many nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones are catalyzed by acid or base. acids catalyze hydration by:

Answers

Answer 1

Many nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones are catalyzed by acid or base. Acids catalyze hydration by facilitating the formation of a protonated carbonyl group.

which is more susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This results in the formation of an intermediate hemiacetal, which can then be further protonated and attacked by another nucleophile to form a fully substituted acetal. Overall, acid catalysis enhances the reactivity of the carbonyl group towards nucleophilic addition reactions.

Acids catalyze hydration by protonating the carbonyl oxygen, making it more electrophilic and susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This leads to the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, which then undergoes proton transfer to generate the final hydrated product.

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Answer 2

The acid catalyst can be either a strong mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid, or a weaker organic acid, such as acetic acid or formic acid.

Acids catalyze the nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones by donating a proton (H+) to the carbonyl oxygen, making it more electrophilic and enhancing the nucleophilic attack by the incoming nucleophile.

In the case of hydration, acid catalysis involves the addition of water to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or ketone to form a hydrate, which is then converted back to the original carbonyl compound through deprotonation or elimination of water.

The acid catalyst provides a proton to the carbonyl oxygen, facilitating the nucleophilic attack by water and making the carbonyl carbon more electrophilic.

The overall reaction can be represented as:

RCHO + H2O → RCH(OH)OH

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Related Questions

You are making sweet tea. You add 56g of sugar into 78g if tea. What is the mass percent of sugar ?

Answers

Answer:

Approximately 72%

Explanation:

\(Sugar = 56g\\Tea's \:mass = 78g\\\\Sugar\:mass\:percentage = \\\frac{56}{78} \times 100\\\\\frac{5600}{78} \\\\=71.79\\Approximately \:72\%\)

When chlorine gas comes into contact with magnesium metal at high temperatures, solid magnesium chloride is created. Classify this reaction.

Answers

The formation of solid magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) by the reaction between chlorine gas (Cl₂) and magnesium metal (Mg) at high temperatures is classified as a synthesis reaction or a combination reaction.

Synthesis reactions involve the combination of two or more substances to form a single product. In this case, chlorine gas and magnesium metal combine to produce magnesium chloride as the sole product.

The balanced chemical equation for this synthesis reaction is:

Mg + Cl₂ ⇒ MgCl₂

Hence, the reaction between chlorine gas and magnesium metal to form solid magnesium chloride indicates a synthesis reaction, as the elements combine to form a compound.

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What are gravitational forces?

Answers

Answer:

Gravity, or gravitation, is a natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are brought toward one another. On Earth, gravity gives weight to physical objects, and the Moon's gravity causes the ocean tides.

Gravity, also called gravitation, in mechanics, the universal force of attraction acting between all matter. ... On Earth all bodies have a weight, or downward force of gravity, proportional to their mass, which Earth's mass exerts on them. Gravity is measured by the acceleration that it gives to freely falling objects

The gravitational force is a force that attracts any two objects with mass. We call the gravitational force attractive because it always tries to pull masses together, it never pushes them apart. In fact, every object, including you, is pulling on every other object in the entire universe!

Gravitational force is the force that attracts to objects with mass. ... This forces tries to pull masses together, that is why attractive in nature. For example: When ball is thrown upwards it always come downwards after a certain height because the ball is pulled or attracted by the Earth's gravitation la force.

¯\_(ツ)_/¯

Answer:

Good Question!!! No one has found the answer to that question.

Explanation:

what are compounds that contain ionic bonds called?

Answers

A compound that contains ions and is held together by ionic bonds is called an ionic compound. The periodic table can help us recognize many of the compounds that are ionic: When a metal is combined with one or more nonmetals, the compound is usually ionic.

159
Which type of reaction is:
4 (NH4)3PO4 + 3 Pb(NO3)4 - 12 NH4NO3 + Pb3(PO4)4
Synthesis
Decomposition
Double Displacement
Single Displacement

Answers

double displacement

Which of the following is not a fossil fuel?

o copper
natural gas
O petroleum
O coal

Answers

Answer:

copper

Explanation:

coal, petroleum, and natural gas are all related to fossil fuels.

Copper is not a fossil fuel and the correct option is option 1.

What are fossil fuels?

Fossil fuels are compound mixtures made of fossilized plant and animal remnants from millions of years ago. The creation of fossil fuels—either oil, natural gas, or coal—from these fossils is determined by the type of fossil, the amount of heat, and the amount of pressure.

Fossil fuels are a non-renewable source of energy. Most of the energy used by us is obtained by the burning of fossil fuels. These fossil fuels are used up at a faster rate. They cannot be regrown at a scale compared to their consumption.

Therefore, Copper is not a fossil fuel and the correct option is option 1.

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What is the difference between the formula of magnesium oxide and oxygen?

Answers

Oxygen is an element, symbol O

Magnesium oxide is an ionic compound, formula MgO

Write a balanced nuclear equation for the following: The nuclide polonium-210 undergoes alpha emission. (Use the lowest possible coefficients.)

Answers

The balanced nuclear equation for the alpha decay of polonium-210 is Po-210 → Pb-206 + He⁻⁴

In this equation, Po-210 represents polonium-210, Pb-206 represents lead-206, and He⁻⁴ represents helium-4. The subscripts on each element represent the number of protons in the nucleus, and the superscripts represent the total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in the nucleus.

In alpha decay, an alpha particle (which is a helium nucleus) is emitted from the nucleus of an atom. The alpha particle has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, so the atomic number of the atom decreases by 2 and the mass number decreases by 4.

In this case, the polonium-210 atom loses 2 protons and 2 neutrons, becoming a lead-206 atom.

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Which formula can be used to find velocity if kinetic energy and mass are known?
V=
-(KE)(m)
V=
2 m
KE
V=
KE(m)
2 KE
V=
m

Which formula can be used to find velocity if kinetic energy and mass are known?V=-(KE)(m)V=2 mKEV=KE(m)2

Answers

Answer:

\(v = \sqrt{ \frac{2ke}{m} } \)

option D is the correct option.

Here,

If an object of mass 'm' moving with a velocity'v' then,

\(kinetic \: energy = \frac{1}{2} m {v}^{2} \\ \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: {v}^{2} = \frac{2ke}{m} \\ \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: \: {v}^{2} = \sqrt{ \frac{2ke}{m} } \)

hope this helps...

Good luck on your assignment..

Answer:

it's D on edge2021

Explanation:

What is the product of the synthesis reaction between calcium and iodine?

Answers

Answer:

The product of the synthesis reaction is CaI.

Explanation:

In chemistry, chemical equations are the representation of chemical reactions between elements, compounds, substances, or molecules.

They are written using element symbols (and sometimes including their current state of matter).

Therefore, if we wanted to show the reaction of sodium and chlorine to make sodium chloride, or table salt, we would illustrate it as such:

\(\bullet \ \text{Na + Cl} \rightarrow \text{NaCl}\)

A synthesis reaction in chemistry is the combination of two or more elements, compounds, molecules, or substances to make one compound, molecule, or substance.

The parent equation for a synthesis reaction is:

\(\bullet \ \text{A + B}\rightarrow \text{AB}\)

Therefore, we need to find out what the element symbols are for both calcium and iodine.

If we reference a periodic table, we will see that calcium is atomic number 20 and has the symbol Ca.

Additionally, when we locate iodine, we will see that it is atomic number 53 and has the atomic symbol I.

Now, we just need to create the reaction equation.

\(\text{Ca + I}\rightarrow \text{?}\)

We know that we are dealing with a synthesis reaction, or a combination, so the elements will combine to make one substance.

With this information, we can make an equation:

\(\text{Ca + I} \rightarrow \text{CaI}\)

Therefore, the product of the synthesis reaction is CaI.

Note: Please note that "I" is an uppercase i.

What is the state of matter of neon at -247°C?

Answers

Answer:atomic number 10 noble gas

Explanation:

Which statement describes the energy changes that occur as bonds are brokes and a chemical reaction

Answers

Answer:

Energy is released when bonds are broken, and energy is absorbed when bonds are formed.

Na-23 has 12 neutrons.what is its atomic number?
A.11
B.12
C.23
D.34

Answers

google says 11 lol full google answer:

Sodium-23 atom is the stable isotope of sodium with relative atomic mass 22.989770, 100 atom percent natural abundance and nuclear spin 3/2. A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

What is the wavelength of x-rays having a frequency of 4.80 x 1017 Hz?

Answers

Answer:

Refer to the attachment

What is the wavelength of x-rays having a frequency of 4.80 x 1017 Hz?

Question 1-7
In any chemical reaction, the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products. This result forms the basis of the Law of
Conservation of Mass. Which statement correctly explains why this is a law, rather than a theory?

Answers

The law of conservation of matter says that in chemical reaction and the statement is the total mass of the product must equal the total mass of the reactant

The law of conservation of mass states that the mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reaction or physical transformation and according to the law of conservation of mass and the mass of the product in a chemical reaction must equal to the reactant that means total mass of the product must equal the total mass of the reactant

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Place these ions in order of preferential discharge, 1-4,where 1 is the most and 4 is least perfered.
Sliver ions
Hydrogen ions
Iron ions
Sodium ions

Answers

Answer:

Silver ions 1 Hydrogen ions 2 Iron ions 3 Sodium ions 4

Explanation:

Balance this chemical equation

__K+__H2O>>> __KOH+__H2

Answers

Answer:

2K+2H2O=2KOH+H2

Explanation:

Try to ensure there is same number of reactants as products

07.
Name ONE piece of apparatus used in each of the following separation techniques?
Filtration:..
Evaporation. Evaporating.disn
Sublimation;.
Distillation; Dustallation flash
Decantation:......
Crystallization;
Chromatography:.

Answers

Filtration is a separation method used to separate out pure substances in mixtures comprised of particles some of which are large enough in size to be captured with a porous material. Particle size can vary considerably, given the type of mixture.

Evaporation is a technique used to separate out homogeneous mixtures that contain one or more dissolved salts. This process drives liquid components out of solid components. This process usually heats the mixture until the liquid is gone.

Distillation is an effective method of separating mixtures of two or more pure liquids. Distillation is a purification process that vaporizes, condenses, and separates the components of a liquid mixture.

Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension, or as a vapor through a medium in which the components move at different rates. Thin-layer chromatography is a special type of chromatography used for separating and identifying mixtures that are or can be colored especially pigments.

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Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, and vinegar is primarily acetic acid, HC2H3O2. When baking soda is added to vinegar, the resulting reaction produces a tremendous amount of gas, as shown in this video. NaHCO3(s) + HC2H3O2(aq) rightarrow Complete this equation for the reaction of NaHCO3(s) with HC2H3O2(aq). Include phase symbols. NaHCO3(s)+ HC2H3O2(aq) rightarrow

Answers

NaHCO3(s) + HC2H3O2(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)

This equation represents the reaction of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) with vinegar (acetic acid) to generate carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium acetate.

The balanced equation for the reaction of NaHCO3(s) with HC2H3O2(aq) including phase symbols is

NaHCO3(s) + HC2H3O2(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)

Baking soda, also known as sodium bicarbonate, is a white, crystalline powder with the chemical formula NaHCO3. It is an alkaline substance that neutralizes acids.

Vinegar is mostly composed of acetic acid, HC2H3O2, which is a weak acid. Vinegar has a sour flavor and a strong smell due to the presence of acetic acid.

NaHCO3(s) + HC2H3O2(aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) + NaC2H3O2(aq)  This equation represents the reaction of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) with vinegar (acetic acid) to generate carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium acetate. When the baking soda and vinegar are combined, a chemical reaction occurs, causing carbon dioxide gas bubbles to form. This is due to the reaction between the acid and base in the mixture, which generates carbon dioxide gas as a byproduct. This reaction is commonly used in baking as a leavening agent to make cakes, muffins, and other baked goods rise.

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Bohr's model of the atom attempts to explain the idea that:

A) protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus
B) all atoms of one type of element are identical
C) energy is quantized
D) the atom is mostly empty space

Answers

It attempts to explain the idea that:C. energy is quantized

Which of the following is a statement of Hess's law?

Which of the following is a statement of Hess's law?

Answers

Answer:

D) The enthalpy of reaction does not depend on the steps taken in the reaction.

Explanation:

In my study guide, it says, "Hess's law states that the enthalpy of a reaction does not depend on the path."

hope this helps~

How many molecules are present in a sample that is 89 g of H2O?

Answers

Mass of H₂O (water) is 89 g and we are asked to find number of molecules present in 89 g of H₂O.

Explanation :-

\(\qquad\)\( \pink{\bf\longrightarrow { Molar \:mass \:of \:H₂O:-} }\)

\(\qquad\)\( \sf \longrightarrow 1\times +16\)

\(\qquad\)\( \sf \longrightarrow 18g\)

\(\qquad\)____________________

Let's calculate the number of moles present in 89g of H₂O.

\(\qquad\)\( \purple{\bf\longrightarrow { No \:of \:moles = \dfrac{Given \:mass}{Molar\: mass}}}\)

\(\qquad\)\( \sf \longrightarrow \dfrac{89}{18}\)

\(\qquad\)\( \sf \longrightarrow 4.94\: moles\)

We know

Avogadro number = 6.022×10²³

Number of molecules:-

\(\qquad\)\( \purple{\bf \longrightarrow No \: of \: moles \times Avogadro \: number}\)

\(\qquad\)\( \sf \longrightarrow 4.94×6.022×10²³\)

\(\qquad\)\( \sf \longrightarrow 2.98 ×10²⁴\)

\(\qquad\)\(\purple{ \bf \longrightarrow 2.98×10²⁴ molecules}\)

Thus, 2.98×10²⁴ molecules are there in 89g of H₂O.

\(\qquad\)____________________

Is steam a water , oxygen or hydrogen molecule ?

Answers

it’s a water molecule

Answer:

In thermolysis, water molecules split into their atomic components hydrogen and oxygen. For example, at 2200 °C about three percent of all H2O are dissociated into various combinations of hydrogen and oxygen atoms, mostly H, H2, O, O2, and OH.

Explanation:

What is the pH of a solution if the pOH is 2.96

Answers

The pH of a solution if the pOH is 2.96 will be 11.04. As the sum of the pH and pOH is always 14.

A pH can be regarded as a scale that is used to measure acids and bases. The scale measures from 0 to 14. A litmus paper is used to indicate if the substance is an acid or a base and then the color of the litmus paper is used to match the numbers on the pH scale in order to indicate what kind of substance is it. The term PH is widely used in the fields of biology, chemistry, and agronomy. In chemistry, it depicts the hydrogen potentials. It shows us the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

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Drag the tiles to the boxes to form correct pairs.

Match each chemical reaction with the type of reaction that best describes it.

Drag the tiles to the boxes to form correct pairs.Match each chemical reaction with the type of reaction

Answers

Answer:

The way I just figured it out myself and made another acc to put the answer on :/

Explanation:

Drag the tiles to the boxes to form correct pairs.Match each chemical reaction with the type of reaction

is the reaction between methanol and oxygen to give formic acid and water a redox reaction?

Answers

Yes, the reaction between methanol and oxygen to give formic acid and water is a redox reaction.

What is redox reaction?

Redox reaction is an abbreviation for "reduction-oxidation" reaction. In a redox reaction, there is a transfer of electrons from one molecule to another molecule. The oxidation state of the reactants and products will change. Methanol is a reducing agent and oxygen is an oxidizing agent. Methanol reduces oxygen, and oxygen oxidizes methanol.

The reaction between methanol and oxygen to give formic acid and water is a redox reaction. In this reaction, methanol is oxidized to form formic acid, while oxygen is reduced to form water. The oxidation state of carbon in methanol goes from -2 in methanol to +2 in formic acid, indicating that it has been oxidized. The oxidation state of oxygen in oxygen goes from 0 to -2 in water, indicating that it has been reduced.

Therefore, this reaction involves both oxidation and reduction and is a redox reaction.

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How many electrons are in the calcium ion created by the calcium atom losing two electrons?

Answers

Calcium ion created by the calcium atom losing two electrons has 18 electrons.

A neutral calcium atom has 20 electrons. When it loses two electrons, it becomes a calcium ion with a +2 charge. Since electrons have a negative charge, a calcium ion with a +2 charge will have 2 fewer electrons than a neutral calcium atom.

The calcium ion is a positively charged ion that has lost two electrons from the neutral calcium atom. It has a 2+ charge and is represented as Ca2+. The electronic configuration of the calcium ion is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶, which means it has a total of 18 electrons. Thus, a calcium ion with a +2 charge will have 18 electrons.

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PLEASE HELP FAST! When 23.3 g of O2 reacts with 18.3 g C10H8, what is the limiting reactant. The equation is C10H8 + 12O2 --> 10CO2 + 4H2O?

Choices:
A. C10H8
B. O2
C. CO2
D. H2O

Answers

Answer:

B

Explanation:

The answer is B, O2

O₂ is the limiting reagent.

What is a limiting reactant?

A limiting reactant is described as the one that will be consumed first in a chemical reaction.

Calculation

C₁₀H₈ + 12O₂ → 10CO₂ + 4H₂O

Given, Mass of O₂ = 23.3 g

           Mass of C₁₀H₈ = 18.3 g

Molar mass of O₂ = 32 g

No. of moles of O₂ = 32/23.3 = 1.4 moles

Molar mass of C₁₀H₈ = 128 g

No. of moles of C₁₀H₈ = 128/18.3 = 6.9 = 7 moles

According to the equation,

1 mole of C₁₀H₈ yields 10 moles of CO₂. So, 7 moles of C₁₀H₈, give 70 moles of CO₂.

12 moles of O₂ yields 10 moles of CO₂. So, 1.4 moles of O₂ give 1.16 moles of CO₂.

We do know, however, that based on our balanced equation, if we were to totally react all 1.4 moles of O2, we could only produce a maximum of 1.16 moles of CO2. Even while there is enough C10H8 to generate more, the amount of O2 we have is a limiting factor because it will be consumed first.

So, our limiting reactant is O₂.

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How many minutes are in 3.4 days

Answers

Answer: 4896

Explanation:

Answer:4,896 minutes

Explanation:

What is the empirical formula for propane?

Answers

Answer:

The empirical formula for propane is C3H8.

Answer:

Because propane is made up of only hydrogen and carbon _ the chemical formula is C3H8..

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Please Help!Solve the inequality and graph its solution. Can someone answer this please. The attached question A shared belief about whether something is good or bad is a __________ getting adequate sleep is an important part of physical heaalth question 17 options: the cognitive component of the abcs of attitudes when applied to attitudes about people is known as a how much money did colonel parker steal from elvis ? In a study reported in this module on unsafe work practices, researchers were observed doing this 2. 6 times per observation on average while handling human pathogens. 6. a potential warning sign that a firm is engaging in channel stuffing is an unusual increase in the firms: a. receivable turnover b. days in payables c. days of sales outstanding Evaluate the following expressions. Your answers must 7 (a) In e 1 (b)ln (-/-) - e5 Cementation is part of the process of I NEED HELP PLS ....!!! Solve for x.x/2 + 1 = 3 Which sentence uses correct capitalization? A. On our trip to Washington, we went to the National Gallery of Art. B. Throughout the museum, we saw masterpieces from Countries around the World. C. Ashley and I loved the landscapes by dutch and french artists. D. Our teacher, mrs. Ortiz, especially liked paintings by American artist Winslow Homer. DETAILS PREVIOUS ANSWERS LARCALCET7 9.5.034. MY NOTES ASK YOUR TEACHER PRACTICE ANOTHER Approximate the sum of the series by using the first six terms. (See Example 4. Round your answer to four decimal places.) (-1)^+ 4" n=1 56 X SSS 0.1597 X Need Help? Read It Find the maximum profit and the number of units that must be produced and sold in order to yield the maximum profit. Assume that revenue, Rx), and cost Cix), are in thousands of dollars, and is in tho Pure expectations theory The pure expectations theory, or the expectations hypothesis, asserts that long-term interest rates can be used to estimate future short-term interest rates. Based on the pure expectations theory, is the following statement true or false? The pure expectations theory assumes that a one-year bond purchased today will have the same return as a one-year bond purchased five years from now. False True The yield on a one-year Treasury security is 5.8400%, and the two-year Treasury security has a 7.0080% yield. Assuming that the pure expectations theory is correct, what is the markets estimate of the one-year Treasury rate one year from now? (Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.) 10.3999% 6.9606% 8.1889% 9.3353% Recall that on a one-year Treasury security the yield is 5.8400% and 7.0080% on a two-year Treasury security. Suppose the one-year security does not have a maturity risk premium, but the two-year security does and it is 0.2%. What is the markets estimate of the one-year Treasury rate one year from now? (Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.) 8.8748% 6.6172% 7.7849% 9.8868% Suppose the yield on a two-year Treasury security is 5.83%, and the yield on a five-year Treasury security is 6.20%. Assuming that the pure expectations theory is correct, what is the markets estimate of the three-year Treasury rate two years from now? (Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.) 6.53% 6.45% 5.46% 6.69% questions dans le bon ordrea. les livres / tu / est-ce que / aimes / ?B. est-ce que / la danse / prfres / tu / ?C. vous / parler avec des copains / aimez /sur Internet / est-ce que / ?D. joues / est-ce que / aux jeux vido / tu / avec tes copains et tes copines de classe / ?E. le mercredi / ton jour prfr / est-ce que / est / ? let DOT~PAN find the missing side x 31. Find the value of each variable.