combustion are not present in the exhaust of CI engines.To learn more about combustion refer to:
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3. (a) Describe the procedure of measuring the depth of modulation of an amplitude modulated (AM) wave using an oscilloscope with the internal timebase switched off and sketch the displayed waveform. (6 marks)
The power supply of a 3phase induction motor is 40kw and the corresponding stator losses are 1.5kw. Calculate the total mechanical power developed below
Two different kinds of losses can happen in a three-phase induction motor. These losses are variable losses that are constant or fixed losses. Fixed or Constant Losses Consta.
Exactly how are stator losses determined?Stator losses, including as stator iron loss and stator copper loss, are financed in part by this power input. Rotor input is provided with the leftover power, or (input electrical power - stator losses). Thus, rotor input P2 equals Pin minus stator losses (stator copper loss and stator iron loss).
What are the induction motor's three-phase losses?Fixed losses, Copper losses, and stray losses are a few types of losses that can occur in three-phase induction motors. Core losses, bearing friction losses, brush friction losses (in wound rotor motors), and windage losses make up the majority of these losses.
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Which three items below should a driver be able to identify under the hood of a car?
Answer:
Engine oil level.
Brake fluid.
Power steering fluid.
a(n) ____ bridge is used to segment network traffic for the purpose of reducing bottlenecks.
A network bridge is used to segment network traffic for the purpose of reducing bottlenecks. This type of bridge is commonly used in local area networks (LANs) to connect two or more segments of the network together.
By dividing the network into smaller segments, network traffic is reduced and the overall network performance is improved. Network bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI model and are responsible for forwarding data packets between different segments of the network. They also help to filter out unnecessary network traffic and prevent it from congesting the network. Additionally, network bridges can help to improve network security by separating different network segments and preventing unauthorized access to certain parts of the network. Overall, network bridges are an important tool for network administrators to improve network performance and efficiency, while also enhancing network security.
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A three-phase, 60-Hz, completely transposed 345-kV, 200-km line has two 795,000-cmil (403-mm2) 26/2 ACSR conductors per bundle and the following positive-sequence line constants: z 0.032 + 10.35 /km y j4.2 x 10-6 S/km Full load at the receiving end of the line is 700 MW at 0.99 p.f. leading and at 95% of rated voltage. Assuming a medium-length line, determine the following:
a. ABCD parameters of the nominal π circuit
b. Sending-end voltage Vs, current Is, and real power Ps
c. Percent voltage regulation
d. Transmission-line efficiency at full load
Answer:
B) sending end voltage : Vs-l-l = 345.8 ∠ 26.14⁰ kv
sending end current : Is = 1.241 ∠ 15.5⁰ KA
real power = 730.5 Mw
C) percent voltage regulation = 8.7%
D) Transmission line efficiency = 95.8%
Explanation:
attached is the detailed solution to the problem
Given data:
l = 200 km
z = 0.032 + j0.35 Ω/km
y = j4.2 * 10^-6 S/km
A) find the total series impedance and shunt admittance
B) sending end voltage : Vs-l-l = 345.8 ∠ 26.14⁰ kv
sending end current : Is = 1.241 ∠ 15.5⁰ KA
real power = 730.5 Mw
C) percent voltage regulation = 8.7%
D) Transmission line efficiency = 95.8%
Request for proposal (RFP) is a type of document that contains the information and proposals mostly through the bidding process. This document is regarding the valuable assets, services, entity, commodity, etc.
Answer:
Answer to the following is as follows;
Explanation:
A request for proposal is a documentation that invites prospective contractors to submit business opportunities to an agency or corporation interested in procuring a commodities, product, or valuable resource through a bid procedure.
A request for proposal (RFP) is a commercial document that introduces a project, defines it, and invites eligible contractors to compete on its completion.
The team needs to choose a primary view for the part drawing. Three team members make suggestions:
- Team member 1 suggests an orthographic top view because that is how the plans for the part were submitted.
- Team member 2 suggests an isometric view showing side details that were documented within the submitted plans.
- Team member 3 suggests all three orthogonal views should be presented as the primary view.
What is the best way to proceed?
Answer choices below:
Answer:
Option 1
Explanation:
As the team has already submitted the plans for the part drawing, the best way to proceed would be how it was given in the plans. Hence, the option to be selected :
Team member 1 suggests an orthographic top view because that is how the plans for the part were submitted.Answer:
The first option
Explanation:
Team member 1 suggests an orthographic top view because that is how the plans for the part were submitted.
Tech A says that air tools and equipment require a regular application of a lubricating oil to reduce wear and tear. Tech B says that some compressed air systems use an inline water trap that needs to be drained periodically. Who is correct?
Incomplete question. The options read;
A. Tech A
B. Tech B
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B.
Answer:
C. Both A and B
Explanation:
Technician B is correct because the technician highlighted valid reasons why draining the compressed air systems is important.
For example, since this system helps to absorb moisture or oil from storage areas they thus need to be drained periodically in other to allow for more absorption space.
Also, the reasons mentioned by Technician A are of course correct because it is generally believed that the application of lubricants such as oil helps to reduce wear and tear.
Complex Exponential Periodicity: Letx(t)be the continuous time complex exponential signalx(t)=ejω0twith fundamental frequencyω0and fundamental periodT0=2π/ω0. Consider the discrete-time signal obtained by taking equally spaced samples ofx(t)- that is,x[n]=x(nT)=ejω0nT.(a) Suppose thatT=2.5T0. What are the fundamental period and fundamental frequency ofx[n]? (b) How many periods ofx(t)are needed to obtain the samples that form a single period ofx[n]. (c) Suppose thatT=2T0. Do you think thatx[n]will be periodic? Why or why not?
a. To find out the fundamental frequency and fundamental period of x[n] with T = 2.5 T0, here’s what we do:Given that the fundamental period of x(t) is T0 = 2π/ω0and the sampling period T = 2.5T0; then the fundamental frequency of x[n] will be: ω0' = ω0/T0'ω0' = ω0/ (2.5T0)ω0' = (1/2.5) ω0ω0' = (2/5)ω0and, the fundamental period of x[n] will be: T0' = T/1T0' = (2.5T0)/1T0' = 2.5 T0.
Taking equally spaced samples of x(t) (with the sampling period T), the minimum number of samples needed to capture a single period of x[n] is given by: N = T/T0N = (2.5 T0)/(2π/ω0)N = (5ω0/4π)Hence, 5ω0/4π periods of x(t) are needed to obtain the samples that form a single period of x[n].b. To find out if x[n] is periodic when T = 2T0; we compare the sampling period T with the fundamental period of x(t) (i.e. T0). We have:T = 2T0Since the sampling period T is a multiple of the fundamental period T0, the samples are NOT affected by any aliasing and hence x[n] is periodic.
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Does anyone understand philosophy and can explain pragmatism in the philosophy of religion ?
You should always adjust the seat as ____ as possible, while staying comfortable.
A. high
B. even
C. low
D. close
Answer: A. High
Explanation:
In order to have an obstructed view from your seat, you should always adjust your seat as high as possible, while staying comfortable.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
I put high and got it right.
A shell-and tube heat exchanger (two shells, four tube passes) is used to heat 10,000 kg/h of pressurized water from 35 to 120 oC with 5000 kg/h pressurized water entering the exchanger at 300 oC. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500 W/m^2-K, determine the required heat exchanger area.
Answer:
4.75m^2
Explanation:
Given:-
- Temperature of hot fluid at inlet: \(T_h_i = 300\) °C
- Temperature of cold fluid at outlet: \(T_c_o = 120\) °C
- Temperature of cold fluid at inlet: \(T_c_i = 35\) °C
- The overall heat transfer coefficient: U = 1500 W / m^2 K
- The flow rate of cold fluid: m_c = 10,00 kg/ h
- The flow rate of hot fluid: m_h = 5,000 kg/h
Solution:-
- We will evaluate water properties at median temperatures of each fluid using table A-4.
Cold fluid: Tci = 35°C , Tco = 35°C
Tcm = 77.5 °C ≈ 350 K --- > \(C_p_c = 4195 \frac{J}{kg.K}\)
Hot fluid: Thi = 300°C , Tho = 150°C ( assumed )
Thm = 225 °C ≈ 500 K --- > \(C_p_h = 4660 \frac{J}{kg.K}\)
- We will use logarithmic - mean temperature rate equation as follows:
\(A_s = \frac{q}{U*dT_l_m}\)
Where,
A_s : The surface area of heat exchange
ΔT_lm: the logarithmic differential mean temperature
q: The rate of heat transfer
- Apply the energy balance on cold fluid as follows:
\(q = m_c * C_p_c * ( T_c_o - T_c_i )\\\\q = \frac{10,000}{3600} * 4195 * ( 120 - 35 )\\\\q = 9.905*10^5 W\)
- Similarly, apply the heat balance on hot fluid and evaluate the outlet temperature ( Tho ) :
\(T_h_o = T_h_i - \frac{q}{m_h * C_p_h} \\\\T_h_o = 300 - \frac{9.905*10^5}{\frac{5000}{3600} * 4660} \\\\T_h_o = 147 C\)
- We will use the experimental results of counter flow ( unmixed - unmixed ) plotted as figure ( Fig . 11.11 ) of the " The fundamentals to heat transfer" and determine the value of ( P , R , F ).
- So the relations from the figure 11.11 are:
\(P = \frac{T_c_o - T_c_i}{T_h_i - T_c_i} \\\\P = \frac{120 - 35}{300 - 35} \\\\P = 0.32\)
\(R = \frac{T_h_i - T_h_o}{T_c_o - T_c_i} \\\\R = \frac{300 - 147}{120 - 35} \\\\R = 1.8\)
Therefore, P = 0.32 , R = 1.8 ---- > F ≈ 0.97
- The log-mean temperature ( ΔT_lm - cf ) for counter-flow heat exchange can be determined from the relation:
\(dT_l_m = \frac{( T_h_i - T_c_o ) - ( T_h_o - T_c_i ) }{Ln ( \frac{( T_h_i - T_c_o )}{( T_h_o - T_c_i )} ) } \\\\dT_l_m = \frac{( 300 - 120 ) - ( 147 - 35 ) }{Ln ( \frac{( 300-120 )}{( 147-35)} ) } \\\\dT_l_m = 143.3 K\)
- The log - mean differential temperature for counter flow is multiplied by the factor of ( F ) to get the standardized value of log - mean differential temperature:
\(dT_l = F*dT_l_m = 0.97*143.3 = 139 K\)
- The required heat exchange area ( A_s ) can now be calculated:
\(A_s = \frac{9.905*10^5 }{1500*139} \\\\A_s = 4.75 m^2\)